莺-琼盆地高温超压对有机质热演化的影响

剖析影响莺-琼盆地10口高温高压井的实测镜质体反射率数据的因素,结合热模拟实验结果,探讨高温、超压对第三系腐植型有机质热演化与生烃的影响。认为：高地热场为腐植型有机质向天然气转化提供了有利的条件,特别是莺歌海盆地泥底辟带存在短暂的深源热流体上侵,可能使浅层沉积中的有机质转化成低成熟原油;超高压对有机质热演化的抑制作用是次要的,即便有少许抑制作用,也往往被高温效应掩盖。图4表1参17     

超压和富氢背景下镜质组反射率计算模型——以渤海湾盆地渤中西次凹东三段烃源岩为例

在考虑富氢和超压对镜质组反射率的抑制作用下,对传统仅考虑了温度和时间的镜质组反射率计算模型——Easy%R_o模型进行了重新校正。通过引进富氢校正系数和超压抑制系数,建立起适合双重抑制背景下镜质组反射率计算模型,并利用渤海湾盆地渤中西次凹受双重抑制作用和未受双重抑制作用影响的镜质组反射率R_o实测资料,确定了相关参数。模拟结果表明,在双重抑制作用影响的地层中,镜质组反射率R_o的模拟值与实测值吻合较好,但与Easy%R_o模型的计算结果相差悬殊,双重抑制作用对R_o的影响可达0.2%~0.4%。超压抑制了有机质热演化,导致生烃门限下移和生烃时间延迟,这非常有利于油气晚期成藏。      

超压环境有机质热演化和生烃作用机理

通过对多个盆地大量样品的多参数对比分析,建立了超压抑制有机质热演化的多参数识别标志,揭示了不同成熟度指标对超压的差异响应.识别出超压抑制有机质热演化和生烃作用的4个层次:①超压抑制了有机质热演化的各个方面,包括不同干酪根组分的热降解(生烃作用)和烃类的热演化;②超压仅抑制了烃类的热演化和富氢干酪根组分的热降解,而对贫氢干酪根组分的热演化不产生重要影响,因此镜质体反射率未受到抑制;③超压抑制了烃类的热裂解,而对干酪根的热降解未产生明显影响;④超压对有机质热演化的各个方面均未产生可识别的影响.超压对有机质热演化的抑制作用层次取决于超压发育后有机质热演化反应的体积膨胀效应、产物浓度变化速率及超压的发育特征.早期强超压和长期保持封闭流体系统是产生第一层次超压抑制作用的必要条件.超压发育过晚、超压强度低、超压流体频繁释放等都可能导致超压对有机质热演化的各个方面均不产生可识别的影响.     

莺歌海盆地地层压力特征及其石油地质意义

利用地震速度、声波测井和中途测试等资料 ,研究了莺歌海盆地地层压力的特征及分布 ,分析了早期自源超压及其伴生的滞烃作用和它们对油气初次运移的影响。莺歌海盆地强烈超压主要是压实不均衡的结果 ,超压的分布受沉降 -沉积速率和盆地充填岩性的控制 ,超压界面明显起伏 ;超压层段异常低的热解峰温和高生成指数反映了超压的滞烃作用 ,超压及其滞烃作用是有机质热演化异常的主要原因 ,也是决定盆地天然气成藏过程的重要因素。     

