Nondiscriminatory system losses dispatching policy in a bilateral transaction-based market

In this paper, a new method to allocate transmission losses for simultaneous bilateral transactions is proposed. The methodology uses a circuit approach of the system in conjunction with a classical power flow. For a given operating point, it is possible to derive system loss expression as a sum of partial terms due to each transaction. These transaction loss components, supplied by slack buses, can turn into costs associated with the respective transactions. Alternatively, in this paper it is proposed that each transaction provides for its own loss, thus eliminating the need for a balancing mechanism. In this case, the developed methodology evaluates the increase of active power at each transaction generator through loss contributions not arbitrarily assumed but calculated from a developed loss allocation formula. The main advantage of the developed method lies in its simplicity and capability of treating multiple transactions simultaneously.     

适用于双边交易的一种基于灵敏度的网损分摊方法

在电力市场下网损分摊问题的处理方法中,灵敏度方法由于具有经济导向作用,受到了普遍关注.但其分摊结果中常常出现一些交易承担负值网损份额的情况,这是不公平的.因为如果没有其他交易,任一交易都必定承担正值网损,所有交易既然在使用电力网络的过程中都生成了网损,应该让它们一起承担系统网损,即平均分摊到正值的网损份额.在此基础上,作者提出了一种适用于双边交易的使用线路网损灵敏度分摊网损的损耗分摊方法.先计算得出各交易在每条线路上的线路网损灵敏度;然后以其绝对值为依据,在各交易间分摊所有线路上的网损;最后加总,得到各交易应承担的总网损份额.以IEEE2机14节点系统的11个双边交易为例,通过对算例系统的计算、分析及比较,验证了所提算法在依据灵敏度合理分摊网损的同时,能够解决灵敏度类方法中网损份额结果存在负值的问题.     

多种交易模式下核仁解分摊输电网固定成本

探讨了电力市场多种交易模式下输电网固定成本的分摊问题。提出将双边交易转换成等效的联营交易的概念与方法，给出了固定成本在等值联营模式下分配的核仁模型。运用合作博弈理论的核仁解先将固定成本预分配给各负荷联营交易，再将该预分配成本平均分配给该负荷和向它供电的 所有电源。向某个负荷供电的所有电源按各自对该负荷贡献功率的大小成正比分配成本。该文方法适用于混合交易模式的电力市场。它既满足电网的物理特性，又给出了良好的经济信号。IEEE14节点系统的仿真算例验证了该方法的有 效性。     

基于潮流变化量的解析阻塞成本分配

在开放的电力市场环境下，阻塞管理不仅关系到系统的安全稳定运行，还影响市场的有效运转。尤其是双边交易的涌现，更增加了系统调度及阻塞管理的复杂性。如何有效地消除阻塞并实现其成本的快速分配，成为研究的重要内容之一。文中提出了一种基于阻塞支路潮流变化量的阻塞成本分摊方法，该方法以双边交易对网络的影响程度为分摊依据，以灵敏度解析计算为基础，能够实现阻塞成本在多个双边交易间的快速分配。同时，可通过即时信息系统发布灵敏度，便于市场成员及时调整交易计划，优化系统运行。     

基于潮流变化量的解析阻塞成本分配

在开放的电力市场环境下，阻塞管理不仅关系到系统的安全稳定运行，还影响市场的有效运转。尤其是双边交易的涌现，更增加了系统调度及阻塞管理的复杂性。如何有效地消除阻塞并实现其成本的快速分配，成为研究的重要内容之一。文中提出了一种基于阻塞支路潮流变化量的阻塞成本分摊方法，该方法以双边交易对网络的影响程度为分摊依据，以灵敏度解析计算为基础，能够实现阻塞成本在多个双边交易间的快速分配。同时，可通过即时信息系统发布灵敏度，便于市场成员及时调整交易计划，优化系统运行。     

