Accident-proneness in attempted suicide and in automobile accident victims.

The Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study was administered to 58 consecutively admitted Ss who had attempted suicide and to 30 consecutively admitted automobile accident victims matched with Ss without histories of accidents. The expectation that similar and deviant modes of handling aggression and frustration might be revealed in the suicide and accident Ss responses to the P-F Study was not supported. (15 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The nature of bias in official accident and violation records.

Since many studies in accident research derive criteria from official records, the existence of systematic biases in these files could have profound implications. A comparison of the driving records and interview responses of 2,797 people demonstrate that accident and citation frequency are grossly underrecorded and that biases exist by sex, age, occupation, and race. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality dynamics and accident proneness in an industrial setting.

"Two groups of Ss… [17 men with a total of 47 accidents over 2 years, and 17 accident-free men] were [compared] by means of a sentence completion test… . the high accident Ss, in comparison with the non-accident Ss, were significantly lower on the socially desirable personality dispositions of optimism, trust, and sociocentricity. In general, there were no statistically significant differences… on several negative personality dispositions, but there was a slight indication of positive association between high accident proneness and high scores on a cluster composed of the socially undesirable personality dispositions of egocentricity, anxiety, and resentment. There was highly significant association between high accident proneness and projective responses indicative of a negative attitude toward employment." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

某露天栈桥人工挖孔桩基础施工质量事故分析与处理

介绍韶钢某露天栈桥人工挖孔桩基础严重施工质量事故、事故的原因及加固处理方法,可供同类型结构设计、施工时参考.     

浓密机事故分析及保护装置的设计

贵溪冶炼厂选矿车间一台浓密机投入使用不久发生了传动蜗轮箱崩裂、主轴扭曲的事故,浓密机是选厂用于脱水的主要设备,一旦出了故障,停产处理时间长,费用高。经分析造成此次故障的主要原因是浓密机设计机械强度不足,无过载保护装置。为了避免类似事故的再次发生,设计安装了一套可靠的浓密机保护装置,并通过降低传动电机功率,提高铸件的制造质量防止浓密机过负荷时出现零件破坏。重新投入后浓密机耙子能根据负荷情况自动升降,使用近8个月浓密机运转正常。     

Changes in coping style and treatment outcome following motor vehicle accident.

Background: Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are highly prevalent and can result in a complex interplay of physical injury, disability, and emotional distress. It has been suggested that the manner in which individuals cope with pain experienced after injury may determine how much recovery of function can be achieved. Only a limited number of studies have examined this process in the context of a rehabilitation program, and to date few studies have examined both functional and quality of life outcomes in MVA recovery in a tertiary level program as a function of coping style. Methods: A sample of 96 consecutive referrals to a tertiary-level multidisciplinary functional restoration program completed physical performance measures pre- and post-treatment, as well as a standardized self-report measure of quality of life (QOL) at the same time points and 6-month follow-up. Results: Findings suggested that improvements from pre- to post-treatment were evident on the 6-minute walk test, left and right grip strength, and most QOL measures. Increases in active coping during treatment were associated with pre- to post-treatment increases in QOL across most domains, and improvements in performance on the 6-minute walk test. Likewise, decreases in passive coping during the course of treatment were associated with improved performance on the 6-minute walk test, right-handed standing reach test, and most QOL indicators. Conclusion: Findings suggest that those who adopt an active approach (and avoid taking a passive approach) to rehabilitation following complex musculoskeletal injury benefit along both QOL and functional dimensions relative to those who do not. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

某炼钢企业工伤事故统计分析

运用统计分析方法对某炼钢企业2012至2013年的37起工伤事故典型案例进行分析,根据事故所在部门、地点、事故类别、事故原因、受伤部位、伤害程度等特点,采用直方图法对工伤事故进行统计分析：炼钢厂是该企业工伤事故发生率最高的部门;该钢铁企业发生次数最多的事故为机械伤害事故;违纪违章率为70.27%,是导致该企业事故发生的主要原因;头部和手脚受伤率为65%,工作环境艰苦,安全管理水平很低下,员工安全意识薄弱,是导致众多事故的根本原因等结论,为查找事故发生的规律和主要原因,预防和治理事故提供数据。     

Carcinoma of the stomach following the Chernobyl nuclear accident

Medical consequences of many nuclear accidents on humans are well studied, but the results pertaining to gastric cancer patients who were exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear accident have not been analysed. In this study, the outcome of the surgical treatment of 68 gastric cancer patients who were exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear accident was compared with that of 117 consecutive gastric cancer patients from uncontaminated areas of the Ukraine. Patients in the study group was significantly younger than that of the control group. Comparative analysis showed the same frequency of regional metastases (65.7% versus 71.1%, P > 0.05), but a smaller number of distant metastases (23.8% versus 38.1%, P < 0.05) in the study group. 41.2% of patients in the study group underwent total gastrectomy compared to 19.6% of patients in the control group (P = 0.002). Postoperative complications developed in 13.2% of patients in the study group, while postoperative mortality in the study group was 7.3% compared to 1.7% in the control group. A significant decrease in CD16 cells was noted in patients from the study group following the operative procedure. Young age, invasive tumours with smaller number of distant metastases, frequent necessity for total gastrectomy and combined operations with adjacent organs, a higher level of postoperative morbidity and mortality and low levels of natural killer cells (CD16+) with a tendency to decrease after surgery are characteristic of patients with carcinoma of the stomach affected by the Chernobyl accident.     

