Tribological and anti-corrosion properties of Ni-W-CeO2 coatings against molten glass

Composite plating was used to prepare Ni-W infused rare earth oxide CeO₂ composite coatings. The high temperature friction behavior and corrosion resistance of the coatings against molten glass were investigated by using a high temperature tribometer. A microhardness tester and an environmental scanning electron microscope equipped energy dispersive spectroscopy were employed to investigate the microhardness and the surface morphology of the composite coatings respectively. The results show that the brittle fracture, high temperature tribological properties and the corrosion resistance of Ni-W infused CeO₂ coatings are superior to those of a standard Ni-W coating. CeO₂ particles decrease the friction coefficient from nearly 0.5 to about 0.25 during the composite coatings sliding against the molten glass at about 973 K, and proper quantities of CeO₂ decrease the variation of the friction coefficient value. Furthermore, CeO₂ can improve the corrosion resistance of the Ni-W coatings at high temperature effectively.     

Corrosion Studies on Electrodeposited Nickel-Manganese Coatings

The effects of several plating variables, current density (CD), bath composition and additives on the corrosion properties of electrodeposited Ni-Mn coatings on mild steel have been investigated in 3% NaCl. Results indicate that the plating variables have marked effects. With different additives, the crystal growth pattern is altered resulting in different corrosion characteristics. γFe₂O₃.H₂O,γ FeOOH and ferrihydrate form the major phases in the corrosion products. Five plating conditions are identified giving suitable Ni-Mn deposits to function as sacrificial coatings for mild steel. Benzene, as additive, is helpful in increasing the Mn content in the deposit.     

Corrosion behaviour of AIP NiCoCrAlYSiB coating in salt spray tests

NiCoCrAlYSiB coatings were deposited by arc ion plating (AIP) and annealed/pre-oxidised under various conditions. The corrosion behaviour of as-deposited and annealed/pre-oxidised coatings was studied by salt spray testing in a neutral mist of 5 wt% NaCl at 35 °C for 200 h. The results showed that the as-deposited NiCoCrAlYSiB coating behaved poorly while the annealed and pre-oxidised ones performed much better in salt spray tests. The dense microstructure in annealed coatings and formation of α-Al₂O₃ scales on the surface during pre-oxidation improved the corrosion resistance in salt spray test. The corrosion process was investigated from the aspects of corrosion products, and its electrochemical mechanism was proposed as well.     

The effect of processing gas on corrosion performance of electroless Ni-W-P coatings treated by laser

An investigation of the microstructural and corrosion characteristics of electroless Ni-5.5 W-6.5P coatings on steel substrates after laser treatment in argon and air is presented. The microstructural characteristics of the coatings, in terms of crystallisation, grain size, microstrain, porosity as well as surface chemistry, were examined using quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical tests, using potentiodynamic polarisation in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution and electrochemical impedances spectroscopy (EIS) in 3.5% NaCl solution, were undertaken to evaluate the corrosion behaviour of the coatings. The results indicated that the laser-treated coatings consisted of nanocrystalline Ni and Ni₃P phases, along with retained amorphous phase; further, the dimensions of the Ni crystallites were larger than those of Ni₃P. The laser-treated coating in argon revealed the presence of submicron scale porosity, while no porosity was evident in the coating surface treated by laser in air. The uniform corrosion revealed in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution is mainly determined by the microstructural characteristics of the coating. Pitting corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solution depended on the amount of porosity on the surface. The laser-treated coating in air exhibited better corrosion resistance in both acidic and chloride environments than that laser-treated in argon.     

Hot Corrosion Performance of AlO-CrO/NiCoCrAlYTa and AlO/NiCoCrAlYTa Coatings Deposited by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying

AlO-CrO/NiCoCrAlYTa and AlO/NiCoCrAlYTa coatings were deposited on 316L stainless steel substrate using atmospheric plasma spraying, respectively, in order to improve the oxidation and corrosion resistance. The hot corrosion performance of the coatings at 700 and 900 °C were studied, and the detailed microstructures and phase composition of the coatings were analyzed using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectrometer, and transmission electron microscope. The results show that both coatings are structurally featured by slatted layers, consisting of amorphous phase, Cr₂O₃, Ni₃Al, and Al₂O₃. The hot corrosion resistance of AlO-CrO/NiCoCrAlYTa coating is better than that of AlO/NiCoCrAlYTa coating. This improvement is attributed to lower porosity and more compact Cr₂O₃ in AlO-CrO/NiCoCrAlYTa coating which performs better than Al₂O₃ in blocking further inward progress of corrosion and oxidization.     