Transmission loss allocation in a power market using artificial neural network

An artificial neural network (ANN)-based solution of the transmission loss allocation problem in a power market is suggested. The ANN proposed in this paper is a multilayer Perceptron network based on Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm and is capable of allocating losses to the agents identified as transactions in a power market. The network has a dynamic composition in the sense that it has to be trained afresh for determining the loss allocation of every transaction scenario instead of a network which is trained only once for all possible scenarios. The training dataset required is only a few in numbers and is filtered out from a large pool of data. The data pool includes the transactions values and their corresponding allocation of losses computed according to some established allocation method. Performance of the NN following game theoretic and proportional allocation of losses has been reported. Results are produced on standard test systems for bilateral and pool market operations.     

双边交易模式下阻塞成本的快速分配

在电力市场环境下,输电网开放增加了系统阻塞的可能性。尤其是双边交易的大量出现,给系统调度及阻塞管理带来了困难。如何有效地消除阻塞并实现阻塞成本的快速分配成为研究的重要内容之一。作者提出了系统阻塞成本对双边交易功率的灵敏度的概念,并将灵敏度用解析表达,通过灵敏度与交易功率的乘积可方便地确定双边交易的阻塞成本,其计算速度与双边交易的数量及阻塞线路的数量无关。此外,通过在即时信息系统中发布灵敏度,可以使市场参与者及时了解系统运行状况,及时调整下一步的交易计划,有利于系统的短期优化运行。     

应用交易－损失矩阵分摊不同运营模式下的输电损失

电力市场的建立使得市场参与者可以公开和无歧视地访问输电网络,所以如何公平、合理地向其分摊输电损失是当前电力改革的一个关键。该文提出了一种在不同运营模式下分摊输电损失的新模型。该模型基于节点导纳矩阵,直接根据系统损失方程式推导得出,不需做任何简化假设,并针对多交易体系精确地给出了各自交易的损失分摊表达式,使得系统中所有交易产生的输电损失自然分离。该模型引用了交易-损失矩阵,说明了系统中各交易间的耦合效应,同时根据联营体和双边调度的特点,给出了各交易及市场参与者的输电损失费用分摊表达式。文中最后采用IEEE5标准系统进行了仿真计算,说明了所提方法的应用。     

多种交易模式下的一种网损分摊方法

针对在多种交易模式(联营体交易、双边交易、多边交易)共存的电力市场中,如何公平合理地分摊输电网的网损这一问题,给出了一种网损分摊方法。即以电流分解为基础,用电流表示交易,按网损分量分摊法将网损先分摊到交易,然后再对联营体交易(或多边交易)进一步分摊到参与该交易的发电机和负荷,每个输电设备追溯的网损成本一半分配给用它的发电机,一半分配给由它送电的负荷。通过对5节点系统进行算例分析,验证了该方法的正确性和合理性。     

Transmission loss allocation using combined game theory and artificial neural network

An artificial neural network based method is suggested for allocation of transmission loss in a deregulated power system involving bilateral contract based power transactions between power suppliers and the distribution companies. The proposed method allocates transmission losses to operating transactions on the basis of Shapley value game theoretic approach. For this, bilateral transactions for power system are simulated and corresponding losses are obtained through load flow analysis. Shapley value approach is used to calculate the loss allocations. A large number of such simulation cases are generated and a large data pool stores these possible bilateral transactions and the corresponding loss allocations following Shapley value approach. For allocating losses to the transactions of an operating system environment the required neural network is developed online. A simple filtering technique is used to extract the suitable training data that are close enough to the actual operating condition from the generated data pool and neural network is trained online. The performance of such a network when tested on standard power networks has been found to be very encouraging.     