Intersection accident estimation: the role of intersection location and non-collision flows

This paper reviews models used in practice to relate accidents to traffic flows, with particular emphasis on the appropriateness of the model form and the statistical analysis technique employed for parameter estimation. The development of generalised linear models for predicting individual accident types at intersections in New Zealand is then described. The use of covariate analysis to identify the effect of intersection location, an investigation of the effect of non-collision flows, and the use of the models for predicting intersection accidents in three networks, are also described. It is concluded that generalised linear models for estimating different accident types (based on the conflicting flows) are better than models for estimating total accidents (based on the approach flows), especially when the cost of different accident types is known. It is also found that intersection location affects the number of different accident types, that it is important to consider the interactions between turning flows (to take better account of the mechanisms of accident occurrence), and that non-collision flows are sometimes important. Comparison of the predicted and observed numbers of accidents has shown that there is poor agreement for individual intersections, but fairly good agreement for networks.     

Chernobyl accident: reconstruction of thyroid dose for inhabitants of the Republic of Belarus

The Chernobyl accident in April 1986 resulted in widespread contamination of the environment with radioactive materials, including (131)I and other radioiodines. This environmental contamination led to substantial radiation doses in the thyroids of many inhabitants of the Republic of Belarus. The reconstruction of thyroid doses received by Belarussians is based primarily on exposure rates measured against the neck of more than 200,000 people in the more contaminated territories; these measurements were carried out within a few weeks after the accident and before the decay of (131)I to negligible levels. Preliminary estimates of thyroid dose have been divided into 3 classes: Class 1 ("measured" doses), Class 2 (doses "derived by affinity"), and Class 3 ("empirically-derived" doses). Class 1 doses are estimated directly from the measured thyroidal (131)I content of the person considered, plus information on lifestyle and dietary habits. Such estimates are available for about 130,000 individuals from the contaminated areas of the Gomel and Mogilev Oblasts and from the city of Minsk. Maximum individual doses are estimated to range up to about 60 Gy. For every village with a sufficient number of residents with Class 1 doses, individual thyroid dose distributions are determined for several age groups and levels of milk consumption. These data are used to derive Class 2 thyroid dose estimates for unmeasured inhabitants of these villages. For any village where the number of residents with Class 1 thyroid doses is small or equal to zero, individual thyroid doses of Class 3 are derived from the relationship obtained between the mean adult thyroid dose and the deposition density of (131)I or 137Cs in villages with Class 2 thyroid doses presenting characteristics similar to those of the village considered. In order to improve the reliability of the Class 3 thyroid doses, an extensive program of measurement of (129)I in soils is envisaged.     

Reported driving speeds and previous accidents.

For 275 psychology students, accident records and frequency of traffic citations were compared with self-reported driving speed (slow, medium, fast) and with number of speeding citations. "… individuals in the kind of population considered who report consistently higher driving speeds than average have traffic records free of accidents as often as other drivers. This finding also holds for individuals with previous speeding citations and traffic citations of all kinds." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

吴县铜矿主井施工地面沉降事故分析及处理方案

介绍吴县铜矿主井施工中发生地面沉降事故的概况,并对事故原因进行了深入细致的全面分析,提出了工作面预注浆与壁后充填注浆相结合的综合处理方案。     

Safety training by accident simulation.

Modified a power tool (the bench grinder wheel) to allow the simulation of an accident when an unsafe operation was performed in 3 experiments with undergraduates (N = 100 males and 124 females). Accident simulation was used as a training technique and compared with training by the use of written instructions and demonstrations. Ss trained by accident simulation methods performed significantly fewer unsafe acts and retained their superior habit pattern for at least 6 mo. Further, it was found that the training effect was transferable to a similar but unmodified tool. The use of accident simulation holds promise as a powerful and effective training technique. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder by immediate reactions to trauma: a prospective study in road traffic accident victims

Road traffic accidents often cause serious physical and psychological sequelae. Specialists of various medical faculties are involved in the treatment of accident victims. Little is known about the factors which might predict psychiatric disorders, e.g. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after accidents and how psychological problems influence physical treatment. In a prospective study 179 unselected, consecutively admitted road traffic accident victims were assessed a few days after the accident for psychiatric diagnoses, severity of injury and psychopathology. All were inpatients and had to be treated for bone fractures. At 6-months follow-up assessment 152 (85%) of the patients were interviewed again. Of the patients, 18.4% fulfilled the criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DSM-III-R) within 6 months after the accident. Patients who developed PTSD were injured more severely and showed more symptoms of anxiety, depression and PTSD a few days after the accident than patients with no psychiatric diagnosis. Patients with PTSD stayed significantly longer in the hospital than the other patients. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the length of hospitalization was due mainly to a diversity of factors such as severity of injury, severity of accident, premorbid personality and psychopathology. Posttraumatic stress disorder is common after road traffic accidents. Patients with PTSD at follow-up can be identified by findings from early assessment. Untreated psychological sequelae such as PTSD cause longer hospitalization and therefore more costs than in non-PTSD patients.     

