石油钻杆加厚过渡区失效分析

对钻杆加厚过渡区失效事故进行分析,确定了钻杆加厚过渡区的失效特征、失效机理与原因,为预防钻杆失效提供了理论基础和技术依据。分析结果表明,钻杆加厚过渡区的失效特征是钻杆刺穿;失效机理为腐蚀疲劳;失效原因为钻杆管体由于应力集中与腐蚀集中,在内加厚过渡区消失点内外壁萌生腐蚀疲劳裂纹,裂纹逐渐扩展,裂纹部位的壁厚也逐渐减薄,当剩余壁厚不足以承受钻杆内壁压力的时候,钻杆内壁的高压钻井液冲破剩余壁厚,最终形成钻杆刺穿孔洞。     

石油钻杆刺穿失效原因分析

某石油钻杆在油田使用过程中发生早期刺穿失效。运用理化检测技术对失效的钻杆进行宏观形貌、化学成分、显微组织、力学性能分析和硬度测定。结果表明,钻井过程中在腐蚀介质的作用下,在钻杆内壁起刺处首先形成腐蚀坑,在复杂交变应力载荷作用下,钻杆表面腐蚀坑底部形成微裂纹并迅速扩展,最终导致钻杆发生腐蚀疲劳失效。为预防此类失效的发生,要严格控制钢管轧制工序,选用合适轧制工具尺寸,提高钢管内外壁表面质量,避免钻杆在油田使用时再次发生腐蚀疲劳失效。     

φ127mm×9.19mm G105钻杆管体刺穿原因分析

采用宏观分析、化学成分分析、力学性分析、金相检验、扫描电镜断口分析及能谱分析等手段对 φ127mm×9.19mm G105的钻杆刺穿原因进行分析.结果表明,钻杆刺穿的实质是早期疲劳失效;钻井操作中钻杆发生了横振,导致钻杆承受的弯曲应力及其交变频次增大,使疲劳寿命大幅降低;钻杆内壁腐蚀严重,腐蚀坑底由于应力集中产生疲劳裂纹,加速了腐蚀疲劳进程.     

G105钻杆刺穿原因分析

某油井G105钻杆在使用过程中发生刺穿失效。通过宏观分析、化学成分分析、力学性能分析、金相分析、扫描电镜分析及腐蚀产物XRD分析的方法对该钻杆的刺穿原因进行分析。结果表明:该钻杆的失效原因是钻杆内表面发生氧腐蚀形成腐蚀坑;钻杆加厚过渡区存在截面变化而产生应力集中,加之腐蚀坑底部的应力集中,在腐蚀坑底部萌生疲劳裂纹并贯穿壁厚,管内高压钻井液沿贯穿裂纹由内向外刺出而失效。     

某井5″钻杆刺漏原因分析

目的对某井5″钻杆刺漏形成原因进行分析。方法对刺漏钻杆样品的材料进行化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相分析、晶粒度评价、非金属夹杂物评价,对刺孔周边的裂纹进行金相分析、断口宏观分析和扫描电镜分析,对腐蚀坑底部的腐蚀产物进行EDS分析,对钻杆刺穿机理进行模拟分析,对刺漏钻杆受力情况进行有限元模拟分析。结果该刺漏钻杆的化学成分、力学性能符合API Spec 5DP—2009标准要求,其中冲击韧性较高(两支刺漏钻杆的冲击功分别为83 J和87 J),是技术标准的2倍以上。刺漏钻杆样品的组织为回火索氏体,为正常调质态的组织形貌。刺漏钻杆样品晶粒度级别为9级,非金属夹杂物等级最高为1.0级,符合产品技术标准要求。该刺漏钻杆外壁存在大量的腐蚀坑,而且在腐蚀坑底部存在氧元素的腐蚀产物,即存在氧腐蚀。刺孔延伸裂纹及其周边的裂纹扩展较为平直,而且在裂纹尖端存在疲劳辉纹形貌,证实该刺漏扩展以疲劳裂纹的形式进行。结论此次两支钻杆的刺穿属于早期腐蚀疲劳破坏,其产生的因素有:(1)钻井液中的溶解O对钻杆外壁腐蚀较为严重,形成较深的腐蚀坑;(2)在通过严重狗腿度井段时,腐蚀坑底部萌生了小裂纹,随后裂纹在旋转弯曲作用力下疲劳扩展直至刺透钻杆壁厚;(3)对此井下过井的钻杆进行严格的检测,防止有缺陷的钻杆下井使用,以避免发生早期失效现象。     

Ф127minx9．19mm IEU S-135钻杆腐蚀失效分析

对发生管体刺穿、外壁腐蚀的Ф127mm×9.19mm IEU S-135钻杆进行了失效分析.结果表明,钻杆的化学成分、金相组织、机械性能均符合API标准及订货技术条件.钻杆管体刺穿是由于内壁发生严重H2S腐蚀+氧腐蚀造成的.钻杆管体外壁腐蚀是由氧腐蚀引起的.     

钻杆的失效分析和检测现状及其研究进展

介绍了钻杆的使用现状及钻杆失效分析研究进展,表明腐蚀疲劳及管体刺穿是钻杆失效的主要原因及失效形式。概述了目前钻杆无损检测的应用情况,超声波探伤目前应用最为广泛,但是单一检测手段越来越难以满足检测要求,多手段综合检测是未来钻杆无损检测的发展方向。     

S135钻杆管体刺穿失效分析

通过宏观分析及材料理化性能分析测试,并结合断面微观分析,对某S135钻杆管体刺穿失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:钻杆刺穿失效的主要原因是热处理工艺不当,使得钻杆外表面形成脱碳层,降低了其力学性能,在钻井过程中复杂的交变应力载荷作用下,钻杆表面腐蚀坑底部首先形成微裂纹并迅速扩展,最终导致钻杆发生早期疲劳失效。     

Ф127mm×9.19mm IEU S-135钻杆腐蚀失效分析

对发生管体刺穿、外壁腐蚀的Ф127mm×9.19mm IEU S-135钻杆进行了失效分析.结果表明,钻杆的化学成分、金相组织、机械性能均符合API标准及订货技术条件.钻杆管体刺穿是由于内壁发生严重H2S腐蚀+氧腐蚀造成的.钻杆管体外壁腐蚀是由氧腐蚀引起的.     

40CrNiMo���ǥͷʧЧ����

 采用宏观和微观腐蚀形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相分析、力学性能测试以及相关的理论计算对40CrNiMo钻杆钎头断裂失效的原因进行分析。结果表明：40CrNiMo钻杆钎头发生的是冲击疲劳断裂；材质韧性不足、粗糙表面或内部较大的夹杂物共同促进了裂纹发生，并导致最终断裂。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.