重卡钢板弹簧断裂失效分析

通过宏观检查、化学成分分析、硬度测试以及金相检验等结果分析。确定了重型卡车用钢板弹簧的断裂原因。结果表明：因超载使钢板弹簧出现过度反弓,造成板簧卡中的螺栓杆与钢板弹簧动态接触．发生磨损腐蚀,形成凹坑．成为应力集中点;在过大的交变应力作用下．应力集中点萌生裂纹并不断扩展．最终造成钢板弹簧疲劳断裂。最后提出了防止其发生断裂失效的预防措施。     

皮卡车钢板弹簧断裂分析

通过断口分析、化学成分分析、金相检验和硬度测试对皮卡车的钢板弹簧断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:钢板弹簧表面存在凹坑造成了应力集中,而且板材的非金属夹杂物超标,降低了疲劳强度,在交变应力载荷的作用下,最终造成钢板弹簧发生了早期疲劳断裂。     

Finite fracture mechanics analysis of crack onset at a stress concentration in a UD glass/epoxy composite in off-axis tension

The presence of stress concentrations at holes and notches is known to reduce the strength of composite materials. Due to complexity of the damage processes at a stress raiser in a composite, different modeling approaches have been developed, ranging from empirical point and average stress criteria to involved damage mechanics or cohesive zone-based models of failure. Finite fracture mechanics approach with a coupled stress and energy failure criterion, recently developed and applied mainly to cracking in homogeneous isotropic materials, allows predicting the appearance and propagation of a crack using material strength and toughness characteristics obtained from independent tests. The present study concerns application of the finite fracture mechanics to the analysis of cracking at a notch in a UD glass/epoxy composite subjected to tensile off-axis loading. Based on UD composite strength and intralaminar toughness characterized by separate tests, finite fracture mechanics analysis provided conservative estimates of crack onset stress at the notch.     

60Si2MnA铁轨铺设用弹条疲劳试验断裂分析

某60Si2MnA铁轨铺设用弹条疲劳试验寿命未达到规定值,通过对断裂弹条进行断口宏观和微观形貌观察、显微组织检查、硬度测试和化学成分分析,找出了弹条的断裂性质和早期断裂原因.结果表明:该弹条为弯曲-扭转疲劳断裂;弹条早期断裂的主要原因是其原材料碳含量偏低,导致热处理后材料硬度偏低,降低了弹条的疲劳性能;弹条表层脱碳形成...     

汽车后驱动桥断裂失效分析

汽车后驱动桥由多个零件焊接而成,在行驶约790000 km时该零件发生断裂。通过宏观分析、显微组织分析、化学成分分析以及断口形貌分析后认为,该零件断裂性质为疲劳断裂,主要原因为被焊接的两个零件尺寸差异较大,局部形成应力集中,再加上焊接热影响区存在焊接应力和魏氏体组织,并在汽车行进中不断受到颠簸和震动造成该区域产生裂纹源,进而在运行一定时间后发生疲劳断裂。     

0Cr12Mn5Ni4Mo3Al钢制弹簧断裂分析

某型0Cr12Mn5Ni4Mo3Al钢制弹簧在进行低温试验过程中发生断裂。通过断口分析、金相检验和能谱分析进行了综合评定。结果表明:弹簧的断裂性质为脆性过载断裂;弹簧断裂的直接原因是弹簧材料中含有较多的脆性夹杂物。     

60Si2CrVA弹簧断裂原因分析

通过断口分析、金相检验、硬度测试及化学成分分析等方法,对60Si2CrVA弹簧进行断裂原因分析。结果表明：该弹簧断裂失效性质为疲劳断裂;弹簧端圈磨削裂纹是导致弹簧断裂的根本原因;提出了防止磨削裂纹产生的建议．对指导生产有一定参考价值。     

锈胀钢筋混凝土拱肋承载力试验与模拟

为研究锈胀损伤对钢筋混凝土拱肋极限承载力的影响,制作了4片钢筋混凝土圆弧拱肋,通过电化学快速锈蚀使其表面产生不同程度的锈胀裂缝,讨论了初始锈胀裂缝的分布情况,研究了锈胀拱肋的裂缝发展、不同位置处位移和应变、极限承载力及失效模式。试验结果表明:锈胀削弱了混凝土截面尺寸和刚度,降低了钢筋与混凝土间的粘结性,是承载力退化的主要原因之一;锈胀导致的拱肋极限承载力下降率约为60%;锈胀未改变拱肋的失效模式,所有拱肋均在一侧拱脚发生脆性破坏。在试验的基础上,建立了锈胀钢筋混凝土拱肋的有限元计算模型,由于RC拱肋存在大面积锈胀,模型中未考虑混凝土保护层的影响,计算结果和试验值较为接近,为日后有限元建模提供一定参考。     

