利用VFP和CASS生成雨量等值线图方法综述

为了及时准确地了解某个区域、某个时段内的降雨时空分布和强度,以满足实际工作的需要,需要根据该区域内相关雨量站点的雨量数据采用计算机技术绘制降雨量等值线。在CAD环境下,利用VFP数据库编程语言编程生成给定范围内的站点坐标雨量数据文件,再利用CASS成图软件生成雨量等值线,配上相关区域的底图即可生成区域降雨量等值线的过程。结合江苏省镇江市的实际情况,对这一技术进行了详细的介绍。实际应用表明,成图效果较好,有较强的通用性。     

声学多普勒剖面流速仪监测数据处理及资料整编

主要介绍利用数据库编程语言进行编程,将声学多普勒流速仪数据进行处理后生成流量数据并计算出当次开关闸期间的引排水量。数据文件包括声学多普勒流速仪的流速数据、闸上下游水位、大断面水位面积起点距对照表等。通过查找代表流速所在时间对应水位对应的面积计算出流量,利用开关闸期间的各次流量计算出单次引排水量。再根据南方片资料整编软件的数据格式生成整编数据供南方片水文资料整编软件直接调用。     

雨量、水位信息多路输出控制装置

雨量、水位多路输出控制装置,由雨量、水位信号输入接口,分离电路,雨量、水位信息动态显示电路,多路信号输出接口等组成。本装置具有以下有益效果:由一路信号输入,多路信号输出,各信号输出线路互不干扰。因而使用一套雨量计、水位计,就能同时向二个或两个以上的测报设备(如遥测终端或固态存储)提供雨量、水位动态信息;长期运行,稳定可靠;可动态显示水位、雨量变化情况,直观且便于维护;既可平放,又可壁挂,使用方便。     

基于降雨~水位关系的临界雨量确定方法研究

针对仅具有少量雨洪配套资料(成灾或未成灾)的山丘区小流域,提出利用降雨~水位关系确定山洪灾害临界雨量预警指标的降雨~水位关系推估法,指标以区间形式表示。基于地区暴雨递减指数的浮动区间,通过常用的水位流量反推法确定各预警时段的临界雨量区间,并利用此临界雨量区间分析评价降雨~水位关系推估法的合理性和可靠性。经甘肃省肃州区某防灾对象实例验证表明,降雨~水位关系推估法方法简单、结果可靠,为临界雨量预警指标的确定提供了新思路。     

VB.NET在遥测水位数据生成一潮推流数据文件中的应用

一、引言 随着江苏水利现代化及科技的发展,大部分水文测站水位开始采用遥测方式记录,如何从遥测数据文件中快速、准确地获取资料整编的数据是一个问题。目前,苏州沿江各站采用一潮推流法的测站,计算引排水量所需的原始数据文件,还没有程序能从遥测数据文件中自动获取。通过实践发现,将遥测水位生成类似自记水位纸形式的CAD图形,然后在图形上画出每潮引排水图形,最后通过编程的方法获取推流所需数据不失为一个简单快速的方法。     

运用水文模型计算小流域致汛临界面雨量的探讨

文章运用基于水文模型模拟降水与流量关系并反推基础水位到达致汛水位所需面雨量的原理,探讨了小流域致汛临界面雨量计算的新思路。以州河流域江口水库为例,运用新安江水文模型,进行流域1965～2015年洪水模拟和率定水文模型参数的确定,基于水库防洪能力,利用水文模型推求江口水库基准水位和雨量分布所对应致汛临界面雨量,结果表明,借助水文模型推求小流域临界面雨量并计算流域水库基准水位与降水分布下的洪水过程线、水文变化线等较为直观准确,对于小流域临界面雨量的计算具有指导意义。     

基于山洪灾害调查成果的雨量预警指标分析方法

小流域洪水预警预报是山洪灾害防治非工程措施建设中的重要组成部分,山洪灾害成灾快,雨量、水位预警提前量不足,如何准确地对小流域进行洪水预报预警,一直是水文水利行业一个急需解决的问题。介绍一种基于山洪灾害调查成果的雨量预警指标~([1])分析方法,该方法以山洪灾害调查成果为基础数据,由成灾水位反推流量,再由流量反推出降雨预警指标;并引入泰森多边形~([2])法计算小流域面雨量,依据雨量预警指标和面雨量计算方法,生成山洪预警的临界雨量~([3-4])信息。     

