物流单元质量安全信息追溯预警模型研究

针对物流单元在生产供应链中出现的产品质量安全问题,分析可追溯体系中的质量监控需求,提出了一种用于供应链可追溯系统的预警模型,对整个供应链的检测数据进行汇总分析,预警可能导致物流单元质量问题的原因并进行诊断。针对供应链中四种常见的数据异常,提出了基于径向基函数神经网络、统计学分析的分析算法。实例分析和结果表明,该预警模型能够有效地区分异常数据的类型,实时地对追溯系统的检测数据进行监控及预警。     

An information system for assessing the likelihood of child labor in supplier locations leveraging Bayesian networks and text mining

This paper presents an expert system to monitor social sustainability compliance in supply chains. The system allows to continuously rank suppliers based on their risk of breaching sustainability standards on child labor. It uses a Bayesian network to determine the breach likelihood for each supplier location based on the integration of statistical data, audit results and public reports of child labor incidents. Publicly available statistics on the frequency of child labor in different regions and industries are used as contextual prior. The impact of audit results on the breach likelihood is calibrated based on expert input. Child labor incident observations are included automatically from publicly available news sources using text mining algorithms. The impact of an observation on the breach likelihood is determined by its relevance, credibility and frequency. Extensive tests reveal that the expert system correctly replicates the decisions of domain experts in the fields supply chain management, sustainability management, and risk management.     

电子产品闭环供应链网络设计与弹性管理研究

研究了基于竞争型再制造商的闭环供应链网络设计中的弹性管理问题。首先建立了集逆向回收、拆解和分解于一体的逆向回收网络的竞争型一般模型。然后提出了供应链弹性管理方法,结合供应链网络设计的一般模型,建立了逆向弹性回收网络。针对逆向各级回收商的失效性,采用逆向多源供应的弹性架构。最后考察了不同的期望容忍水平、全球供应链以及企业社会责任对于目标函数、逆向弹性架构和竞争型再制造商的影响。     

基于联盟区块链的供应链信息协同博弈研究

针对传统供应链信息不对称引发的额外库存成本及需求预测准确性差等损害各主体利润的问题,结合区块链去中心化、去信任、可追溯及信息无法窜改等优势,以制造商、销售商及两个第三方物流企业组成的三级供应链为研究对象,考虑采用区块链技术和不采用区块链技术两种情形建立链上企业间的博弈模型,分析博弈模型下各节点企业的最优策略。通过对比采用区块链技术前后的最优收益,明确区块链技术在供应链中的应用策略和应用条件,为供应链上下游企业间的合作共赢创造有利环境。最后通过数值分析验证了结论的正确性。     

Blockchain technology for bridging trust,traceability and transparency in circular supply chain

Trust, traceability, and transparency emerge as critical factors in designing circular blockchain platforms in supply chains. To bridge the three circular supply chain reverse processes (i.e., recycle, redistribute, remanufacture) and the three factors affecting blockchain technologies (i.e., trust, traceability, transparency), this paper proposes the integrated Triple Retry framework for designing circular blockchain platforms. A circular blockchain platform was designed in a supply chain, including manufacturer, reverse logistics service provider, selection centre, recycling centre, and landfill. The results highlight blockchain's role as a technological capability for improving control in the movement of wastes and product return management activities.     

基于区块链的汽车供应链产品追溯系统

区块链作为新兴的分布式数据库技术,具有公开透明、不可篡改和易于追溯等特征,与供应链产品溯源具有良好的契合度。针对汽车供应链面临的缺乏信任、溯源难度大及信息共享效率低等问题,运用区块链技术,设计了基于区块链的汽车供应链产品追溯系统。选用以太坊作为系统的开发平台,设计了授权管理、信息录入、溯源转移和链上查询等功能模块,根据功能需求设计了智能合约,增加了对敏感数据的处理环节。系统中配置了原材料供应商、零部件供应商、整车厂以及分销商4个参与主体,提供了监管部门与消费者的溯源接口。通过实例对溯源系统进行展示。研究表明：区块链溯源系统与传统的溯源方式相比,产品数据的安全性和溯源效率等方面具有明显优势。     

Patterns and technologies for enabling supply chain traceability through collaborative e-business

Industrial traceability systems are designed to operate over complex supply chains, with a large and dynamic group of participants. These systems need to agree on processing and marketing of goods, information management, responsibility, and identification. In addition, they should guarantee context independence, scalability, and interoperability. In this paper, we first discuss the main issues emerging at different abstraction levels in developing traceability systems. Second, we introduce a data model for traceability and a set of suitable patterns to encode generic traceability semantics. Then, we discuss suitable technological standards to define, register, and enable business collaborations. Finally, we show a practical implementation of a traceability system through a real world experience on food supply chains.     

