SIMULATION OF SUPERHEATED STEAM DRYING CONSIDERING INITIAL STEAM CONDENSATION

A heat and mass transfer model was proposed for the superheated steam drying, focusing on phenomena which occur during the initial stage of drying, i.e., condensation of superheated steam on material surfaces and subsequent shift from condensation to evaporation leading to the beginning of the actual drying (Reverse Process Model). Next, drying equations considering the reverse process were formulated for a shrinking/swelling infinite flat plate to calculate moisture content and temperature distributions in a material, changes in mass of a material with time, and a characteristic drying curve. Then, the influence of the initial thickness of a material and the heat transfer coefficient were investigated. In addition, calculation results were compared with experimental ones with regard to the change in mass of material with time and the characteristic drying curve, and good conformance was obtained for the initial stage of drying.     

SIMULATION OF SUPERHEATED STEAM DRYING CONSIDERING INITIAL STEAM CONDENSATION

A heat and mass transfer model was proposed for the superheated steam drying, focusing on phenomena which occur during the initial stage of drying, i.e., condensation of superheated steam on material surfaces and subsequent shift from condensation to evaporation leading to the beginning of the actual drying (Reverse Process Model). Next, drying equations considering the reverse process were formulated for a shrinking/swelling infinite flat plate to calculate moisture content and temperature distributions in a material, changes in mass of a material with time, and a characteristic drying curve. Then, the influence of the initial thickness of a material and the heat transfer coefficient were investigated. In addition, calculation results were compared with experimental ones with regard to the change in mass of material with time and the characteristic drying curve, and good conformance was obtained for the initial stage of drying.     

电场作用下基面液滴蒸发与内部流动数值模拟

为探究电场强化基面液滴蒸发的原理,本文采用有限元方法,对外加电场作用下的固体基面上液滴的蒸发过程进行了数值模拟,对比了不同电导率液滴的蒸发过程,分析了电场、液滴蒸发速率和内部流动的影响及其成因,以及液滴在电场作用下的内部流动与液滴传热传质的关系,结果表明,电场力的作用能够显著强化液滴内部的流动,对液滴的传热传质具有促进作用。此外,本文分析了温度对电场下基面液滴蒸发及内部流动的影响,发现温度对电场、液滴内部流动及蒸发的强化作用也有着较为明显的影响：对于电导率较低的纯水液滴,当电场强度低于和高于临界值6kV/cm时,温度对电场强化液滴内部流动和蒸发的影响有所不同;对于电导率较高的盐酸液滴,温度对电场强化液滴内部流动和蒸发的影响随电场强度升高均较大。本文为发展高效静电喷雾冷却技术提供了研究基础。     

改性SiO2纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层的形成原理及其沸腾换热

实验研究了改性SiO₂纳米流体液滴蒸发后的沉积图案,以及改性SiO₂纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层对沸腾换热的影响。液滴蒸发实验研究表明：改性官能团会影响改性SiO₂纳米颗粒是否吸附在液-气界面,从而推断出在沸腾过程中改性官能团对纳米颗粒沉积方式的影响。沸腾实验研究结果表明：用聚乙二醇基团改性的SiO₂纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层使加热面的平均粗糙度从160 nm大幅增长到977 nm,且能增强纯水的沸腾传热系数;而用磺酸基团改性的SiO₂纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层对加热面的平均粗糙度的改变不明显,只使其增大了60 nm,且恶化了纯水的沸腾传热系数。通过沸腾换热实验结果较好地验证了通过液滴蒸发实验推断出的沸腾过程中改性官能团对纳米颗粒沉积方式的影响。     

Evaporation rates of liquid hydrocarbon spills on land and water

The mass and heat transfer processes occurring during the evaporation of liquid hydrocarbon spills on land and water are described and equations developed to enable the liquid temperature and evaporation rate to be predicted. Experiments on the evaporation of cumene, water and gasoline are described and the evaporation mass transfer coefficient correlated with the wind-speed, liquid pool size and the vapour phase Schmidt Number. Good agreement is obtained between experimental and computed cumene temperature and evaporation rates. Comparison of the correlation with flat plate mass transfer correlations shows satisfactory agreement and suggests that turbulent transfer occurs, the rate being enhanced by the liquid surface roughness. The more complex problem of estimating evaporation rates of hydrocarbon mixtures is discussed briefly.     