AH32钢表面等离子喷涂制备疏水涂层及其耐腐蚀性能研究

目的提高AH32海洋用钢表面的疏水性及耐蚀性,并给出最佳性能的喷涂涂层成分。方法采用大气等离子喷涂技术,在AH32钢表面制备了三种不同成分的涂层。利用微量进样器结合半球法测量了涂层的接触角,并利用Qwen-Wendt公式对涂层的表面能进行了计算,利用扫描电子显微镜观察涂层的表面形貌,利用表面粗糙度仪测量涂层的表面粗糙度,利用冲刷实验及电化学工作站测量了不同涂层的耐蚀性能,并讨论了不同涂层的疏水机制及相应的腐蚀机理。结果等离子喷涂涂层显著改善了AH32钢的疏水性能。相比而言,等离子喷涂Co基涂层及等离子喷涂Ni基涂层与水的静态接触角达到了130°以上,均具有较好的疏水效果。三种涂层均明显改善了AH32钢的耐海水冲刷腐蚀能力,其中AH32钢基体腐蚀30d后的失重为1.68×10^-2 g/cm^2,等离子喷涂Ni基涂层的腐蚀失重最小,约为4.2×10^-3 g/cm^2。极化曲线测试结果也表明,三种涂层的自腐蚀电位较基体提高了300 mV左右,并且腐蚀电流密度较基体降低了1个数量级以上,另外Co基涂层的腐蚀电流密度高于Ni基涂层的腐蚀电流密度,因此Co基涂层在腐蚀过程中表面会产生较多的羟基基团,导致其与水的静态接触角降低,最终导致其疏水性能下降。结论等离子喷涂Ni基涂层的疏水性能最好,腐蚀速率最小,耐冲刷腐蚀性能最佳,与基体相比,其腐蚀失重减小了1.26×10^-2 g/cm^2。     

Electrodeposition of high performance multilayer coatings of Zn–Co using triangular current pulses

Abstract

Compositionally modulated alloy (CMA) coatings of Zn–Co were electrodeposited on to mild steel from an acid chloride bath containing thiamine hydrochloride, as an additive. Electroplating was carried out galvanostatically from a single bath containing Zn²⁺ and Co²⁺ ions. Gradual change in composition in each layer was effected by triangular current pulses, cycling between two cathode current densities. Compositionally modulated alloy coatings were developed under different conditions of cyclic cathode current density and number of layers, and their corrosion resistances were evaluated by potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The formation of multilayer and corrosion mechanism was analysed using scanning electron microscopy. The corrosion resistances of CMA and monolithic alloy coatings were compared with that of the base metal. Compositionally modulated alloy coating at optimal configuration, represented as (Zn–Co)_{2·0/4·0/300}, was found to exhibit ～80 times better corrosion resistance compared with monolithic (Zn–Co)_3·0 alloy, deposited for the same length of time from the same bath. Improved corrosion resistance was attributed to the formation of n-type semiconductor film at the interface, supported by Mott–Schottky plots. Decrease in corrosion resistance at high degree of layering was found, and is due to lower relaxation time for redistribution of solutes in the diffusion double layer, during plating.     

Wear and corrosion properties of plasma sprayed AI2O3 and Cr2O3 coatings sealed by aluminum phosphates

Plasma-sprayed aluminum oxide (AI₂O₃) and chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) coatings were sealed by aluminum phosphates. Phosphates were formed throughout the coating, down to the substrate, and were verified by scanning electron microscopy and hardness measurements. The sealing increased the hardness of the coatings by 200 to 300 Vickers hardness (HV) units. Abrasion and erosion wear resistances were increased by the sealing treatment. Sealing also substantially closed the open porosity, as shown in electro-chemical corrosion tests. The sealed structures had good resistance against corrosion during 30 days of immersion in both acidic and alkaline solutions with pH values from 0 to 10. No decrease in abrasion wear resistance was observed after immersion.     

