A longitudinal study of the careers of a cohort of assistant professors in psychology.

Reviews the literature on female psychologists in academe and presents results from a 7-yr longitudinal study of a cohort of 171 male and 174 female assistant professors in psychology. The literature review indicates that women psychologists are less likely to be promoted or receive tenure than men, publish less than men, are less likely to have a PhD, and are less likely to have been an administrator than are men. Women are also limited by constraints of childrearing and mobility necessitated by their husband's career. However, new evidence from the cohort study provides little support for some common assumptions about the career progress of men and women. Instead, results indicate few differences between the career paths of male and female psychologists. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Maternal personality correlates of sons' creativity.

Compared CPI scores of 33 mothers of creative high school males, as identified by both teachers' nominations and test scores, with scores of a control group. Mothers of creative Ss exhibit greater self-assurance, initiative, and interpersonal competence; they prefer change and unstructured demands; they are more insightful about others, more tolerant, and value autonomy and independent endeavor. They are, however, less sociable, less conscientious, less dependable, less inhibited, less concerned about creating a favorable impression, and less nurturant and obliging towards others. (15 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sex differences in nicotine versus nonnicotine reinforcement as determinants of tobacco smoking.

Nicotine replacement is less effective for smoking cessation in women than men. A possible explanation is that nicotine intake may be a less reinforcing consequence of tobacco smoking in women versus men, whereas nonnicotine aspects of smoking may be more reinforcing. Recent research suggests that nicotine self-administration is less robust in women, that women may reduce their smoking to a lesser degree following nicotine preloading, and that women may be less sensitive to interoceptive stimulus (or subjective) effects of nicotine. There does not seem to be a generalized insensitivity or hypersensitivity to nicotine in women. In contrast, women may be more responsive to the nonnicotine stimuli of smoking. These findings are consistent with other research indicating that women are less able than men to detect interoceptive stimuli (physiological changes). If confirmed, these sex differences could have important clinical implications; nicotine replacement may warrant a less important role in smoking cessation, whereas interventions to counter the nonnicotine aspects of smoking may need to be emphasized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester in various food products and formulations

A simple, rapid, and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure is described for the analysis of the chemical sweetener L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (aspartame). Using a strong cation exchange column and pressures less than 1000 psig, an analysis can be performed in less than 15 min. The technique has been applied to a wide range of food products and formulations. No interferences were found in the samples studied. Recoveries are quantitative, and the coefficients of variation for replicate analyses are less than or equal to 2.5%.     

微波消解-双波长等吸收分光光度法同时测定合金钢中钴和镍

研究并确定了微波消解合金钢的最佳条件 ,应用双波长等吸收方法解决了PAR -Co2 + ,Ni2 + 体系中Co2 + ,Ni2 + 同时测定问题。测定了标准合成样品中的Co2 + 和Ni2 + ,其回收率分别在 98.2 %～ 10 3.6 %和 97.9%～ 10 3.7%之间。对多种合金钢样品中Co2 + 和Ni2 + 进行测定 ,钴和镍的相对标准偏差分别≤ 1.0 0 %和≤ 1.10 % ;相对误差分别≤± 2.5 %和≤±2.0 % ,均优于常压消解合金钢样品所得结果。采用本法测定合金钢中钴和     

美国及日本浸渍成型（Dig Forming）设备概况

详细介绍了美国及日本生产无氧铜杆的浸渍成型设备及工艺流程。该法整个过程均封闭在保护气氛中进行，采用自动控制。优点是设备占地面积小，投资小，生产能力达３．６～１０ｔ／ｈ，产品表面光亮，拉丝断裂少，质量高。     

Histochemistry and ultrastructure of amphibian lingual glands and phylogenetic relations

The lingual glands of amphibians are confined to the dorsal face of the tongue and are formed by invaginations of the lingual epithelium. The secretory products have a heterogeneous composition. Mucosubstances are usually associated with proteins. The secretory product of the outer glandular cells is rich in mucosubstances of an acidity varying with species. In Anourans and Urodeles, the secretory product of the tubes contains abundant proteins and, where present, mucosubstances are less abundant and less acid than those produced at the surface of the tongue. Proteins and mucosubstances coexist in the same secretory granules, which exhibit a more or less homogeneous appearance in Gymnophiona and in Anourans while having a complex structure in Urodeles. In spite of their primitive anatomical features, the amphibian lingual glands present histochemical signs of a complete cellular evolution.     

Avoidance of Relatively Aggressive Male Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) by Sexually Experienced Conspecific Females.

Sexually experienced female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) that are offered a choice between 2 conspecific males previously observed engaging in an aggressive encounter prefer to affiliate with the less aggressive male. The authors determined whether this apparent preference for less aggressive males results from females approaching less aggressive individuals or avoiding more aggressive individuals. The authors found that females that had seen 2 males fight before choosing, in counterbalanced order, between each of them and a neutral stimulus were indifferent to less aggressive males but avoided more aggressive males. The results are consistent with the view that in species in which male courtship and mating are potentially harmful to females, females keep away from relatively aggressive males in order to avoid the physical punishment that can result from contact with them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The contribution of fathers to the individuation process in adolescence

Numerous studies have shown fathers to be less engaged and less involved with their children and adolescents. This paper discusses the possible function that fathers' lower involvement may play in the development of their children. Data from two studies conducted on adolescents show that on the one hand fathers spend less time and are less engaged with their adolescents, but when they are together, the nature of their interaction is distinctive. For example, fathers are more engaged in play-like activities. This apparently distant and distinctive model is what adolescents need at this period of separation--a model of a "close enough" parent that allows and respects separation and support strivings for individuation. As results show, adolescents are satisfied with the role fathers play in their lives. Moreover, fathers are perceived as models for subsequent developmental goals such as marital life. It is suggested that fathers in their natural attitude are more capable of balancing closeness and separateness than mothers do and as such they are more flexible in response to varying developmental goals of their adolescent offspring.     