渤海湾盆地含油气凹陷压力场特征及与油气富集关系

含油气盆地不同类型凹陷地层压力场具有明显差异,压力场与油气富集关系密切。以渤海湾盆地含油气凹陷实测地层压力资料为基础,探讨了含油气凹陷压力场类型及分布特征,以及超压与生烃作用、压力场与油气富集等关系。研究表明,渤海湾盆地含油气凹陷新生界纵向压力场大致可归为3类,即常压型、单超压型、双超压型;不同类型压力场凹陷的分布具有分区性：常压型多分布于盆地外围凹陷,单超压型在盆地广泛分布,双超压型主要分布于环渤海地区。生烃作用对凹陷超压的形成具有重要影响,超压层系与主力生烃层系相对应,凹陷充填演化历史及主力生烃层系的差异可能是形成3类凹陷压力场的主要原因。凹陷生烃层系超压与油气富集关系密切：平面上油气围绕超压中心分布,超压程度影响油气二次运移距离;纵向上油气富集层系受凹陷压力场类型控制,常压型凹陷油气主要富集于生烃层系及紧邻层系,单超压型凹陷油气富集于生烃层系及上下多套层系,而在双超压型凹陷,新近系油气富集程度较高;生烃层系超压程度影响凹陷油气富集程度,富油凹陷均为超压幅度较大的凹陷。     

莺歌海盆地地层压力特征及其石油地质意义

利用地震速度、声波测井和中途测试等资料,研究了莺歌海盆地地层压力的特征及分布,分析了早期自源超压及其伴生的滞烃作用和它们对油气初次运移的影响,莺歌海盆地强烈超压主要是压实不均衡的结果,超压的分布受沉降－沉积速率和盆地充填岩性的控制,超压界面明显起伏,超压层段异常低的热解峰温和高生成指数反映了超压的滞烃作用,超压及其滞烃作用是有机质热演化异常的主要原因,也是决定盆地天然气成藏过程的重要因素。     

琼东南盆地浅水区与深水区烃源岩热演化差异性影响因素研究

为找出琼东南盆地浅水区与深水区烃源岩有机质热演化差异原因,在综合开展琼东南盆地构造演化、沉积充填与地球化学特征研究基础上,对影响烃源岩有机质成熟度的各要素进行逐一分析。结果表明,深水区高地温梯度、低沉积速率背景对有机质热演化有明显的促进作用,而深水区低海底温度对有机质热演化有一定的抑制作用,超压对有机质热演化作用不明显。综合盆地模拟各要素表明,深水区有机质热演化程度明显高于浅水区,深水区生烃门限浅的特点扩大了深水区烃源岩成熟面积,增加了烃源岩的生排烃量,从而提高了盆地的资源潜力。研究成果对其他深水盆地的烃源岩热演化相关研究有很好的借鉴意义。     

莺歌海盆地东方区块地层超压对成岩作用的影响

莺歌海盆地东方区块莺歌海组下部和黄流组发育地层超压体系,超压顶界面深度从盆地中心向边缘逐渐变深。在综合前人研究基础上,笔者应用热解分析、生物标志化合物研究及岩石显微镜和扫描电镜等技术,并与邻区的常压环境下的相关特征进行对比,深入分析了地层超压对成岩作用的影响。结果表明：①超压对反映有机质热演化特征的指标（镜质体反射率、热解峰温、生产指数等）未产生可识别的影响,但对黏土矿物转化和烃类结构演化这类产物浓度变化速率高、体积膨胀效应强的反应有明显的抑制作用;②超压可降低砂岩的机械压实速率,使孔隙度得以有效保存;③超压可以通过抑制黏土矿物的转化来减少胶结物生成的物质来源,同时通过增大碳酸盐在流体介质中的溶解度抑制碳酸盐胶结物的生成;④研究区储层普遍高含CO₂,在超压环境下CO₂在流体中溶解度增大,会大量生成H⁺,促进溶蚀作用的产生;⑤超压环境促进了烃源岩生烃作用生成的酸性流体的排出,增强了相邻砂岩储层的溶蚀作用,有利于次生孔隙生成,从而发育了异常高孔带。     

歧口凹陷异常压力对古近系烃源岩热演化的抑制作用及其意义

沉积盆地流体动力学特征是盆地分析的主要内容,对烃源岩热演化及油气成藏具有重要的影响。以歧口凹陷为例,通过大量实测数据和分析化验资料综合分析,探讨了古近系中深层流体压力特征及对成烃演化的抑制作用,建立了超压背景下的烃源岩成烃演化模式,指出了超压存在的石油地质意义。研究表明,歧口凹陷中深层普遍发育异常高压,压力系数为1.2~1.6,属于“正常地温梯度、异常高压”环境,这种环境对古近系中深层烃源岩热演化具有明显的控制作用。超压的普遍发育对歧口凹陷中深层的液态烃下限、有效储层下限、油气保存及有效勘探深度都有十分重要的影响。     

