微波辐射凝固天然橡胶硫化胶热降解动力学的研究

采用热分析法(TA)研究了微波辐射凝固天然橡胶(NR-m)和自然微生物凝固天然橡胶(NR-n)的硫化胶在氮气气氛中的热降解行为,为探索微波凝固天然胶乳这种新加工工艺提供了科学依据.采用Achar法和CoatsRedfern's法求出NR-m和NR-n硫化胶热降解反应中的机理函数,确定热降解反应中可能遵循的动力学机理,并得到了各步反应中的平均表观活化能Ea以及频率因子A等动力学参数.     

微生物凝固天然橡胶和酸凝固天然橡胶生胶流变特性的研究

采用橡胶加工分析仪(RPA)研究了微生物凝固天然橡胶(NR-m)和酸凝固天然橡胶(NR-a)生胶的弹性模量(G′)和损耗因子(tanδ),并用Ostwald幂律方程和Arrhenius-Frenkel-Eyring方程求取天然橡胶的流动指数(n)、流体稠度(k)及粘流活化能(E)。研究结果表明:两种凝固工艺天然橡胶生胶的G′、tanδ、n、k及E都具有相同的变化趋势,且NR-m的G′、k和E均高于NR-a的,而其tanδ和n则均比NR-a的低。     

天然胶乳凝固工艺对其生热性能的影响

天然橡胶存在阻尼滞后现象,使其在循环使用过程中产生热量,加速其老化.天然胶乳不同的凝固工艺对橡胶网络结构的构建有重要影响,从而进一步影响其生热性能.文中通过核磁共振交联密度仪和管道模型理论分析对自然凝固(NR-n)、微生物凝固(NR-m)及甲酸凝固天然橡胶(NR-a)的网络结构进行分析,研究了橡胶网络结构与其生热性能的...     

原位生成Al(OH)_3凝固天然橡胶的性能研究

将AlCl3与氨水溶液添加到天然胶乳中原位生成Al(OH)3凝固天然橡胶,通过扫描电镜观察Al(OH)3在橡胶中的分布情况并研究了不同Al(OH)3含量对天然橡胶硫化性能、物理力学性能及热稳定性的影响。结果表明,Al(OH)3对天然橡胶的硫化性能影响较大,且能提高天然橡胶的成炭率,反应生成量为15份Al(OH)3时其分散均匀且所得的胶料的性能优异。     

硬脂酸钙在环氧化天然橡胶中的应用

在半有效硫化体系中,研究硬脂酸钙用量对环氧化程度为25的环氧化天然橡胶(ENR25)的硫化特性以及硫化胶的物理力学性能、交联密度、耐热空气老化性能、热稳定性及热降解动力学的影响。结果表明,硬脂酸钙用量为1phr时,胶料的焦烧时间tS1较长,硫化速度较快,交联密度较高,物理力学性能较好;随着硬脂酸钙用量的增加,ENR25硫化胶的耐热老化性能提高,热降解反应的表观活化能E增大,热稳定性提高。     

恒粘天然橡胶的老化特性

研究了在天然鲜胶乳中分别加入几种不同的恒粘剂制备的恒粘天然橡胶硫化胶的热氧(热空气)、臭氧、光氧(紫外光)老化特性。结果表明,盐酸羟胺和水合联胺可改善恒粘天然橡胶(NR)的热氧老化性能,能降低臭氧和光氧老化性能;硫酸羟胺能改善恒粘NR臭氧老化性能,但对热氧和光氧老化性能产生不利影响;盐酸氨基脲在用量低时能降低恒粘NR的热氧和臭氧老化性能,但随用量的增加影响程度逐渐减小;苯胺质量分数为0.05%和0.10%时,可提高恒粘NR的热氧老化性能和降低光氧老化性能,当苯胺用量为0.20%时却降低了恒粘NR的热氧老化性能并提高光氧老化性。     

月桂酸铵对浓缩天然胶乳贮存稳定性及硫化胶性能的影响

浓缩天然胶乳(简称浓缩胶乳)是制备天然胶乳制品的重要原材料,在其贮存过程中添加月桂酸铵作为稳定剂来提高胶乳稳定性.月桂酸铵对浓缩胶乳贮存稳定性及硫化胶性能有显著影响,进而影响其制品的性能.本研究通过对浓缩胶乳贮存过程中的机械稳定性(MST)和挥发脂肪酸(VAF)值变化情况进行分析,并对其硫化胶膜交联密度、力学性能和热稳定性能进行测试表征,研究月桂酸铵对浓缩胶乳贮存稳定性及硫化胶性能的影响.结果表明,加入月桂酸铵后,浓缩胶乳Zeta电位绝对值明显增加,乳胶粒子粒径变小,胶乳稳定性增强;月桂酸铵含量为0.050％～0.075％(质量分数,下同)时,浓缩胶乳的机械稳定性显著提高,MST值达到国家标准所需的最短贮存时间(20 d);月桂酸铵导致浓缩胶乳硫化速率降低,在相同预硫化时间下,加入月桂酸铵的浓缩胶乳硫化胶交联密度较低,硫化胶膜力学性能和热性能也下降.     

过氧化物预硫化天然胶乳硫化反应的交联度及其医用胶乳制品热氧降解的研究

使用溶胀指数的测定方法研究叔丁基过氧化物预硫化天然胶乳(PPVL)胶膜硫化交联度,并采用热重分析法(TGA)研究空气状态下胶管试样热氧降解反应过程及其反应动力学.结果显示,过氧化物预硫化天然胶乳反应在70℃温度下硫化3.5h到达正硫点,此时胶膜溶胀指数为5.9.第一步热氧降解反应前,试样出现明显的吸氧增重现象,其最大热氧降解率Cp、最终热氧降解率Cf、反应活化能E和频率因子A均随β的增加而增大,表观活化能E0=107.5kJ/mol.     

氢化度与丙烯腈含量对HNBR硫化胶性能的影响

研究了氢化度和丙烯腈含量对氢化丁腈橡胶(HNBR)硫化特性、力学性能、热老化性能以及热性能的影响。利用核磁共振(NMR)考察了不同型号HNBR橡胶的交联性能;并采用凝胶色谱法(GPC)对生胶的分子量和分子量分布进行了测定,给出了橡胶门尼黏度与其分子量和分子量分布之间的关系。结果表明,随着氢化度与丙烯腈含量的增加,Tg升高;硫化胶的交联密度随着不饱和度和丙烯腈含量的增加而增加;氢化度升高,硫化胶的拉伸强度变化不大,扯断伸长率和撕裂强度降低,100%定伸增加;丙烯腈含量升高,硫化胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度和100%定伸提高,扯断伸长率变化不大。     

过氧化物预硫化天然胶乳硫化过程胶乳胶膜的热分析

用热重法-微商热重法(TG—DTG)和差热分祈(DTA)研究了用过氧化物预硫化胶乳过程中，硫化时间不同时胶乳胶膜热氧降解的过程。结果表明，过氧化物预硫化胶乳胶膜的起始降解温度、DTG峰顶温度和DTG峰的终止温度、起始放热温度和DTA峰顶温度均随硫化过程发生变化。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...