工艺参数对不锈钢基体AlCl3-[bmim]Cl离子液体镀铝层形貌及结构的影响

采用66.7%(摩尔分数)AlCl3与33.3%(摩尔分数)[bmim]Cl(1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐)混合后得到的AlCl3-[bmim]Cl离子液体为电解液,在304不锈钢基体上采用恒电流法进行电镀铝的研究.主要考察了添加剂、温度、电流密度对镀层形貌结构的影响.加入一定量的甲苯,控制阴极电流密度,在基体不锈钢片上获得银白色、平整致密的铝镀层.扫描电镜、X射线衍射对铝镀层形貌、结构的分析结果表明:(45±2)℃下,电流密度为20～25 mA/cm2时,能获得光亮、平整、致密的铝镀层;镀层铝晶粒随甲苯量增大而变细小;所得铝镀层都以(200)面构成为主,随电流密度、电镀时间的增加,(200)面峰增强,镀层为面心立方晶系.铝镀层厚度随电镀时间的增加呈抛物线趋势增大;电流密度为20～35 mA/cm2、电镀时间小于30 min时,镀层厚度与电流密度呈线性关系,电流效率达到95%以上.     

AlCl_3-EMIC室温离子液体制备Al-Al_2O_3复合涂层

首次在室温下用含10g/L Al2O3颗粒的AlCl3-EMIC室温离子液体电沉积制备出Al-Al2O3复合镀层。沉降试验表明,Al2O3颗粒在酸性AlCl3-EMIC室温离子液体中能形成稳定的悬浮液。通过SEM观察镀层表面和断面形貌,发现Al2O3颗粒均匀地分布在镀层中。显微努氏硬度检测结果表明,Al-Al2O3复合镀层的硬度高于纯Al镀层,其中Al镀层的硬度随着电流密度的增大而增高,而Al-Al2O3复合镀层的硬度却随着电流密度的增大而呈降低的趋势。本文还讨论了Al2O3颗粒在离子液体中的分散机制,以及和颗粒共沉积的过程。     

中温固体氧化物燃料电池Sr1-xTbxCoO3-δ（x≤0.3）阴极材料的制备与性能研究

以化学计量比的SrCO3、Co3O4和Tb4O7为原料,采用固相法合成了中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料Sr1-xTbxCoO3-δ(STC,x≤0.3),采用XRD、ND、TGA、范德堡直流四探针法和电化学方法对STC的晶体结构、高温失重、电导率、极化电阻以及电池进行了研究。结果表明:Sr0.9Tb0.1CoO3-δ的晶体结构是立方相Pm-3m空间群结构;Sr0.8Tb0.2CoO3-δ和Sr0.7Tb0.3CoO3-δ是四方相I4/mmm结构。在500~800℃时,STC的总电导率(σ)均大于407 S/cm。极化电阻(Rp)和活化能(Ea)随着x的增加而增大。当x=0.1时,STC的氧离子空位浓度最大,具有最好的阴极性能,由其组成的单电池最大功率密度为836 mW/cm2。     

以三乙醇胺为辅助配位剂碱性电沉积锌镍合金的电化学行为

碱性镀液中镍离子的配位剂对镀层影响很大,目前对其多种配位剂共同使用的研究较少。研究了以四乙烯五胺为镍离子的主配位剂,三乙醇胺(TEA)为镍离子辅助配位剂的锌镍合金碱性电沉积体系,在不同三乙醇胺含量和电流密度下在Q235低碳钢表面电沉积锌镍合金的电化学过程。结果表明:随着镀液中三乙醇胺含量增加,电流效率和沉积速率下降,溶液电阻、电荷传递电阻和电感先增加后降低,在n(TEA)∶n(Ni2+)=2.0时阴极极化最大;增加阴极电流密度使镀液的沉积电位变负,阴极极化增大,同时使电荷传递电阻和电感变小;该碱性电沉积锌镍合金的过程受电化学步骤和扩散步骤混合控制。     

六氟磷酸盐吡啶离子液体的合成及电导率研究

采用二溴丁烷和3-甲基吡啶(物质的量之比为1.0∶2.2)为原料,以异丙醇为溶剂,温度控制在70～80℃,反应4～6h,得到吡啶溴盐离子液体。用吡啶溴盐与六氟磷酸盐发生置换反应,搅拌反应4h,得到六氟磷酸盐吡啶离子液体。测定了[C4(MPy)2][PF6]2离子液体在有机溶剂中的电导率;及离子液体在不同溶剂、不同浓度、不同温度下的电导率。结果表明:溶液的电导率随着温度升高而增大;随着浓度的增大而增大。相同温度、浓度下,乙腈的电导率最大;环丁砜的电导率最小。     