伊通盆地莫里青断陷地层压力演化与油气运移模拟

应用钻井测试资料、地震资料和盆地模拟技术对伊通盆地莫里青断陷地层压力演化史和油气运移史进行了研究.莫里青断陷地层压力经历了3次"幕式"聚集与释放,压力演化与构造运动关系密切;莫里青断陷现今地层压力以常压为主,局部残留弱超压;岩相、沉积速率、生烃作用及断裂活动对地层压力差异分布有重要的影响;莫里青断陷超压释放期油气运移活跃,超压释放为油气运移提供了驱动力;渐新世中晚期是莫里青断陷油气运移的主要时期;尖山构造带和靠山凹陷处于双阳组油气运移的有利指向区;靠山凹陷西北部油气成藏条件优越,油气富集程度较高,是研究区油气勘探的有利区带.图5表2参25     

A RE-CONSIDERATION OF THE "OIL WINDOW" FOR HUMIC COAL AND KEROGEN TYPE III SOURCE ROCKS

Based on natural data-sets and several hydrous-pyrolysis experiments on immature humic coals, the conventional "oil window" (0.5–0.6%R₀ to 1.3–1.35%R₀) for humic coals is re-considered. A worldwide coal data-set comprising coals of Carboniferous - Tertiary age and having vitrinite reflectances from 0.32%R₀ to 3.6%R₀ indicates that initial liquid hydrocarbon generation commences at a vitrinite reflectance of 0.5%R₀ to 0.6%R₀, and that a significant liquid hydrocarbon build-up occurs from approximately 0.6%R₀ to 0.85%R₀. The start of the "oil window" corresponds to a vitrinite reflectance of 0.85%R₀; however, the start of the "oil window" can vary significantly for individual coal series, and it may range up to a vitrinite reflectance of 1.15%R₀. Liquid hydrocarbon generation is negligible at a vitrinite reflectance of approximately 1.8%R₀, and at 2.0%R₀ the hydrocarbon generative potential is exhausted. A vitrinite reflectance of 1.8%R₀ corresponds to the end of the "oil window", and for general use a vitrinite reflectance range of 0.85–1.8%R₀ is suggested to define the "oil window" for humic coals and kerogen type III. The end of the "oil window" at 1.8%R₀ is supported by published data, indicating a much higher thermal stability of nC₁₅₊ hydrocarbons than is generally accepted, and therefore limited oil-to-gas cracking at 1.3%R₀. The re-considered "oil window" between 0.85–1.8%R₀ has significant implications for evaluating the prospectivity of basins dominated by terrestrial organic matter, such as coals.     

超压地层中镜质组反射率的计算

已有的研究表明,超压可以抑制镜质组的热演化、增加反应活化能。在EASY%R0模型的基础上,通过超压调节化学动力学反应活化能,建立了超压条件下镜质组热演化的化学动力学模型Pa％R0,并根据黄骅坳陷歧北洼陷受超压抑制和未受超压抑制的R0实测资料,确定了有关模拟参数。歧北洼陷港深48井明显超压(压力系数1．2～1．6),用Pa％R0模型所预测的有机质成熟度和生烃时间与用EASY%R0模型预测的明显不同,超压对R0的抑制可达0．1％～0．3％,可使烃源岩进入生油门限的时间推迟1～4．4Ma。图2参34     

Multiple linear regression approach for the vitrinite reflectance estimation from well logs: A case study in Sargelu and Naokelekan Formations – Shaikhan-2 Well,Shaikhan oil field,Iraq