基于资源协调的分散优化阻塞管理新算法

将基于资源协调的分散优化算法应用到电力合约市场的阻塞管理问题中。ISO将可能阻塞的线路容量看作公共的全局资源,分配给各合约交易商,并通过与交易商交换必要的信息实现最优的线路容量分配。该分散优化方法中,ISO可在不要求用户私人信息的条件下实现社会效益最优,同时迭代过程中的解总是保持可行,因此更加适用于电力市场环境。该文建立了相应的数学模型,提出求解算法和步骤,并证明了与集中优化解的一致性。最后用IEEE-30节点的算例,验证了该方法的有效性。     

New secure bilateral transaction determination and study of pattern under contingencies and UPFC in competitive hybrid electricity markets

In the competitive electricity environment, the flexibility of power transactions is expected to drastically increase among the trading partners and can compromise the system security and reliability. These transactions are to be evaluated ahead of their scheduling in a day-ahead and hour-ahead market to avoid congestion and ensure their feasibility with respect to the system operating conditions. The security of the transactions has become essential in the new environment for better planning and management of competitive electricity markets. This paper proposes a new method of secure bilateral transaction determination using AC distribution factors based on the full Jacobian sensitivity and considering the impact of slack bus for pool and bilateral coordinated markets. The secure bilateral transactions have also been determined considering critical line outage contingencies cases. The bilateral transaction matrix pattern has also been determined in the presence of unified power flow controller (UPFC). The optimal location of UPFC has been determined using mixed integer non-linear programming approach. The proposed technique has been applied on IEEE 24-bus reliability test system (RTS).     

美国电力市场中的金融交易模式

介绍了在美国电力市场中,为了规避价格风险而设计的日前市场和实时市场双结算体系,以及双边交易和电力金融期货的交易结算模式,分析了其对电力市场的稳定和电力系统运行的作用,揭示了其规避风险和适应电力系统实际运行的原因,并指出,日前市场、双边交易和电力金融产品等非实时电力交易是为适应电力商品的特殊性而提出的金融交易模式。最后对我国的电力市场交易的发展提出了建议。     

Congestion rents and FTR evaluations in mixed-pool-bilateral systems

Evaluation of key metrics for congestion management, including the congestion rents and the financial transmission rights (FTR) payoffs, requires the efficient allocation of transmission services and the calculation of appropriate locational marginal prices (LMPs). This requirement is particularly acute when there are bilateral transactions coexisting with the centralized pool markets. We propose a new formulation for this purpose, which captures explicitly the contribution of the bilateral transactions to the social welfare. The proposed formulation effectively integrates the pool market and the bilateral transactions on a consistent basis and results in the more efficient allocation of the transmission resources than the conventional tool. We assess analytically the capabilities of the proposed formulation and solution and quantify the improvements in the evaluations over those done using the conventional approach. Such improvements are also illustrated using simulation results on a wide range of test systems including the IEEE 118-bus network.     

Transmission loss compensation in multiple transaction networks

We develop and apply the equivalent loss compensation concept to construct flexible and effective procedures for compensating losses in a multi-transaction network. The procedures are developed in the multiple transaction framework and are based on the physical-flow allocation of losses among the transactions. The proposed procedures provide transactions the choice of selecting self-acquisition of loss compensation at designated bus(es) or to purchase the loss compensation service from a central independent grid operator (IGO). The IGO can provide loss compensation as a value-added service to its transmission customers, IGO-acquisition of loss compensation uses a linear program formulation in which network constraints are explicitly represented to determine the solution which gives the least-price at which the IGO can acquire the service. The self-acquisition service may co-exist side-by-side with the IGO-acquisition and any physically feasible combination of these acquisition schemes is possible. The effectiveness and flexibility of the procedures are illustrated with numerical results using the IEEE 118- and 300-bus systems     