Duplex coating of electroless nickel and HVOF (high-velocity oxygen fuel) sprayed WC-Co

The porosity of thermal sprayed coatings is usually a problem when coatings are used in wet corrosion application. The porosity allows media to penetrate to the surface of the base material. Corrosion spreads rapidly and the coating loses contact with the substrate and delaminates. This problem can be initiated by impregnating different polymers into the pores. An alternative approach has been tested in the present work to prevent corrosion of cemented carbide coated carbon steel in wet corrosion environments. Carbon steel substrates were coated with a thin film of electroless nickel (electroless nickel plating) and then HVOF (High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel) sprayed with cemented carbide. Reference specimens without electroless nickel were sprayed at the same time. The microhardness of the specimens was measured and the coating structure examined using optical microscopy and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The bond between the layers and the base material was examined by means of a bend test. A salt chamber test was also performed for the specimens. The structure of the electroless nickel layer was crystalline as a result of the HVOF spraying. There were no cracks in the nickel layer, if the layer was about 20 μm thick. According to the results of the bend test, the adhesion between coatings and substrate was good, and there was no difference between the duplex-coated specimen and the reference specimen. A sample with a thin nickel layer under an HVOF sprayed cemented carbide did not exhibit corrosion after 8 h in the salt chamber test.     

稀土CeCl_(3)复合镀铁层耐磨耐腐蚀性能EI北大核心CSCD

电镀技术常用来对已破损的零件进行修复与再制造,然而其耐磨性及耐腐蚀性能需要进一步改善。在电镀技术的基础上向镀液中添加不同浓度的CeCl_(3)化合物(0、0.5、1、1.5 g/L)制备出复合镀层以探究其对电镀层性能的影响。结果表明:在镀液中添加CeCl_(3)化合物会使复合镀层中铁晶粒呈现较好的择优取向性;随着镀液中CeCl_(3)化合物浓度的逐渐提升,复合镀层的显微硬度、耐磨性、耐腐蚀性均呈现出先提高后减弱的状态;当镀液中CeCl_(3)化合物浓度为0.5g/L时,复合镀层的表面结构更为均匀、镀层中铁晶粒的排列更加致密,其显微硬度达到611.4HV,具有最佳的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性能。研究成果表明镀液中添加稀土CeCl_(3)化合物可以大幅度提高镀层的耐腐蚀性,并在一定程度上提高镀层的耐磨性,可为实际生产中提高镀铁层的耐磨性及耐腐蚀性能提供理论指导。     

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Fe-Based Coatings Prepared by Twin Wires Arc Spraying Process

FeB, FeBSi, and FeNiCrBSiNbW coatings were prepared by twin wires arc spraying process on AISI 1045 steel substrate, and the microstructure and phases were characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and x-ray diffraction. The corrosion resistance was investigated by means of electrochemical tests. It was found that FeB coating and FeBSi coating were composed of α-Fe, FeO, and Fe₂O₃ phases. FeNiCrBSiNbW coating consisted of amorphous phase and α-(Fe, Cr) nanocrystalline phase, with porosity of 1.8%, hardness of 807 Hv_0.1 and tensile bonding strength of 52.1 MPa. Three kinds of electrochemical tests were employed to identify the corrosion resistance of the coatings. The results indicated that the FeNiCrBSiNbW coating had a superior corrosion resistance, much better than FeB and FeBSi coatings. It was attributed to the amorphous/nanocrystalline structure and the presence of corrosion-resistant element Cr.     

Corrosion performance of epoxy coatings containing silane treated ZrO2 nanoparticles on mild steel in 3.5% NaCl solution

Clear epoxy coatings were modified by adding various levels of ZrO₂ nanoparticles. In order to achieve proper dispersion of nanoparticles in the epoxy-based coating and making possible chemical interactions between nanoparticles and polymeric coating, the surface of the nanoparticles was treated with amino propyl trimethoxy silane (APS). Corrosion performance of mild steel coated specimens was investigated employing EIS, electrochemical noise (ECN) techniques and salt spray test. Coatings with 2–3 wt% ZrO₂ nanoparticles possessed the best corrosion performance among the coating specimens. Possible chemical interactions between polymeric matrix and treated nanoparticles in nanocomposites cause high barrier properties and ionic resistances.     