The sonic and resistivity logs for Sargelu and Naokelekan Formations in well Shaikhan-2 are utilized to predict vitrinite reflectance values. The precise prediction of vitrinite reflectance can be done based on well logs by applying multiple linear regressions method. This method is an extension from the regression analysis, which incorporates independent values to predict a dependent value. It is expected that both sonic and resistivity log readings in source rock that has reached oil window and hydrocarbons are cooked out of that, to be higher than source rock that is still in diagenesis stage and has not produced any oil and gas. Possible mechanisms to explain decreasing resistivity with increasing maturity include the existence of a conductive petroleum phase (pyrobitumen) and the increase in residual water salinity driven by water vapor solubility in the produced gas. The best matching between the vitrinite reflectance measured from the cutting samples and the vitrinite reflectance predicted from the log data in the well Shaikhan-2 has achieved.     

THE CRETACEOUS SERIES IN THE CHAD BASIN, NE NIGERIA: SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL AND THERMAL MATURITY

The Chad Basin is the largest intracratonic basin in Africa, and one-tenth of its surface area lies in NE Nigeria. Thermal maturation (mean vitrinite reflectance) and organic-geochemical (Rock-Eval pyrolysis) studies have been carried out on Cretaceous shales from the Bima Formation, Gongila Formation and Fika Shale Formation. Samples were derived from the Kanadi and Albarka exploration wells, which are located about 76 km apart in the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin.
The organic matter is predominantly gas prone (Type III kerogen). Its thermal maturity, assessed from vitrinite reflectance and Tmax, indicates that the Gongila Formation and the Bima Formation are within the "oil window", while the Fika Shale Formation is only partly within it. The "oil window", deduced from the mean vitrinite reflectance profile, occurs between 1,270m - 2,600m in the Kanadi well, and between 1,985m -3,690m in the Albarka well, with respective maturation gradients of 0.52 log%Rm/km (0.41%Rm/km) and 0.41 log%Rm/km (0.34%Rm/km). Eroded thicknesses amount to about 1 km.
The upper part of the Fika Shale Formation has the best source-rock potential in terms of its organic carbon content, but has low thermal maturity. The Gongila Formation is poor in organic carbon and its hydrocarbon potential may already have been exhausted. The Bima Formation is well within the "oil window", but has only limited potential as a source rock, because of the presence of clastic and inert materials. The potential for gas accumulations, however, exists.     

石油保存下限的化学动力学研究

利用国内外业已报道的有机质成油和油裂解成气的化学动力学模型，计算了不同类型的有机质在地史条件下的净成油剖面（有机质成油－油成气耗油），由此评价了液态油保存的深度下限；结合镜质体成烃的化学动力学模型所计算的镜质体反射率与深度的关系，评价了不同地热梯度条件下液态油保存的理论上的成熟度（Ro值）下限。图2表1参22（卢双舫摘）     

THERMAL MATURITY AND HYDROCARBON GENERATION IN ROCKS FROM THE SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF MADAGASCAR

Oil exploration in Madagascar has been concentrated on the Morondava Basin in the SW of the island, which is well-known for its large deposits of tar sand and heavy oil at Bemolanga and Tsimiroro. Petroleum shows have frequently been encountered in exploration wells, but source-rock identification has remained inconclusive. Thus, the present study of a wildcat was originally related mostly to geochemical prospect appraisal. Due to the inform oraganic matter type and wide range of thermal evolution stages sampled, the case history has more general implications, however, as regards relationships between thermal maturation and hydrocarbon generation. Evaluation of eleven rock samples taken at depths of between 1,100 and 2,500m by Rock-Eval, solvent extraction and vitrinite reflectance (Rr) methods revealed only poor source rocks for oil with marginal through to post-mature Type III kerogens (Rr between 0.5% and 1.4%) Discrepancies in yield profiles of total C15+ -hydorcarbons peaking at higher R_r in the Morondava and Dauala Basin (Cameroon) wells than in a Deep Basin (West Canada) well are tentatively attributed to their different geothermal histories. However, yield trends of specific saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon families, as determined by capillary gas chromatography, did not testify to the suspected effect of geothermal rate variations on generation curves, which hence remain unproven. Based on systematic changes with depth in the distribution of methylated di- and tri-aromatics, the interpretration of maturation levels with respect to hydrocarbon generation was refined. When converted to vitrinite reflectance equivlents (Rc), molecular parameters such as the Trimithylnaphthalene Ration (TNR 1) and the Methylphenanthrene Index (MPI I) were able to disclose gradual marurity changes. In contrast to the large Morondava Basin, the smaller Majunga Basin in NW Madagascare has been the site of little explortion activity until recently. Based on organic-geochemical analysis of seven rock samples from two exploration wells by the above-mentioned methods, it was found that good source rocks for oil are absent. Some of the samples may have a considerable gas generation potential, which at best has been partially reasised. Certainly, maturities inadequate for substantial gas generation are indicated by aromatic parameters.     