基于Modeflow下的地下水动态分析三维 可视化研究与应用

基于地下水模拟软件Visual Modefl,计算得到的数据,依据年度来水量、地下水开采量对灌 区地下水资源生成初始流场,设置预测时段,并经模型计算后生成预测年的流场、水位理深、水位降 深以及观测孔水位等数据文件,结合GIS区域分析方法,以空间网格划分为基础,采用三维可视化技 术对模拟和预测结果进行可视化显示和分析,将区域地下水赋存环境、运动规律和动态特征直观展 现,并对预测数据和常观井实际监测数据进行模型和结果验证,分析灌区地下水变化趋势,为水资源 决策提供支持。     

HEC-RAS与MIKE11软件断面数据文件生成程序开发与应用

利用EXCEL VBA宏技术开发HEC-RAS与MIKE11软件断面数据文件生成程序。本程序可将EXCEL格式断面数据生成符合HEC-RAS与MIKE11软件格式要求的断面数据文件,减少了手动输入的工作量,提高了工作效率,具有较高的实用价值。     

网格法在流域面雨量计算中的应用研究

本文介绍了利用网格插值计算流域面雨量的方法，并对由网格点生成的雨量等值线图和实测雨量生成的雨量等值线图进行分析比较，验证了插值后雨量值的可信性。     

透水性流域非点源产污模型的初步研究

产污量过程计算是流域非点源污染模型的一个重要组成部分. 通过对负荷率过程进行标准化处理，提出了一个简便易用的流域非点源产污计算模型，即标准产污量与净雨量相等，产污量过程与净雨过程一致. 实测资料检验表明，该方法可用于多种不同类型的污染物。     

Effects of Raingauge Distribution on Estimation Accuracy of Areal Rainfall

Rainfall analysis is important to managing water resources. Mean rainfall is usually used to calculate the spatial rainfall status of a region and is the input into various rainfall-runoff models. However, this method relies on an adequate raingauge network. This study identifies the effects of raingauge distribution based on estimation results of areal rainfall using the Thiessen polygon and block Kriging methods. Twelve rainfall events with complete data from 14 raingauges were selected to complete the goal of this study. The block Kriging method in this study uses a dimensionless semivariogram to obtain hourly semivariograms based on a standardized rainfall depth. The power semivariogram model was used to describe the temporal-spatial variation of rainfall. The analytical process in this study uses raingauge weight and rainfall volume as evaluation criteria. All raingauges were in turn removed from the original raingauge network. The effects of removing each raingauge were compared with computations using all raingauges. Comparison results indicate that (1) the block Kriging method can accurately describe rainfall processes in terms of the spatiotemporal structure of a semivariogram. (2) the block Kriging method is better than the Thiessen polygon method at obtaining exact mean rainfall, and (3) the effects of different raingauge distributions on a mean hyetograph warrant further investigation.     

On relationship between curve numbers and phi indices

The curve number and phi (φ)-index models each provide a simple one-parameter relationship between storm-event rainfall and runoff. It is shown that the curve number and φ-index models can both be used to segregate the rainfall hyetograph into initial abstraction, retention, and runoff amounts. However, the principal advantages of the φ-index model are that both rainfall distribution and duration can be explicitly taken into account in calculating runoff, and the φ index is more physically based than the curve number. The quantitative relationship between the curve number and the φ index is presented and validated with field measurements. Knowing the relationship between the curve number and the φ index is useful in that it facilitates using the extensive database of curve numbers in the more realistic φ-index model in calculating a runoff hydrograph from a given rainfall hyetograph. It is demonstrated that conventional adjustments to curve numbers can be largely explained by variations in storm duration, which suggests that variable rainfall duration can possibly be an essential factor in accounting for deviations from the median curve number of a catchment.     

高渗透下凹绿地对城市降雨径流的削减作用研究

针对下凹绿地的蓄水、渗水能力有限的特点,为了进一步提高其蓄水、渗水能力,对内部结构进行优化改善,开发出水平高渗透、垂直高渗透、组合高渗透3种高渗透下凹绿地。通过模拟降雨产流中试系统,分析不同降雨重现期及降雨历时条件下高渗透下凹绿地径流削减作用及洪峰削减量,并与传统上凸绿地、普通下凹绿地进行比较。结果表明,在降雨重现期1～10年、降雨历时30～120 min的芝加哥设计暴雨雨型条件下,与传统上凸绿地对比,普通下凹绿地径流总量削减率为23. 14%～67. 04%,径流峰值削减率1. 41%～100%,径流系数0. 29～0. 69;组合高渗透下凹绿地径流总量削减率为39. 93%～89. 87%,径流峰值削减率为6. 54%～100%,径流系数0. 05～0. 55。研究成果可为高水平城市绿地以及海绵城市的规划和建设提供参考。     