Characterization and properties of the MgF2/ZrO2 composite coatings on magnesium prepared by micro-arc oxidation

Through micro-arc oxidation, the MgF₂/ZrO₂ composite coatings were prepared on magnesium at the different applied voltages (in the range of 400-550 V) in a zirconate electrolytic solution. The morphologies, phase components, microhardness, bond strengths, and corrosion resistances of the composite coatings were investigated. The effect of the applied voltages on the characteristics and properties of the composite coatings and the basic formation mechanism of the coatings were also discussed. The results indicate that the composite coatings are relatively dense and uniform in thickness, and predominantly composed of MgF₂, tetragonal ZrO₂ (t-ZrO₂) and monoclinic ZrO₂ (m-ZrO₂). The composite coatings exhibit a gradient distribution in phase component from the surface to the inner part. It is found that the applied voltage plays an important role in the characteristics and properties of the composite coatings. With the increase of the applied voltage, the thickness and the t-ZrO₂ content of the composite coatings increase, while the m-ZrO₂ content decreases and no significant variation is observed in the MgF₂ content. Moreover, the surface microhardness and bond strength of the coatings increases with the applied voltage increasing. The microhardness values display a gradient distribution in the cross sections of the coatings, and the maximum microhardness value and its corresponding position in the cross sections are related to the applied voltage. In addition, the corrosion resistances of the composite coatings on magnesium surface are obviously superior to the magnesium substrate in the NaCl solutions, and the effect is more remarkable at higher voltage.     

Novel plating solution for electroless deposition of gold film onto glass surface

In this paper, a simple and environmentally friendly electroless plating solution of chloroauric acid (HAuCl₄) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) for depositing gold film onto (3-aminopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (APTMS) -coated glass surface has been developed. APTMS as an adhesive reagent was used to attach the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto the glass substrate. These AuNPs could be regarded as the preferential nucleation or catalytic sites for gold electroless reduction, which accelerated the reduction of Au³⁺ on the glass surface and effectively prevented the formation of gold metal in the bulk solution. During the gold plating process, H₂O₂ as the reducing agent was thermodynamically capable of reducing Au³⁺ ions from the HAuCl₄ precursor to gold atoms, which deposited onto the glass surface and finally formed the continuous gold film. The resulting gold film was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively.     

电压对AZ31镁合金微弧氧化涂层微观结构及腐蚀性能的影响

为研究过程参数对镁合金微弧氧化涂层的微观结构及耐腐蚀性能的影响,在AZ31镁合金基体上,采用不同电压,在电解液磷酸三钠(Na3PO4)中制备微弧氧化涂层.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及光学显微镜,分析膜层腐蚀前后的微观组织结构;通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析涂层样品腐蚀前后的相组成.采用动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试对涂层的耐腐蚀性能进行评价.结果表明:AZ31镁合金微弧氧化涂层主要由Mg3(PO4)2,MgO,Mg和少量MgAl2O4组成,腐蚀产物由Mg(OH)2,quintinite和Ca10(PO4)6 (OH)2组成.在电压为325 V,频率3 000 Hz,氧化时间为5 min下制备的微弧氧化涂层具有最致密均匀的微观形貌和最小的腐蚀电流密度,因此表现出最强的耐腐蚀性能.     

Electrochemical characterisation of the porosity and corrosion resistance of electrochemically deposited metal coatings

Electrochemical techniques for the assessment of porosity in electrodeposited metal coatings are reviewed. The determination of porosity and corrosion, resistance is illustrated by electrochemical data from three coating/substrate systems namely: electroless nickel on aluminium and steel and immersed gold coatings on an electroless copper-plated ABS polymer. Nickel coatings were up to 24 μm thick while gold deposits had thickness between 75 and 190 nm. Tafel extrapolation and linear polarisation resistance methods were used to determine the corrosion rate of the coated substrates. The aluminium samples were tested in 5% w/v (0.85 mol dm^− 3) NaCl, while coated steel and ABS samples were immersed in 0.125 mol dm^− 3 H₂SO₄ and 0.1 mol dm^− 3 NaBH₄, respectively, at 295 K. Current vs. time curves and anodic polarisation behaviour have also been considered.     