The physics of e-commerce supply chains

The Internet is rapidly improving our ability to support information flows across global supply chains. However, the business impact of these IT investments depends not just on the information flows supported by such systems, but also on other non-information related characteristics of the supply chain. It is the complex interplay among these characteristics that results in business performance, or lack thereof. In order to better understand the business impact of IT investments in the supply chain, we are motivated to examine the ‘physics’ of supply chain structures. By physics, we mean the performance patterns inherent in its informational and physical characteristics. Using the systems dynamics methodology, we model basic information and physical characteristics of supply chains and examine their impact on some common measures of performance. Experiments with the models suggest that, in addition to information delays, physical delays also have a major impact on the stability of supply chains, as well as on operating cost. Moreover, the tradeoff between chain stability and responsiveness appears to be nonlinear, suggesting that a small compromise in responsiveness may yield larger gains in stability. Multi-tier chains appear to be less ‘stiff’ in responding to demand fluctuations, implying that their information systems must be specifically designed to overcome this structural tendency. These results have managerial implications in terms of designing the information and physical structure of a supply chain as well as for its operation.     

Competing pressures of risk and absorptive capacity potential on commitment and information sharing in global supply chains

Organizations’ competitiveness and success are no longer dependent solely on their own performance, but rather are dependent on the competitiveness of the supply chains in which they participate. Increasingly, these supply chains are globally distributed introducing the possibility of greater benefits, as well as greater risk. This study examines the countervailing impact of a global supply chain partner's business-to-business e-commerce business risk and absorptive capacity on an organization's willingness to commit to and share information with that supply chain partner. We survey 207 organizations on their perceptions of specific offshore outsourcing and supply chain partners across dimensions of risk, absorptive capacity, commitment, and information sharing. The results support the theorized relationships indicating that a supply chain partner's increased levels of perceived risk has a strong negative effect on an organization's commitment and information sharing; conjointly, increases in a supply chain partner's absorptive capacity has a strong positive effect on commitment and information sharing. For both risk and absorptive capacity, commitment partially mediates the relationship with information sharing. Testing for systemic effects from geographical/cultural location on the relationship factors provides no evidence of a regional effect on measured items.     

Optimizing dynamic supply chain formation in supply mesh using CSET model

A new e-Service model called dynamic supply chain is characterized by their dynamic nature in easily being formed and disbanded with the seamless connectivity provided by e-Marketplace. The new term “supply mesh” was coined to represent this virtual community of companies in which dynamic supply chains, as per project (also known as make-to-order), are formed across different tiers of suppliers. In a supply mesh, a dynamic supply chain can be formed vertically, from the top to the bottom layers, mediating different companies for a project. Companies that are on the same level laterally are usually competitors, and the companies that are linked vertically as supply chains are trading partners. From a global view, the companies that are connected in the supply mesh can be viewed as individual entities that have self-interest. They may compete for survival as well as collaborate with each other for jobs. Given such complex relations the challenge is to find an optimal group of members for a dynamic supply chain in the supply mesh. A multi-agent model called the collaborative single machine earliness/tardiness (CSET) model was recently proposed for the optimal formation of make-to-order supply chains. This paper investigates the possibilities of applying CSET in a supply mesh, and the corresponding allocation schemes are experimentally studied in simulations. One scheme called Cost-driven principle leads to destructive competition while the other one namely Pareto-optimal evolves into a cooperative competition that tries to mutually benefit every participant. The results, based on samples from the U.S. textile industry, show that a cooperative competition scheme is superior in terms of optimal allocation, which obtains maximum satisfaction for all participants.     