区间暴雨与外江洪水的遭遇分析实例

以排涝区的内涝分析为例,基于涝区附近雨量站实测雨量资料与外江水文站实测水位资料,以雨量站年最大24 h、最大72 h降雨量与同时期外江水位对应情况,以及外江历年最高日平均水位与同时期降雨对应情况,进行最大时段降雨与最高水位的相关性分析,以此判断排涝区内暴雨与外江洪水的遭遇情况,为排涝计算选择合适的水文条件提供依据。     

一种水雨情实时监测系统与设计

根据水雨情遥测实时监测要求,开展了一种水雨情实时监测系统与设计。通过雨量传感器、流速仪、视频采集传感器等多种传感器采集数据,然后采用4G无线通信技术手段将雨量、流量、水位等数据传输至监控中心,实现了水雨情数据的显示、查询以及网络共享,开发一种遥测与遥控的WEB水雨情实时监测与管理系统,该系统在很大程度上提高了监测水雨情的工作效率,具有良好的推广价值和经济效益。     

库水位升降与降雨条件下滑坡的渗流及稳定性分析

地下水对库岸边坡的稳定性影响重大,以库区某滑坡为例,通过对滑坡的变形特征和专业监测数据分析,结合三峡库区库水位调度方案及降雨条件,依据非饱和土渗流理论和极限平衡理论,运用有限元分析软件Geo-Studio,对该滑坡设置了8种工况,分析其在145~175 m库水位波动及降雨条件下的渗流及稳定性。计算结果表明滑坡体内地下水位随库水位升降而升降,降雨对滑体后部地下水位有一定影响;滑坡稳定性在库水位上升时减小,且上升速率越大,稳定性系数越小;库水位下降,稳定性系数先减小后增大;降雨条件下,稳定性系数有所减小。所得结果可为库岸边坡的稳定性分析提供一定参考。     

Development of Design Hyetographs for Ungauged Sites Using an Approach Combining PCA,SOM and Kriging Methods

A design hyetograph represents the temporal distribution of rainfall intensity associated with a return period. The choice of the design hyetograph will have a significant influence on the shape and peak value of the hydrograph. Hence, the determination of design hyetographs is an important task in the hydrologic designs. In this paper, an approach is proposed to develop design hyetographs for ungauged sites. The proposed approach is composed of four steps: principal component analysis (PCA), self-organizing map (SOM)-based clustering, region delineation, and kriging-based construction. Firstly, PCA is applied to obtain the principal components of the design hyetographs. Then the transformed data resulting from PCA and the three geographic characters of the gauges are used as input data to the SOM, which is applied to group the rain gauges into specific clusters. Thirdly, the regions for these clusters are delineated and then the regions map is made. Finally, the design hyetographs for ungauged sites is constructed by using the kriging method. The proposed approach is applied to estimate the design hyetographs of ungauged sites in Taiwan. For comparison with the proposed approach, three other approaches are executed. Four gauges are treated as ungauged and the three approaches are used to construct the design hyetographs. The results show that accurate estimated design hyetographs can be obtained by the proposed approach. Cross-validation tests further have been performed to examine the stability and the accuracy of these approaches. Again, the results indicate that the proposed approach is more accurate and stable than the other approaches. Overall, the results demonstrate that the proposed approach is useful to develop design hyetographs for ungauged sites.     

库水位升降联合降雨作用下白家包滑坡稳定性评价

库水位升降和降雨通过改变三峡库区库岸滑坡岩土体的抗剪强度和应力状态,影响库岸滑坡的稳定性。为探讨白家包滑坡在库水位升降和降雨联合作用下的稳定性变化特征,本文首先根据GPS监测数据定性分析白家包滑坡变形规律,再采用Geo-studio软件计算4种工况下滑坡的稳定性系数,最后采用R/S分析法计算各GPS监测点累积位移的Hurst指数,并将Hurst指数值与Geo-studio数值模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明：白家包滑坡累积位移曲线呈“阶跃状”特征;滑坡稳定性受库水位升降和降雨的综合影响,库水位下降时稳定性系数减小,上升时稳定性系数增大,降雨也能在一定程度上降低滑坡稳定性;175~145 m加降雨工况下滑坡最小稳定性系数为1.034,处于欠稳定状态;各监测点Hurst指数均介于0.5~1之间,表明未来滑坡变形将持续加剧,与滑坡变形定性分析及稳定性数值模拟结果一致。