CCD电荷转换因子通用测试方法研究

通过分析电荷耦合器件(CCD)图像传感器光电转换、电荷转移、电荷输出的工作原理,提出了一种通用高效的电荷转换因子(CVF)测试方法。该方法采用在CCD感光区域施加直流偏压,水平区施加连续转移的驱动时序的方式,使CCD光敏区以电荷溢出方式往水平区转移电荷,水平区以固定频率不间断转移输出电荷包,从而让CCD输出强度恒定的响应信号;然后通过复位漏电流与输出信号强度的对应关系计算出CCD器件的CVF值。根据该方法的原理设计了一种适应各种CCD器件的通用测试装置,并对多款CCD进行测试验证。结果表明,该方法有效提高了CCD电荷转换因子的测试效率、测试精度和稳定性。     

高分辨率大面阵CCD相机高帧频设计及其非均匀性的校正

目前采用高分辨率全帧面阵CCD FTF5066M 作图像传感器的航拍相机帧频一般不超过1 fps,为了满足高帧频应用,文中首先介绍了全帧型面阵CCDFTF5066M 的基本驱动电路,并对其进行了改进,利用CCD 4个输出放大器进行同时输出,使最高帧频达到了3.4 fps,介绍了4 路输出时CCD驱动时序、前端处理电路、直流偏置电路、接口电路等的设计,改进后的驱动电路能满足多种航拍相机的应用要求。然后对全帧型面阵CCDFTF5066M 的非均匀性进行了分析,并建立了一种响应非均匀性检测系统。利用该系统分别对面阵CCD5066M 的4 个象限之间的非均匀性和每个像元之间的非均匀性进行了检测。在CCD 响应度为线性的基础上,提出了两点校正算法并对非均匀性进行校正。通过校正4 个象限响应灵敏度的标准偏差降低到原来的1/13。通过对鉴别率板的重新拍摄,可以看出面阵CCD 的非均匀性得到了明显的改善。     

基于CPLD的面阵CCD驱动电路设计

在透射电子显微镜相机的研制中,针对SONY行间转移面阵CCD ICX285AL图像传感器,设计了一款基于CPLD的面阵CCD驱动电路。以Altera公司的CPLD芯片EPM570T100作为时序发生器产生CCD驱动信号和相关双采样控制信号,并搭建了驱动器电路和直流偏压电路。在QuartusⅡ13.1开发环境下利用Verilog HDL语言编程,并利用Model Sim SE 10.1进行仿真测试。实验结果表明,以CPLD为核心的驱动电路能够产生符合CCD要求的驱动脉冲和偏置电压,可稳定地输出CCD视频信号。     

毫秒脉冲激光损伤CCD探测器的实验研究

为了研究行间转移型彩色面阵CCD在毫秒脉冲激光辐照下的损伤效果,采用实验研究的方法,测量了不同能量密度的激光作用下,CCD表面中心点温度、受损区域面积、深度及CCD内部复位时钟信号和阻抗值的变化,结合CCD输出图像中出现不可恢复的焦斑及黑白雪花现象,对彩色面阵CCD在毫秒脉冲激光作用下的损伤效果进行了分析。结果表明,在毫秒脉冲激光的辐照作用下,行间转移型彩色面阵CCD内部结构会产生不同程度的烧蚀,当能量密度达到23.49J/cm2时,烧蚀深度直达基底层,致使CCD内部信号传输通道断开,漏电流增加,最终造成CCD无信号输出,完全损坏。该研究对CCD探测器在强激光作用下的损伤效果研究是有帮助的。     

Application of Correlated Double Sampling in Space TDICCD Camera

As a sampling technique for CCD output video signal, the correlated double sampling (CDS) technique is described as well as the filtering effects of the CDS technique on the output noise of CCD including the reset noise of CCD, the white noise of output amplifier and 1/f noise. From real application of CDS device TH7982A, it is concluded that the output signal-to-noise ratio of 50 dB for CCD signal can be obtained.     