二连盆地巴音都兰凹陷热演化史研究

应用镜质体反射率法恢复了巴音都兰凹陷的古地温演化史,研究结果表明巴音都兰凹陷侏罗纪与白垩纪具有不同的地温场特征,晚侏罗世古地温梯度高于早白垩世地温梯度,早白里垩地温梯度可达4.80~5.12℃/100m,晚白垩世以来凹陷整体抬升,地温梯度降低。下白垩统烃源岩热演化程度主要受地温控制,主生油期在腾二段及赛汉组沉积时期。     

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辽河盆地是渤海湾盆地的北部分支,其地温场具有独特的演化规律。文章以辽河盆地东部凹陷牛居—青龙台地区、滩海太阳岛、葵花岛和龙王庙地区为例,利用试油测温、流体包裹体均一化温度、磷灰石裂变径迹及镜质体反射率资料研究了工区的古、今地温场的变化特点。研究表明,工区现今平均地温梯度在3.1~3.3℃/100 m;牛居—青龙台地区沙一末期、东营末期和现今地温梯度分别为5.6℃/100 m、3.6~4.52℃/100 m和3.15~3.43℃/100 m。滩海地区东营末期最大可达6.7℃/100 m,现今地温梯度一般在3.18~3.40℃/100 m左右。这种早期高地温、后期低地温的演化,使得烃源岩生烃时间早、延续时间长,有利于油气藏的形成。镜质体反射率资料推算出的古地温表明牛居—青龙台地区的沙三段烃源岩已经达到成熟—高成熟阶段。     

异常高压与油气的生成

在烃源岩生烃反应中，地层温度和压力起着相当重要的怍用，但是以往强调温度和时间因素的重要性，对于压力的作用研究较少。在研究镜质体反射率与地层压力的关系、烃源岩生烃门限深度及石油窗下限深度与地层压力的关系的基础上，结合前人的实验结果研究认为：异常高压不仅影响油气生成的相态，而且降低了烃源岩的成熟度，延缓了烃源岩热演化的进程；当地层压力超过一定的门限时．压力对成烃有明显的抑制怍用，表现为压力系数与烃源岩生烃门限深度、石油窗下限深度正相关。在辽河断陷东部凹陷牛青地区．异常高压使石油窗下限深度加深460m左右。依据有机质成烃动力学原理．对压力影响有机质生烃的机理进行了探讨。图3参19     

济阳坳陷沾化凹陷东部热史模拟研究

根据区内钻井测温和镜质体反射率(Ro)资料,采用岩石圈和盆地尺度相结合的分段线性热演化模型,对该区的热史进行了恢复。结果表明:(1)该区自古新世以来,热流的演化形态近似于“马鞍型”,中间有二次回升,但回升的幅度逐渐变小;古新世早期的大地热流值为83.6mW/m2,相当于现代活动裂谷的热流值,今大地热流值为63mw/m2,接近全球大地热流的平均值。(2)该区主力烃源岩经历了持续的受热过程,现今仍处于“生油窗口”内,在深度上具有较大的油气赋存空间,热演化背景十分理想。上述模拟结果可以用渤海湾盆地的裂谷演化模式进行较好的解释,并对胜利油田沾化凹陷的油气勘探工作具有一定的指导作用。