Heat and mass transfer in drying in an oscillating electromagnetic field

A problem is formulated and analytically solved that describes heat and mass transfer in the drying of a flat solid (or the bed of a material) in an oscillating electromagnetic field under the third-kind boundary conditions for heat and mass transfer. Numerical analysis of the process is performed.     

Evaporation of pure liquid droplets: Comparison of droplet evaporation in an acoustic field versus glass-filament

The rate of heat and mass transfer to droplets in sprays is a critical issue in the design of many industrial spray systems. Applications like fuel injection in internal combustion engines or spray drying stimulate interest in studying the processes related to the evaporation of droplets. In this study an acoustic levitator and the glass filament method are used to observe single droplets during evaporation. The introduction of a droplet into the acoustic field leads to the formation of two steady toroidal vortices close to the droplet surface, known as outer acoustic streaming. The results of this study illustrate how this “outer acoustic streaming” affects the heat and mass transfer. The elimination of these vortices has been achieved through applying a ventilating air flow. Particle Image Velocimetry has been used to characterize the flow field and the interfacial transfer. Furthermore, the resulting evaporation rates have been verified by comparing them with existing model predictions. A comparison of these results to those obtained with the glass-filament method revealed good agreement when the air flow was increased to a limit where the inner acoustic streaming is eliminated, i.e. when forced convection was the primary mechanism in determining the evaporation rate of the liquid droplet. For other air-flow regimes no direct comparisons between results obtained with the two techniques were permissable, as confirmed by the differing Sherwood numbers obtained in the experiments.     

Heat and mass transfer during air drying of solids

Heat and mass transfer are studied for drying of a semi-infinite solid in warm air. The mathematical model, a system of partial differential equations, gives an exact analytical solution if transfer coefficients are constant and free water present at the surface. An analogy has been found for heat transfer with and without drying. A finite-difference solution of broader application than the analytical method has been developed, and the two methods agree closely. Experiments are described which show fair agreement with calculations of heat transfer during the first step of drying. Water content profiles remain flat during that period and no precise comparison can be made     

EHD-Enhanced Water Evaporation from Partially Wetted Glass Beads with Auxiliary Heating from Below

Earlier studies have shown that an electric field in the form of corona wind can significantly enhance drying rate. It is particularly effective in the early stage of drying when the material is fully wetted. However, the effectiveness of corona wind in drying a partially wetted material, which is commonly believed decreasing, has not been critically examined. For the present study, enhancement of water evaporation from partially wetted glass beads by corona wind is experimentally evaluated. In addition, auxiliary heating provided by a thermofoil heater attached to the bottom surface of the sample container has been used as a possible means to maintain the effectiveness of corona wind. For the present study, a fine copper wire with a diameter of 0.5 mm is used as the emitting electrode. It is charged by direct current with negative polarity from the corona threshold voltage until the occurrence of sparkover. The water level inside the glass beads is below the external surface and is maintained constant in each set of experiments. For each case, a companion experiment is carried out simultaneously under the same ambient conditions but without the application of electric field or auxiliary heating, the result of which is used as a basis in the evaluation of the evaporation enhancement. The weight loss of water as well as the ambient temperature and humidity are continuously monitored. Each experiment lasted for at least 5 h. The results show that the electric field is effective in the enhancement of water evaporation from partially wetted glass beads, but its effectiveness diminishes when the water level in the glass beads recedes. By applying auxiliary heating, this shortcoming of EHD-enhanced drying can be overcome.     

强化平板热管传热性能的研究进展

平板热管作为一种高效紧凑的气-液两相传热器件,已被广泛应用于狭窄空间高热通量的散热场合中。为了提高平板热管的传热性能,研究人员从强化平板热管内蒸发/沸腾、气体输运、冷凝以及液体回流输运四个运行过程进行了研究。此外,工质的热物性和壳材的导热能力也影响着平板热管的传热性能,因此也得到了广泛关注。总结了强化平板热管内四个运行过程以及平板热管工质和壳材的研究现状和发展动态,并根据目前强化平板热管传热性能研究中所存在的问题,提出了进一步的研究方向,为未来强化平板热管传热性能的研究提供重要参考。     

DRYING OF OPTICALLY SEMITRANSPARENT MATERIALS BY COMBINED RADIATIVE-CONVECTIVE HEATING

The objective of this work has been to basically elucidate the drying characteristics of an optically semitransparent material by combined radiative and convective heating. The experiments were conducted for a graphite suspension, a slurry of surplus activated sludge and a wet silica sand. The time-change of the drying rate as well as of the surface temperature of the brimfully wet material layer were measured under the step heating conditions using an infrared lamp bundle and a blast of hot air heated by an electric heater.