Analysis of a charge pump for white LED driver using multi-step charging technique

This paper discusses theoretical analysis of the efficiency of a light emitter diode (LED) driver using a charge pump. It is shown that the maximum efficiency of a conventional LED driver using a charge pump is determined only by the ratio of a forward voltage of an LED and a nominal output voltage of a charge pump. Theoretical analysis reveals that the efficiency does not depend on values of flying capacitors and output capacitors, clock frequency, duty cycle and on-resistance of switches. Minimizing the difference of an output voltage of a charge pump and a forward voltage of an LED is important to minimize power loss of an LED driver. In order to reduce power loss caused by charging capacitors, a novel charging procedure named multi-step charging technique is proposed. Some charge pumps using multi-step charging technique are shown and validity of the proposed multi-step charging technique is confirmed.     

Modulation Schemes in Low-Cost Microwave Field Sensors

The use of modulation schemes in short-range microwave field sensors are discussed and in particular the ideas are applied to low-cost self-detecting doppler sensors based on a two-terminal negative resistance diode oscillator which acts as a load variation detector. FM-CW and pulse modulation techniques are described which can lead to improved performance in these sensors, and experimental results of bias modulation, varactor modulation, and pulsed operation of transferred-electron oscillators are presented. Modulation techniques can be applied in order to eliminate false alarms due to unwanted targets by enabling the doppler sensor to measure or discriminate target range, and the potential merits of different schemes based on frequency modulation with linear and sinusoidal modulation patterns are explored. A novel environmental profiling technique is proposed which exploits the response of frequency-modulated sensors to multiple stationary targets for use in a versatile short-range surveillance system employing digital processing techniques. The mechanism of pulsed operation in self-detecting sensors is described, and the effects of temperature variations in the active device, which result in frequency chirp, are considered. The technique of extracting the doppler signal from the pulsed bias current using a pulse cancellation circuit is demonstrated, and the effects of bias current changes during the pulse (due to temperature variations) on the use of this type of circuit are discussed.     

A comparison of the trap properties and locations within GaAs fieldeffect transistors measured under different bias conditions

The activation energy and capture cross section of traps found in GaAs field effect transistors (GaAs FETs) have been measured with both ohmic channel and current saturation bias using a variety of transient, frequency dispersion, and noise spectroscopy techniques. With current saturation bias these effects have been seen in both the transconductance and the output conductance. The results for all methods and bias conditions are compared with those found by others. The relative sensitivity of the techniques and the location of the traps are discussed     

中巴地球资源02星CCD图像的大气校正研究

利用LANDSAT-5的专题制图仪(TM)对中巴地球资源卫星(CBERS)-02的CCD1～4波段进行交叉定标,得到了CCD1～4波段的参考定标系数。利用该定标系数并应用气象数据和ATCOR3软件对CBERS-02的CCD数据进行大气校正;对比大气修正前后图像的清晰度和归一化的植被指数。结果表明,大气校正增强了图像的对比度,归一化植被指数(NDVI)的均值明显提高,增大了高植被覆盖区与低植被覆盖区NDVI的差别,植被信息更加突出。对于山区崎岖地表状况下,大气校正后,山体的棱角分明,轮廓清晰可见,还原了下垫面的原貌,有利于遥感信息的提取。     

Varactor-tunable pulsed avalanche-diode oscillator for X-band operation

A pulsed avalanche-diode oscillator operating in a microstrip circuit with a novel technique of varactor tuning is described. A tuning range of greater than 2% is obtained with a minimum output power of 6.2 W in X-band for an oscillator operated with 0.5 ?s its bias pulse at duty cycles of up to 2%.     