热喷涂Zn-Ni复合涂层在海水中的腐蚀行为研究

利用喷雾干燥法制备了不同Ni含量的团聚型Zn-Ni复合粉末,并在此基础上用氧乙炔火焰喷涂工艺制备了Zn-Ni复合涂层。通过动电位极化和电化学阻抗测试,并结合SEM、EDS和XRD分析,研究涂层在海水介质中的防护性能和腐蚀机理。结果表明：涂层的自腐蚀电位稳定值在-0.98~-0.95 V,Ni可起到稳定Zn(OH)₂,抑制其向疏松ZnO转化的作用,腐蚀产物的堆积使得涂层电阻R_c和电荷转移电阻R_t不断增大,腐蚀电流不断减小;不同Ni含量涂层的耐蚀性存在明显差异,其中Ni含量为20 mass%的涂层耐蚀性能最好。     

Cyclic Oxidation and Hot Corrosion Behavior of Y/Cr-Modified Aluminide Coatings Prepared by a Hybrid Slurry/Pack Cementation Process

Y/Cr-modified aluminide coatings were prepared on a Ni-base superalloy K417G using a hybrid slurry/pack cementation process. The coatings consisted of a NiAl layer with dissolved Cr and Y. The microstructures and high temperature corrosion behavior of the coatings were characterized using SEM/EDS, XRD, EPMA and SIMS. Cyclic oxidation tests at 1000 °C for 200 h were carried out in air. The results indicated that specimens coated by either the Y/Cr-modified aluminide coatings or the simple aluminide coatings exhibited better oxidation resistances than the cast alloy. The Y/Cr-modified aluminide coatings possessed lower oxidation rates and better degradation resistance than the simple aluminide coatings during the oxidation tests. Furthermore, the alumina scales formed on the Y/Cr-modified aluminide coatings were considerably more adherent than those on the simple aluminide coatings during the thermal cycling. The hot corrosion tests consisted of applying a 25 wt% K₂SO₄ +75 wt% Na₂SO₄ salt mixture to the specimens and exposing at 900 °C. The Y/Cr-modified aluminide coatings showed the longest service life compared with the cast alloy and aluminide coatings, which suffered significant sulfur attack. After 200 h, the Y/Cr-modified aluminide coatings were still protective.     

Effect of nano-sized CeF3 on microstructure, mechanical, high temperature friction and corrosion behavior of Ni-W composite coatings

Ni-W-CeF₃ composite coatings were prepared by electrodeposition in a Ni-W plating bath containing CeF₃ nano-particles. The shape and size of the CeF₃ nano-particles and the surface topography of the composite coatings were observed using an environmental scanning electron microscope, and the component and structure analysis was characterized by means of XRD. A microhardness tester was employed to investigate the microhardness of the coatings. The high temperature friction behavior and corrosion resistance of the coatings against molten glass were investigated by using a high temperature tribometer. It was found that the CeF₃ nano-particles appeared in the coatings as microspheres of a diameter less than 50 nm. The addition of CeF₃ nano-particles led to changes in morphologies of the composite coatings by refining the size of crystalline bulks. Therefore, the Ni-W-nanoCeF₃ composite coatings had more compact and fine granular morphologies. The co-deposited CeF₃ nano-particles were uniformly distributed in the Ni-W matrix and had contribution to greatly increasing the microhardness, high temperature tribological and anti-corrosion properties of the Ni-W alloy, furthermore the mechanism of anti-friction and anti-corrosion is discussed.     

A study on composite coatings of yttrium ion-plating and pack aluminizing for high-temperature applications

Yttrium (Y) was incorporated by an ion-plating method either before or after pack aluminizing to maximize the corrosion resistance of IN 713C. Various combinations of pack aluminizing and yttrium-ion plating were examined with respect to coating sequence, aluminum activity, and corrosive environment. Of all the various coating combinations examined, the best corrosion resistance was obtained from H/A + Y (high-activity aluminizing + Y-ion plating) type composite coatings. Uniformity of the Y deposition was greatly dependent upon the surface condition of the aluminide-coating layer. The high-activity aluminide coating gave better uniformity of Y deposition than did the low-activity-aluminide coating.Improvement of corrosion resistance by the Y-modified-aluminide composite coatings of H/A + Y type occur because the presence of Y between the Al₂O₃ columns improves Al₂O₃ scale adherence and substantially prevents depletion of Al in the aluminide-coating layer.