65Mn钢弹簧垫圈开裂原因分析

通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验和断口分析等方法对65Mn钢弹簧垫圈的开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:该垫圈氢含量较高,服役时大部分区域处于悬空状态,造成垫圈变形不均匀,形成应力集中。另外,垫圈凸面的防滑压花以及压花边缘的轮廓线处也存在应力集中,氢原子容易在此聚集,最终导致垫圈发生了氢致延迟脆性开裂。     

弹条疲劳试验断裂分析

弹条进行疲劳试验时发生早期断裂。采用化学成分分析、硬度测试、断口分析、金相检验和能谱分析对弹条断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明：弹条疲劳断裂是由于达克罗处理前表面严重锈蚀所产生的表面凹坑所致。     

某油田钻具失效统计分析

对某油田2002-2004年钻具失效情况进行了系统调查,查清了不同钻具的失效形式和失效次数。通过统计分析发现钻铤断裂次数最多,占钻具失效总数的比例最大。对钻铤断裂机理和受力状态进行了分析,认为钻铤断裂性质主要属于早期疲劳失效。对钻铤标准和实际使用状况进行了分析,找出了钻铤标准中存在的问题。对钻铤断裂原因从螺纹接头结构应力、残余应力和材料韧性等方面进行了分析,指出了导致钻铤断裂的产品质量问题。通过使用工况和钻井参数对钻铤的受力状态进行了分析,指出了使用操作对钻铤断裂的影响。最后对该油田依据上述结论采取措施后2009-2011年钻具失效情况进行了统计分析,发现钻具失效事故大幅度减少。     

门式起重机变速机轴断裂分析

大型门式起重机因变速机轴断裂致使起吊物料下坠而造成安全生产事故。通过宏观和微观分析方法对变速机轴断裂原因进行了分析,结果表明,变速机轴在长期服役运行过程中,因局部疲劳开裂并扩展而引发了瞬间脆性断裂,其断裂与轴的制造质量不高和长达50a（年）的服役时间有关。     

The failure of an armour faced conveyor connector

The combined use of modern metallurgical techniques for fracture examination, laboratory test data and fracture mechanics calculations allows metallurgical failures to be examined in a quantitative manner. Complex load histories and environments can result in more than one sub-critical cracking mechanism occurring in a component. Quantitative understanding of the rate determining cracking process is a necessary prerequisite to rectifying the problem. The following case study describes a connector from an armour faced conveyor which failed in service. The failure investigation involved fractography, stress analysis, material property evaluation and fracture mechanics calculations. Fractographic evidence indicated a stress corrosion failure mechanism. Calculations of critical crack sizes showed that stress corrosion cracking alone could not account for the fracture. It was concluded that the failure was due to a sequence of three cracking processes which preceded unstable ductile fracture. Firstly, frictional heating caused rubbing or quench cracks typically 0.5–1 mm deep. Secondly, corrosion fatigue cracks grew several millimetres allowing the third fracture process, stress corrosion cracking, (SCC) to initiate and grow. In the situation described here, this process was much faster than corrosion fatigue. The influence of defect size due to rubbing cracks and the influence of K_ISCC have been compared with the corrosion fatigue life of the component. An increase in K_ISCC and hence critical defect size for SCC has been shown to increase the corrosion fatigue life of the component by a large factor. A change in design would also alleviate the problem of SCC by reducing the static stress, which is the driving force for SCC.     

各向异性复合材料开孔板拉伸强度预测及模型验证

基于有限断裂力学方法建立了一种预测多向复合材料开孔板拉伸强度的通用和半经验模型。该模型同时采用基于应力形式的失效准则和基于能量形式的失效准则预测失效。模型仅需铺层弹性常数、无缺口层合板的强度以及0°铺层的断裂韧性等参数。基于线弹性断裂力学建立了多向复合材料层合板的断裂韧性与0°铺层断裂韧性之间的关系, 进而预测了任意铺层复合材料开孔板发生纤维主导拉伸失效时的强度。将模型预测结果与开孔板拉伸强度的试验数据进行了对比验证, 预测误差最大为9.7%, 与点应力和平均应力等方法的对比表明, 该模型的预测精度高于传统的特征长度方法。      