The experimental data obtained show satisfactory agreement with the calculated results from unsteady heat and mass transfer equations derived on the basis of a semitransparent drying model during the preheating and the constant drying rate periods.     

毛细结构对平板热管性能的影响

详细研究了毛细结构对于平板热管性能的影响,对3种具有同样外形尺寸的深微槽道、交错孔道和双微槽道毛细结构的铜-水平板热管进行了系统的实验研究和分析。研究结果表明,双微槽道热管的热阻最小,深微槽道热管的热阻最大。在轴向导热能力方面,双微槽道热管的性能最好,其次为交错孔道热管,深微槽道热管最差。在径向均热能力方面,双微槽道热管最好,而深微槽道热管与交错孔道热管的均热能力相近。可见,双微槽道热管是最佳毛细结构,其热阻最小,具有最好的轴向导热性能与径向均热性能,原因是蒸发面和冷凝面上的微槽道结构强化了相变换热,降低了相变热阻。     

考虑结壳现象的液滴干燥过程数值模拟

为更清楚地了解液滴的干燥过程,文中综合考虑溶剂扩散系数与溶液质量分数,溶液质量分数与液滴表面蒸汽压和滴径变化与传热传质之间的耦合关系,建立了包含液滴内部径向热传导方程,液滴内部的传质方程及液滴质量变化方程的液滴蒸发的完整模型。用所建模型对不同操作工况下液滴的挥发过程进行了模拟,描述了干燥过程中液滴质量损失,滴径的变化及液滴表面到中心的溶液组分变化,并对影响液滴干燥速度的重要因素进行了分析。模型模拟结果跟实验结论比较一致。     

CONVECTTVE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AND EVOLUTION OF THE MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION IN COMBINED CONVECTION AND RADIO FREQUENCY DRYING

ABSTRACT

In a previous study (Dostie and Navarri, 1994), experiments indicated that a non-uniform moisture distribution could develop in radio frequency drying depending on the applied power and initial conditions, making the design and scale-up of such a dryer a more difficult task. Consequently, a thorough study of the combined convection and RF drying process was undertaken. Experimental results have shown that the values of the neat and mass transfer coefficients decrease with an increase in evaporation rate caused by RF energy. This effect is adequately taken into account by the boundary layer theory. Furthermore, the usual analogy between heat and mass transfer has been verified to apply in RF drying. Experiments have also shown that a different mass transfer resistance on both sides of the product should not result in non-uniform drying. However, it appears that non-uniform drying is dependent upon the initial moisture distribution and the relative intensity of heal transfer by convection and RF- It was shown that the maximum drying rate occurs at a higher average water content and that the total drying time increases with non-uniformity of the initial moisture distribution.     

Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer in Freeze Drying

The main objective of this work is to build a mathematical model that describes heat and mass transfer in freeze-drying when both plate heating and radiation heating are applied and also to provide further understanding of the mechanism of the drying process. The model, unlike other models, may be used for situations in which sublimation occurs within a temperature range, i.e., the non-existence of a sharp interface and also for cases in which more than one interface may form. The developed model has been tested against experimental measurements of freeze-drying of milk under different operating conditions. Measurements were done using Virtis BT3.3ES freeze dryer with vertical manifolds. The milk was contained in a glassware, specially designed for this project. Four thermocouples were fixed at different positions to track the drying progress. The experimental measurements show no significant shrinkage in the frozen milk when dried, leaving the milk highly porous in structure. In this experimental work, the low thermal conductivity of the dried layer was found to control the process without any significant mass transfer resistance. This includes plate heating where drying was found to progress from the heating surface similar to radiation heating. This is unlike what has been reported in some of literature that drying starts always from the top surface. The model, which was based on heat transfer control, showed a reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements of both plate heating and radiation heating.     