An integrated approach for sustainable supply chain planning

This paper proposes an integrated approach for transposing sustainable development principles to supply chain planning models. Inspired by research on performance measurement, we designed a method that links sustainability performance to supply chain decisions, and allows setting coherent performance measures. By transposing this method to a multi-objective mathematical programming, the supply chain planning is optimized while the economic, environmental and social performances are all coherently integrated into the model. To illustrate our approach, we applied it to a Canadian lumber industry case. We solved the mathematical model by using the weighted goal programming technique, which results in a set of “compromise” solutions allowing the decision maker to choose the alternative that reflects the balance he/she wishes to make regarding the three dimensions of sustainability.     

Supply chain dynamics and the “cross-border effect”: The U.S.–Mexican border’s case

A system dynamics model is proposed for analyzing the uncertainty caused by delays and disruptions at the U.S.–Mexican border, and how their effects propagate through the cross-border supply chains. Since Mexico’s geographic proximity and low wages provide logistics advantages to North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), it is becoming a favored manufacturing and logistics location. Nonetheless, crossing the border between U.S. and Mexico remains one of the most important challenges to the NAFTA supply chain competitiveness. Based on literature review and real-life information, the security policies at the U.S.–Mexican border and their cost implications to cross-border supply chains are identified. Information regarding the impact of variability on supply chain dynamics due to “cross-border effect” derived of security inspection policies is provided. Results are based on an auto-industry case study that was chosen due to its process standardization; however, results could be applied to other global supply chains. As conclusions, implications for the design of cross-border supply chains are exposed and future research is presented.     

A typology of the situations of cooperation in supply chains

Pushed by globalization and its consequent increased competition, supply chain managers have understood the importance of information sharing, joint decision-making and cooperation across supply chains. Therefore, how to synchronize local activities through global processes and how to establish a collaborative supply chain relationship are actual difficulties that supply chain members have to address. In this context, this paper suggests a model of the situations of cooperation in supply chains for coping with real industrial situations, based on the analysis of the limitations of previous models. It is shown how the suggested model may allow to identify dysfunctions in the cooperation process, especially when both large and small companies are involved, and can also be used to describe and monitor the possible evolution of the cooperation process. Finally, the model may help to specify the way information should be efficiently processed all along a supply chain, depending on the situation of cooperation.     

产品溯源研究综述及前景展望

产品溯源体系建设是完善经济全球化治理架构的重要方面,对保证产品的质量和安全、保护消费者权益、促进社会发展具有重要的意义.从现有的产品溯源框架、方法和系统平台3方面对产品溯源相关研究成果进行综述.首先,从溯源信息存储、溯源深度提升、溯源模块化设计和溯源监管4个角度,对产品溯源框架进行介绍;其次,将现有产品溯源方法分为产品标识溯源方法和区块链溯源方法两个类别,并分别对各个类别的溯源方法进行详述和分析;进而,围绕在食品畜牧、供应链、数字凭证和知识产权4个应用方向,对现有的产品溯源系统平台进行介绍;最后,基于对产品溯源研究工作的综述和分析,从异构多源溯源数据管理架构、成员共享激励与可信协作机制、溯源数据安全保障、溯源实时性保障、溯源过程有效监管5个方面,对当前产品溯源面临的挑战和未来的发展前景进行分析和展望.     

Simulation-based evolutionary algorithm approach for deriving the operational planning of global supply chains from the systematic risk management

One of the most critical issues facing supply chain managers in today’s globalized and highly-uncertain business environment is how to proactively deal with risks that might cause serious severances and distortions of material flows in a supply chain. This paper proposes a simulation-based evolutionary algorithm approach for deriving the operational planning of global supply chains from the systematic risk management, which proactively deals with the negative consequences of random and hazardous risk events in sourcing, production, distribution, and transportation in an integrated way. The proposed approach incorporates the production lot size of the plant, order quantity and reorder point of DC, and five response coefficients as decision variables to potential risks. The proposed approach is successfully applied to an industrial example of a consumer electronics manufacturing company. The results of the computational study show that the systematic risk management of global supply chains using the proposed approach increases the profit by 20% and 16.1% in the industrial example in comparison with passive and active risk management, respectively. In addition, a mixed strategy for the inventory management of distribution centers is suggested to improve the profits of global supply chains subject to substantial risks.     