Fracturing behaviors of FRP-strengthened concrete structures

In this paper, we focus on the study of concrete cracking behavior and interfacial debonding fracture in fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)-strengthened concrete beams. An experimental program is systematically reviewed according to the observed failure modes, in which it is found that the interfacial debonding may propagate either within the adhesive layer or through concrete layer in the vicinity of bond interface. A finite element analysis is performed to investigate the different types of debonding propagation along FRP-concrete interface and crack distribution in concrete. For the numerical fracture models, interfacial debonding that initiates and propagates in adhesive layer is modeled by fictitious interfacial crack model. And concrete cracking, including the debonding fracture through interfacial concrete, is modeled by smeared crack model. Properties of the interfacial adhesive layer and concrete are considered to significantly influence the debonding propagation types and crack distribution. The interactions between interfacial bond strength, interfacial fracture energy of bond adhesive layer and tensile strength, fracture energy of concrete are discussed in detail through a parametric study. According to the results, the effects of these properties on different types of interfacial debonding, concrete cracking behavior and structural load-carrying capacity are clearly understood.     

Numerical implementation of anisotropic damage mechanics

This paper describes implementation of anisotropic damage mechanics in the material point method. The approach was based on previously proposed, fourth‐rank anisotropic damage tenors. For implementation, it was convenient to recast the stress update using a new damage strain partitioning tensor. This new tensor simplifies numerical implementation (a detailed algorithm is provided) and clarifies the connection between cracking strain and an implied physical crack with crack opening displacements. By using 2 softening laws and 3 damage parameters corresponding to 1 normal and 2 shear cracking strains, damage evolution can be directly connected to mixed tensile and shear fracture mechanics. Several examples illustrate interesting properties of robust anisotropic damage mechanics such as modeling of necking, multiple cracking in coatings, and compression failure. Direct comparisons between explicit crack modeling and damage mechanics in the same material point method code show that damage mechanics can quantitatively reproduce many features of explicit crack modeling. A caveat is that strengths and energies assigned to damage mechanics materials must be changed from measured material properties to apparent properties before damage mechanics can agree with fracture mechanics.     

Influence of Ni Interlayers on the Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V/(WC-Co) Friction Welds

Ni interlayers were introduced prior to dissimilar friction welding of Ti6Al4V base material to three cemented carbide substrates. The fracture strength of Ti6Al4V/(WC-6 wt% Co) welds were poor and were markedly improved when 20-µm thick Ni interlayers were introduced prior to dissimilar friction welding. These results were only produced when the (WC-6 wt% Co) cermet was electroplated prior to friction welding. When the Ti6Al4V alloy was electroplated prior to friction welding, fractured WC particles and cracking were observed in the (WC-Co) carbide substrate. The fracture strengths of Ti6Al4V/(WC-11 wt% Co) and Ti6Al4V/(WC-24 wt% Co) welds were not improved when 20-µm thick Ni interlayers were introduced prior to friction welding. During mechanical testing, the Ni layer retained at the dissimilar joint interface created a region of weakness.     

模拟水泥基复合材料细观断裂过程的随机弹簧元

叙述了水泥基复合材料从微观裂缝发生到断裂形成的一个计算机模拟系统。该系统主要是通过把骨料和水泥基分别看成具有不同性质的构造单元考虑水泥基复合材料的非均质性;用弹簧元法的单元形状任意性与变位不连续性模拟其构造上的随机性及其断裂形成过程。并以数值模拟混凝土试件的拉伸断裂和压缩断裂为例,探讨材料的裂缝细观进展机理及其和宏观力学特性的关系。     

Fracture of fatigue-loaded composite laminates

While the quasi-static fracture load of many composite laminates can be estimated with engineering accuracy, the fracture event itself has not been clearly characterized and is incompletely understood. When cyclic loading is present, the pre-fracture damage state is altered significantly, so that estimating strength (or residual strength) is greatly complicated. The present paper examines this complexity and attempts to assess the manner in which pre-fracture fatigue damage affects residual strength and the fracture event. It is found that the large strength reductions observed prior to failure at low load levels can be accounted for by internal stress redistribution and material degradation events. A careful chain of physical evidence in support of this approach is presented.     

某酸奶厂配料罐304不锈钢夹套底部材料的失效分析

某酸奶厂二次配料罐304不锈钢夹套底部出现开裂现象,影响了工厂的正常运行。通过观察裂纹宏观形貌、裂纹金相特征、断口形貌以及断口腐蚀产物能谱分析及应力腐蚀敏感性试验等分析了开裂原因。结果表明:配料罐夹套开裂是由奥氏体不锈钢的应力腐蚀造成的;根据事故发生的原因,提出了返修和消除缺陷的方法。