Feasibility study of the application of voltage contrast to printed circuit board

Voltage contrast (VC) has been a powerful tool for the failure analysis of integrated circuits and multichip module. As the packing density of printed circuit board (PCB) is increasing, conventional failure analysis methods to detect open or short circuit in PCBs are no longer adequate, and voltage contrast method could be a method for this purpose. However, unlike the cases of integrated circuits and multichip module, there are many areas in PCB that will produce serious charging effect when examine under the scanning electron microscope. One of the areas is the presence of solder mask on PCB.This work examines the feasibility of using voltage contrast for PCB failure analysis. Specially designed PCB is used for experimentation, and it is found that positive bias on one track and zero bias on another copper track provide a better image contrast as compared to negative and zero biases on the tracks. Also, the variation of the image contrast with different spacing between inter copper tracks has studied. It is found that the variation depends on the presence of solder mask and its location. The variation can be very different for negative bias case as compared to the positive bias case.Finite element analysis is also performed to explain the experimental observations. All the observations can be well explained by the charging effect of the solder masks. The charging effect of solder mask is indeed very significant in affecting the image contrast, and it could reduce the contrast to almost zero in some cases.     

An analysis of fixed pattern noise for MOS-CCD type image sensors under quasi-stationary conditions

A theoretical explanation for fixed pattern noise (FPN) is given for the MOS-CCD image sensor with the use of external bias charge. The FPN is ascribed to the fluctuation of the bias charge which is returned from the coupler between the vertical transport line and the horizontal CCD (H-CCD) shift register. It is shown that the FPN is eliminated below -60 dB with respect to the maximum output signal in the case of vertical transfer efficiency of 97% or more.     

A simple driving and frequency characterization technique for two-phase charge-coupled devices

A driving technique for two-phase devices is described which requires only one clock both to drive the charge-coupled device (CCD) and to reset a floating output diffusion. This driving technique has permitted the development of a simple method of frequency characterization of two-phase CCD's. This involves the use of a single clock pulse of variable mark-space ratio, allowing the measurement of high-frequency CCD performance using circuitry, most of which is operated at low frequency.     

905nm InGaAs脉冲激光二极管驱动电流特性分析与测试

为了实现高功率905nm InGaAs脉冲激光二极管激光脉冲宽度和峰值功率可调,采用现场可编辑门阵列产生触发脉冲、集成模块EL7104C作为金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管（MOSFET）驱动、以MOSFET为核心开关器件控制高压模块和储能电容之间充放电的方法,设计了脉冲激光二极管驱动电路,对驱动电流特性进行了理论分析和实验验证,取得了不同电容和高压条件下的电流脉宽和峰值数据,分析了具体变化关系,并以此进行了光谱和功率-电流特性测试。结果表明,影响驱动电流脉宽和峰值电流的关键因素是电容大小和充电高压,脉冲激光二极管驱动电流峰值在0A~40A、脉宽20ns~100ns时可控调节,脉冲激光二极管最大峰值功率输出可达40W,实现了脉冲式半导体激光器输出功率和脉冲宽度的可控调节。该设计与分析对近红外高功率脉冲激光器的可控驱动设计具有一定的实用参考意义。     

A novel high-efficiency linear transmitter using injection-locked pulsed oscillator

This letter presents a novel high-efficiency linear transmitter using pulse-width modulation (PWM). An envelope of radio frequency (RF) input signal is modulated by the PWM. The modulated signal is applied to the gate bias of a class F injection-locked power oscillator and switches it on and off. By filtering the pulsed oscillating output signal of the injection-locked oscillator using high-Q bandpass filter, the input signal is restored. This technique enables the transmitter to have high efficiency with good linearity. Also, there is little distortion near saturation point of an active device. The measured results show efficiency of 54.6% and very good linearity in PCS band at 26.4-dBm output power.     