Zn2+、Ge4+的取代对Li5AlSi2O8的影响

尝试以叶腊石为基体,通过高温固相反应,合成通式为Li5+xAl1-xZnxSi2-2xGe2xO8(x=0.0～1.0)系统锂快离子导体.X射线粉末衍射表明当x≤0.3时体系仍维持原有的Li5AlSi2O8结构(正交晶系);x＞0.5时结构发生明显变化,体系转变成Li6ZnGe2O)8.红外检测显示当x≥0.1红外谱图中出现Li2CO3吸收峰,表明在室温下体系中的Ge4+吸收空气中的CO2而发生分解反应.交流阻抗技术测试交流阻抗表明当温度大于200℃时体系有较高的电导率,最高时为1.11×10-2S/cm(400℃,x=1.0),x≤0.5时离子电导率很低,且不随温度变化.     

对苯酚和己内酰胺制备的新型离子液体的研究

对弱酸苯酚与弱碱己内酰胺以不同配比制备的离子液体进行了研究,考察了其物理化学性质(熔点、密度、电导率、溶解性等).结果表明,合成的离子液体的熔点随二者物质的量比的不同而变化,当物质的量比为3.5 : 1时熔点最低,为-22℃.离子液体的密度比水的密度大,且随温度的升高,密度增大.离子液体的电导率为10-4S/m数量级,且随温度的升高,电导率增大,电导率与温度符合Arrhenius方程.溶解性试验表明,离子液体具有较强的溶解能力,能与水、醇类、酯类等一般溶剂互溶.IR测试结果显示,所合成的离子液体具有苯酚和己内酰胺的特征峰.     

Pr掺杂Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3阴极的性能研究

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)因能量转换效率高,绿色无污染而备受关注。研究发现,钙钛矿结构的Sm_0.5Sr_0.5CoO_3-δ(SSC)是电子-离子混合导体,具有良好的氧还原活性,以及电导率高、极化电阻低等优点。为了探究镧系元素Pr掺杂对SSC阴极性能的影响,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Pr_xSm_0.5-xSr_0.5CoO₃(x=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5)阴极粉体,对其进行一系列表征和电化学性能测试。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试表明,当Pr掺杂量为0.3时,PSSC-30阴极在550～750℃范围内的极化电阻均小于其他掺杂量;在700℃时,全电池的功率密度达到最大,为311.06mW/cm²。     

锂快离子导体Li3-2x(Al1-xTix)2(PO4)3的合成与表征

NASICON型正磷酸盐LiM2(PO4)3(M=Ti,Ge,Zr,Hf)是近来研究得比较深入的锂快离子导体.LiTi2(PO4)3难于烧结得到致密的LiT2(PO4)3陶瓷,且离子电导率很低,在298K时为8.260×10-8 S/cm,613K时为8.241×10-5 S/cm,而当以三价的Al3 离子经传统的固相烧结反应部分取代LiTi2(PO4)3中四价的Ti4 离子后,通过DSC、DTG、电化学阻抗与SEM测试表明,不仅能获得致密度高稳定的产物,而且烧结后得到的锂快离子导体Li3-x(Al1-xTix)2(PO4)3(X=1.0～0.55)体系在室温下的电导率有了巨大的提高.当X=0.85时,组分Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3离子电导率最大,298K时为1.792×10-6S/cm和613K时为9.210×10-4S/cm.     

Al3+掺杂对Li1.02Mn2O4结构和电化学性能的影响

用固相法合成了Li1.02AlxMn2-xO4(x=0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20,0.30)锂离子电池正极材料,研究了Al3+对尖晶石型Li1.02Mn2O4的结构及电化学性能的影响.结果表明,当掺杂量x小于0.2时,没有出现杂相,掺杂量为0.3时,出现杂相Al2O3;Al3+的掺入能稳定晶体结构,使材料在充放过程中很好地保持稳定,减弱Li+的能级分裂,改善材料的耐过充性能.当x=0.15时,初始最高容量为118.7 mAh·g-1,160次循环容量衰减至113.8 mAh·g-1,容量保持率为95.8%.Al3+的加入使材料的电导率降低,但材料结构更加稳定,循环性能变得更好.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...