基于电流实部与虚部双向追踪的输电设备利用份额模型及应用

:针对输电设备利用份额的传统定义不能计及有功和无功潮流的耦合作用,基于电流的实部与虚部分量提出输电设备利用份额的新模型及定义。该模型将节点和支路功率转换为电流,通过对电流的实部和虚部分别进行双向追踪,可得到全网用户对输电网的利用份额。该模型不受分配模式的限制,通过恰当处理对地支路,可直接用于联营体模式下输电损耗和成本的完全分摊,文中给出了相关证明。采用“节点分裂”的等效方法和面向元件的分配模式,该方法可实现联营-双边交易共存模式下输电损耗的分摊。以5节点系统为例,对新定义和几种不同定义进行了比较,并对双边交易的增量和边际损耗及本文结果进行了分析。给出的IEEE-30节点算例验证了该方法的有效性。     

配电网安全导向的分布式资源P2P区块链交易机制研究

配电网中分布式可再生能源的持续增加以及以区块链为代表的分布式记账技术的快速发展,为配电网展开去中心化的点对点(P2P)交易提供了发展动力和技术支持,然而持续增多的分散P2P交易可能导致节点电压越限、系统网损增加等问题.为此提出一种以配电网安全为导向的分布式资源P2P交易机制.首先,基于配电网节点电压和系统网损的线性化推导,提出一种P2P交易对于配电网安全影响的灵敏度模型,从而将传统高低价匹配的交易撮合策略修正为以配电网安全为导向的P2P交易策略;然后,基于以太坊平台运算能力的限制提出具有简单运算特性的去中心化的交易机制,并设计了相关智能合约.算例分析表明,所提出的以配电网安全为导向的P2P交易机制,可以在交易撮合过程中有效反映P2P交易对配电网运行的影响,能够根据电网安全裕度水平优化交易次序,撮合更多有利于配电网安全运行和降低网损的交易达成,并且交易模型复杂度低,可以实现链上求解,不需要链下配置优化软件,避免了隐私泄露.     

区块链视角下多能源主体储能优化配置模型

基于区块链技术的能源交易体系能够有效解决传统集中资源配置带来的效率低下、隐私安全等问题,而能源互联网中大量能源主体间频繁的能源交易会产生大量的交易记录,使能源链变得更长,同时增加了各能源主体间的能源传输成本。基于此,研究了区块链视角下各能源主体的储能优化配置模型,通过配置合适的储能尽可能地实现自给自足。若能源主体有足够的剩余电力则作为卖方出售给其他缺能主体,这样不仅减少了频繁进行能源交易造成的能源浪费以及高额成本,也提升了区域能源的自给自足能力,还减少了能源数据冗余。以IEEE 33节点系统为例,验证了所提资源配置模型的有效性。     

基于Shapley值的网损分摊新方法

介绍了目前网损分摊方法的研究现状，提出了一种基于Shapley值的网损分摊新方法，这种方法根据每个交易加入交易联盟后给交易联盟带来的边际网损大小来分摊网损，该网损分摊方法平等地对待所有可能的交易加入次序，并且考虑了所有可能存在的包含该交易在内的交易联盟，因此能够被各市场成员视为公平，另外，这种网损分摊方法能保证收支完全平衡，并且能够向各交易提供适当的经济激励信号，促进电力负荷的合理分布，从而降低系统的总网损，数值算例结果表明，基于Shapley值的网损分摊方法是公平，有效的。     

面向交易的网损分摊方法

在输电网开放的双边交易电力市场中,基于网损的研究已经从如何降低系统的总网损量发展到如何将这些损耗公平地分配给参与者,准确地计算各笔交易在电网中的损耗,一方面为保证市场交易公平性,另一方面向市场参与者提供正确的经济信号,从而激励他们高效地使用电网和降低网损.提出了一种面向交易的网损分摊新方法,该方法将双边交易电量引入节点电压方程,推导出交易电流在网络中各支路的分布系数,证明该分布系数只与电网的结构参数有关,而与交易电流的大小无关.根据上述分布系数可以准确求出各交易对支路传输功率的贡献份额以及各交易承担支路网损.最后通过IEEE 9节点算例验证了该方法的正确性和有效性.