Joint optimization of pricing and planning decisions in divergent supply chain

In divergent supply chains, such as in the oil industry, processing raw materials results in an outflow of multiple products. Final products are stored at international depots, from where they are ready to be shipped to the markets. Even if one company controls the entire chain, when production and sales organizations are decoupled, a relevant problem is to determine the internal prices of products at depots for achieving coordination. We propose an optimization model involving pricing and production decisions, and several constraints commonly used in divergent chains. In our approach, the producer incorporates the sellers’ behavior by expressing demand as a function of the internal price. As a result, our model serves as a coordination mechanism in trying to get an overall coordinated integrated solution in a decoupled reality. Numerical examples in single and multiple periods problems show the advantages of our approach over cost‐based methods.     

Sustainable supply chain optimisation: An industrial case study

Sustainability plays a key role in the management of a successful and responsible business. When trying to improve the sustainability performance of a business, there are three major challenges that need to be addressed. First, assessment of sustainability requires consideration of not just economic, but also environmental and social impacts. Second, we need to find appropriate sustainability indicators and gather the necessary data in order to quantify sustainability performance. Finally, sustainability has to be seen in the context of the whole system, i.e. it has to include all activities along the supply chain. In this work, we consider all three aspects and propose a multi-objective optimisation framework for the optimisation of a sustainable supply chain. Three sustainability indicators have been considered, namely the total cost, GHG emissions and lead time. We apply this framework to an industrial test case using real-world data drawn from a Dow Chemical business. The results show clear trade-offs between the three different objectives. However, we can also observe that typically a considerable decrease in GHG emissions or lead time can already be achieved by only a relatively small increase in cost. The proposed framework enables us to determine such trade-off relations and consequently make decisions that improve the sustainability performance of the supply chain.     

Supply chain redesign for resilience using simulation

Supply chains are facing numerous changes that are contributing to increasing their complexity and vulnerability to disturbances, therefore, to survive, supply chains must be resilient. The paper presents a supply chain simulation study for a real case concerned with the Portuguese automotive supply chain. The subset automotive supply chain involved in the case study is a three-echelon supply chain, composed by one automaker, two 1st-tier suppliers, two 2nd-tier suppliers, and one outsource entity. The purpose of the study is to evaluate alternative supply chain scenarios for improving supply chain resilience to a disturbance and understanding how mitigation strategies affect each supply chain entity performance. Two strategies widely used to mitigate disturbance negative effects on supply chains were considered and six scenarios were designed. The scenarios differ in terms of presence or absence of a disturbance in one hand and presence or absence of a mitigation strategy in other hand. To evaluate the scenarios designed, two performance measures were defined per supply chain entity, Lead Time Ratio and Total Cost.     

食品分销网络弹性设计与公平关切行为研究

研究了竞争型供应链弹性网络设计中的行为运作问题,首先建立了集产品制造成本/仓库运营成本/易腐品配送成本/网络节点选择/零售商公平厌恶成本于一体的整体配送框架。利用供应链背景下的一般运作模型,建立了弹性管理下的竞争型多源网络。考虑多源弹性供应网络下各级分销商失效的潜在风险,并分析了零售商公平厌恶下的消极影响。最后考察了一定水平的期望容忍条件、全球供应链和公平关切对于目标函数、正向架构的弹性运作和供应链成员的影响。     

Autonomic tracing of production processes with mobile and agent-based computing

Tracing items in a supply chain, across different enterprises and through the full processes scope, is today an inherently complex design task. Enterprises are typically comprised of hundreds of applications that are custom built at different times, acquired from third parties and parts of legacy systems, and also operating in multiple tiers of different manufacturing and information system platforms. Further, traceability is characterized by a goal-oriented approach, in which business-process analyses are driven by goal achievements rather than by systematic engineering processes. The use of a classical enterprise integration approach mostly needs tailoring to different applications. Due to the number and diversity of the systems and of their interactions, and to their dynamicity, it is difficult, costly, and therefore often not convenient to develop in large scale distributed systems.To overcome these issues, a supply chain traceability system with a high level of automation is discussed in this paper. In particular, the system adopts an agent-based approach, in which cooperative software agents find solutions to back-end tracing problems by self-organization. Such cooperative agents are based on a business process aware traceability model, and on a service-oriented composition paradigm. Furthermore, an interface agent assists each user to carry out the front-end tracking activities. Interface agents rely on the context-awareness paradigm to gain self-configurability and self-adaptation of the user interface, and on ubiquitous computing technology, i.e., mobile devices and radio-frequency identification, to perform agile and automatic lot identification. The paper comprises real-world experiences on the fashion supply chain.