DIRECT CONTACT DRYING OF A MOVING POROUS STRIP

Combined heat transfer and evaporation dynamics are analyzed during drying of a continuously moving, porous strip which is in direct contact with a heated plate. A transient, quasi-two-dimensional model of conjugate heat transfer between a hot massive externally /internally heated plate and wet porous strip moving along the plate is developed by accounting for evaporation dynamics. The model consists of four conjugate energy conservation equations with proper boundary/interface conditions which describe the heat transfer in four distinct zones (1-electrically or indirectly heated massive metal plate, 2-thin superheated vapor film resulting from vaporization of water in the porous strip that separates hot plate and porous strip, 3-dry region of the porous strip, and 4-wet region of the porous strip). The relevant dimensiouless parameters governing the problem are identified, and results of parametric calculations are reported to gain fundamental understanding of the process.     

INDIRECT THERMAL DRYING OF LIGNITE: DESIGN ASPECTS OF A ROTARY DRYER

An investigation of the thermal drying of lignite has been carried out, by using an indirect heat pilot rotary drum. The process aims at the production of dry lignite and clean steam as part of a gasification procedure. Both flighted and bare drum modes have been employed. Temperature profiles along the dryer length, the amount of evaporation (moisture conversion) and the solids residence time distribution (RTD) were measured. A non-isothermal model was tested under three different regimes of solids flow. Model integration, by taking account of experimental amount of evaporation at dryer exit and temperature profiles along the dryer length, has been utilized in the validation of drying kinetics and heat transfer correlations. Model predictions compare satisfactorily with the operating data of an indirect heat industrial lignite dryer. Overall heat transfer coefficients of the pilot rotary dryer were found to agree well with those reported for direct heat dryers.     

Experimental study of falling film evaporation heat transfer outside horizontal tubes

The heat transfer process of falling film horizontal evaporation includes evaporation outside tubes and condensation inside tubes, the heat transfer coefficient of the former is about 50% of that of the latter. So the overall heat transfer coefficient is influenced mainly by the falling film evaporation outside tubes. An experimental study of falling film heat transfer outside horizontal tubes was carried out in order to show how the heat transfer coefficient is affected by different parameters such as flow density evaporation temperatures, temperature difference between wall and saturation water, and mass concentration of the seawater. Experiments were conducted using 14 mm outer diameter Al-brass tubes heated by internal electric heaters so that a uniform heat flux was generated on the outside surface of tubes. The results show that when flow density Γ varies between 0.013 kg/ms < Γ< 0.062 kg/ms, the heat stransfer coefficient of falling film evaporation outside horizontal tubes h increases with the increase in liquid feeding, evaporation boiling temperature and heat flux. h also increases with an increase in distributor height, however there is a maximum height in which any height above this. Besides, the amount of non-condensing gas has significant effect on h. The difference of heat transfer coefficient between freshwater and seawater is small. These results contribute to further improving the performance of heat transfer process and developing new evaporator.     

Evaporation of solvents by infrared radiation treatment

The first stages of infrared drying of waterborne coating systems are controlled by the evaporation of their volatile components. In order to analyse the kinetics of drying during IR radiation, the evaporation behaviour of water and other solvents of waterborne coatings are investigated using a combined gravimetric and photoionization technique. The resulting specific evaporation rates under IR radiation are compared with those obtained by thermal annealing. It is shown that in the case of IR radiation heating of water, the mass transfer coefficients are much higher than by thermal annealing at the same driving potential. The dependence of the water absorption rates and the mass losses of different solvents on the humidity of the air was also determined.     

Mass transfer, fluid flow and membrane properties in flat and corrugated plate hyperfiltration modules

Concentration polarisation, decreasing the efficiency in membrane separation processes, can be reduced by increasing mass transfer between membrane surface and bulk of the feed stream. Analogous to techniques used in plate heat exchangers efforts have been made to enhance mass transfer in a plate hyperfiltration module by using a corrugated membrane in stead of a flat one. The corrugations are pressed into an originally flat membrane. These corrugations do not only have an influence on the mass transfer, but also on such membrane properties as salt and water permeability. Corrugations enhance mass transfer in a more effective way than increase of flow rate does.

The effect of the corrugations on membrane properties shows a large spread. For corrugated membranes prepared by our group, flux increases of 100% at almost the same or even slightly higher retentions have been obtained.