非煤矿山伤亡事故统计管理系统的研究与开发

依据相关的安全标准和法规以及非煤矿山生产中的各类安全信息,对非煤矿山统计信息管理系统现状进行了分析,设计了伤亡事故信息管理系统,详细阐述了系统的开发过程.系统的开发将推动安全科学的发展,提高非煤矿山的安全管理水平,具有实用意义.     

Age and gender differences in perceived accident likelihood and driver competences

Road traffic accident involvement rates show clear age and gender differences which may in part be accounted for by differences in risk perception and perceptions of driving competence. The present study extends and replicates that of Matthews and Moran (1986). Young (18-30 years) and older (45-60 years) male and female drivers responded to a questionnaire on perceived accident risk and driving competence (judgment and skill) with respect to themselves and four target groups, and also rated a series of videotaped driving sequences with respect to likelihood of accident occurrence and perceived driving competence. Results showed that effects of rater characteristics were generally confined to the questionnaire. Younger males were perceived as most likely to experience an accident and were judged to be lower than other groups in driving competence. Younger groups showed little bias against older groups and vice versa, but gender-related bias was apparent. The findings of Matthews and Moran were generally confirmed. The results are discussed with reference to four main issues: (1) demographic bias effects--which are generally weak; (2) stereotyping on the basis of gender and/or age of driver; (3) group-specific bias; (4) self-appraisal bias.     

The exposure of young children to accident risk as pedestrians

Pedestrian road accidents show a marked peak for children aged 5, 6 and 7 years with boys twice as involved as girls at these ages. Howarth et al (1974) described a framework in which measures of exposure were defined and related to the accident statistics to obtain estimates of absolute levels of risk for different categories of pedestrian in different traffic situations. The present paper describes a survey of children's exposure carried out to provide suitable data for this quantitative analysis. We interviewed a representative sample of Nottingham schoolchildren about their journeys in the previous 24 hours and recorded the number of roads crossed and the traffic densities of these roads. The measures of exposure obtained are presented in relation to the accompaniment of children on their journeys, the type of area in which they live, and time of day. Risk was assessed by relating exposure measures both to the national and local accident statistics. The analysis provides estimates of the risk to children of different ages and sex in their normal pattern of road crossing and in crossing roads of different traffic density and indicates that the accident statistics alone considerably underestimate the degree of risk to children under the age of eight. Interviews with a sample of the parents of the children suggest that children may provide a more accurate measure of their exposure than do their parents.     

Management of 29 children with thyroid cancer following the Chernobyl accident]

As a consequence of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, a considerable increase of thyroid cancer among contaminated children has been reported in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. A group of 29 children aged from 5 months to 10 years (mean 4.7 years) at the time of the accident, with a papillary thyroid cancer, have been examined at the Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital in Paris. The cancer was discovered by systematic ultrasonography in only 25% of cases. No reliable dosimetric estimation was achieved. The initial surgical treatment was performed in Ukraine. Cervical lymph node and pulmonary metastases were present in 24 and 11 cases respectively. A complementary surgical treatment was necessary for 9 children and one to four radioiodine treatments were given to 24 children. With a mean delay of 7 years after the cancer discovery, an apparent cure or a remission was obtained for 20 children, 6 children have cervical lymph node metastases requiring a surgical treatment and 3 have evolving lung metastases. The management of the great number of foreseeable cases of thyroid cancer requires an improved systematic screening, a large number of rooms dedicated to high activity radioiodine treatments, funds for disposable material and training missions.     

Attribution of blame in accidental and violence-related traumatic brain injury.

Objective: To study reliability and validity of blame attribution following acute moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by violence versus accident. Study Design: Prospective study with test-retest component, comparing groups with violent versus accidental injuries as determined by self-report and chart review. Participants: Fifty-seven persons in acute rehabilitation for moderate to severe TBI. Measure: Eight-item Blame Attribution Questionnaire. Results: Blame attribution was reliable, even for participants with severe TBI. Violence and accident groups apportioned different amounts of blame to other people; concern with cause of injury and degree of self-blame showed less striking differences. Conclusions: Blame of others, which may increase risk of adverse psychological outcome, is strongest in those with violence-related TBI. Self-blame is not as strongly related to external circumstances and could signal a constructive coping mechanism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

灰色理论在矿山安全事故预测中的应用

以我国非煤矿山事故统计数据为依据,应用灰色系统理论建立事故死亡人数的GM(1,1)灰色预测模型,经误差和关联度检验表明,预测精度良好。用该模型对我国非煤矿山的安全状况进行预测,得出死亡人数的变化曲线,表明我国非煤矿山事故死亡人数呈逐年下降趋势。