A comparison of gamma-induced degradation and forward bias-induced degradation in GaP:Zn,0 LEDs

Both the effects of gamma irradiation and high-current forward bias on GaP:Zn,0 light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been studied by measuring constant current 76K electroluminescence (EL) spectra below 1000 nm, total light output at room temperature, and capacitance transients using the technique of deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). The LEDs were divided into two sets; a control set which was subjected only to forward bias, and a set exposed to gamma irradiation and forward bias. The results indicate that gamma-induced light output degradation occurs through a different mechanism than forward bias-induced degradation of the control LEDs. Gamma irradiation, which has no effect on the Zn-O concentration, degrades the light output through the introduction of competing non-radiative recombination centers which reduce the minority carrier lifetime. In contrast, forward bias-induced light output degradation is primarily due to a reduction in Zn-O concentration through the apparent recombination-enhanced interaction of Zn-O centers with impurities rather than defects. This work was supported in part by the Air Force Weapons Laboratory (AFWL) Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM under P. O. 77-027, and in part by the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) under contract number AT(29-1)789.     

高分辨率全帧CCD高速驱动设计

目前采用高分辨率全帧CCD作为图像传感器的航空遥感相机输出帧频低、驱动设计灵活性低,应用受到限制.为提高全帧CCD相机应用水平,通过FTF5066M驱动电路结构和时序关系分析,采用分离器件设计了全帧CCD的稳压变换电路、偏置电压电路和水平垂直驱动电路.利用FPGA设计了四通道高速并行输出的时序脉冲产生电路,克服了传统单通道输出方法的速度限制.试验中,该驱动电路利用MVC3000F镜头成功采集到高速图像.实验表明,本驱动设计配置灵活,输出帧频从0.7fps提高到2.16fps,充分满足了航空遥感相机的高帧频要求.     

基于IGBT斩波电路的“母子”式电容充电电源的研究

为了克服传统强脉冲光治疗机中电源系统的不足,采用单片机控制IGBT的开通与关断时间,以实现高速可控的充电过程,设计了基于IGBT斩波电路的”母子“式电容充电电源。结果表明,该电源电路安全可靠,在工作电压150V的情况下,可以实现大于2kW的电功率输出,并且输出能量均匀平稳,可以作为强脉冲光治疗机的电源系统。     

Low-noise and high-speed charge detection in high-resolution CCDimage sensors

This paper analyzes problems associated with low-noise and high-speed charge detection encountered in high-resolution image sensors. It is found that the conventional Floating Diffusion (FD) charge detection concept is inferior to the previously studied, but not frequently utilized, Floating Gate (FG) approach. A new output charge detection well reset technique and an improved biasing method allowed the design of the FG charge detection amplifier with a comparable conversion gain to FD structures but with much better noise performance at the data rates up to 40 MHz. The theoretical analysis of the FG amplifier performance, including the Correlated Pixel Clamp signal processing method, is confirmed by measurements performed on a high-resolution 1000×1000 pixel Frame Transfer CCD image sensor built using an Advanced Virtual Phase Technology. The described details of the sensor design include: (1) the over all device architecture, (2) the pixel cross section with the cross section of the lateral overflow drain antiblooming structure, (3) the dual serial register with a single output amplifier, and (4) the resistive gate reset structure for the output charge detection well. The developed image sensor does not need the conventional Correlated Double Sampling (CDS) circuit for the signal processing, since the FG detection node is sensing charge nondestructively without generation of kTC noise. The described progress in the FG charge detection approach thus opens up a possibility for future designs of distributed FG amplifiers that can theoretically reach the ultimate low-noise performance at virtually any clocking frequency     

间歇-正负脉冲蓄电池快速充电方法的研究

目前影响锂离子电池充电速度的关键问题之一是如何消除或减小充电过程中的极化现象。传统的快速充电法中使用比较广泛的是多阶恒流脉冲充电法,主要采用正脉冲、停充等方式来减小或消除极化效应,在一定程度上提高了充电速度,但效果不够理想。提出的间歇-正负脉冲充电法,首先依据析气点电压和极化电压监测蓄电池极化状况,然后采用两种模糊控制器,分别确定间歇-正负脉冲充电法中的正负脉冲宽度,采用交替充电和放电减少或消除充电过程中的极化现象。实验证明,间歇-正负脉冲充电方法比传统的采用停充方式的多阶恒流脉冲充电法充电速度提高了33.3%,充电效率提高了5.1%,温升降低了57%。