Household crowding and social support: A quasiexperimental analysis.

People often cope with crowded living conditions by socially withdrawing from their housemates. This coping strategy may overgeneralize, influencing social interactions with others outside the home. In a stressful laboratory situation, Ss from crowded homes, in comparison with uncrowded counterparts, are less likely to seek support from a confederate and rate the confederate as less supportive. Moreover, Ss from crowded homes are less likely to offer support to a confederate in need. These differences in social interaction behaviors appear to be attributable to crowded residents' social withdrawal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ligament ruptures]

Ligamentous injuries of the knee are becoming commoner and commoner. They can involve the anterior cruciate ligament, the posterior cruciate ligament, or both ligaments together. The anterior cruciate ligament is the sportsman's injury. The diagnosis is a clinical one, with other diagnostic techniques only being used in the doubtful case. The treatment is well established, with surgery in the young and sportive patient, and a trial of non-operative treatment in the less active patient. The results of treatment are good. The posterior cruciate ligament is injured less commonly, and the diagnosis is sometimes missed. The injury is usually tolerated well, and the results of surgery are less reliable. For these reasons surgery is only performed in carefully selected patients.     

Agonists and antagonists for lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokines

Agonistic and antagonistic properties of LPS and partial structures in the induction of cytokines are reviewed. Studies on structure-activity relationships of LPS and lipid A with human mononuclear cells reveal that S- and notably R-form LPS are very potent cytokine inducers. Synthetic E. coli lipid A is somewhat less active, whereas synthetic S. minnesota-type lipid A is significantly less active. Pentaacylated forms of lipid A are less potent than hexaacylated forms, and tetraacylated synthetic precursor Ia and bisacylated disaccharides and monosaccharides are completely inactive, indicating that a structure-dependent hierarchy of LPS and lipid A partial structures determines the monokine-inducing capacity in human mononuclear cells. Precursor Ia is a potent LPS antagonist. The mechanism of its inhibitory activity is shown to be due to competitive binding to cellular binding sites (receptors). Proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines, receptor antagonists, and soluble cytokine receptors influence the cytokine-inducing activity of LPS, suggesting a complex regulatory network.     

Rats, man, and the welfare state.

The possible relationship between social securities and the incidence of various noncurable diseases is discussed. Paralleling the development of the welfare state there is a great incidence in the occurrence of a variety of physical and mental diseases. Sometime between 1840 and 1850 albino forms of the Norway rat were introduced into the research laboratory; it thus was subject to domestication. Comparisons between the domesticated and the wild Norway rat are summarized; typically the differences favor the wild rat. In the domesticated animals adrenal glands are smaller and less effective, the thyroid less active, the brain smaller and perhaps less effective as indicated by evidence of greater susceptibility to audiogenic seizure. In the protected environment it is the tamer, more gentle, that survive; "'natural selection' does not always operate to eliminate weaker individuals." In the domesticated state "a greater variety of abnormal strains may appear and propagate themselves." Parallels in man are cited: as a consequence of legislation, increased energy resources and medical advances, less strong and less vigorous individuals are aided to survive and perpetuate their special defects in increasing numbers of individuals. It is possible that "the process of evolution can be influenced, that man has reached the state at which he can do something about his destiny." 60 refs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept.

This article examines the association between evaluative and knowledge components of the self. Four studies tested the hypothesis that the self-concepts of low-self-esteem (LSE) people are characterized by less clarity or certainty than those of high-self-esteem (HSE) people. LSE Ss exhibited less extremity and self-reported confidence when rating themselves on bipolar trait adjectives (Study 1), less temporal stability in their trait ratings over a 2-month interval (Study 2), less congruence between their self-concepts and their subsequent perceptions of situation-specific behavior and memory for prior behavior (Study 3), and less internal consistency, lower self-rated confidence, and longer reaction times when making me/not me responses to pairs of opposite traits (Study 4). Alternative accounts of the results and the implications of self-concept clarity for understanding the pervasive impact of self-esteem on behavior are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inhibitory effect of schematic processing on perceptual encoding.

Hypothesized that although schemata facilitate organized conceptual processing, and hence recall, they simultaneously inhibit perceptual encoding. This inhibitory effect should emerge because schemata allow perceivers to rely on prior knowledge in place of incoming information and because schemata facilitate selective attention. Exps 1 and 2 demonstrated that Ss encode less relevant perceptual information when they are provided with or are able to induce a schema. Exp 3 demonstrated that Ss encode less relevant perceptual information when they are self-schematic in a domain, even though they have better recall for that information. Exp 4 demonstrated that Ss encode less irrelevant perceptual information when they are provided with a schema. Thus, results show that although schemata facilitate recall, they simultaneously inhibit perceptual encoding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Feasibility of Rigidified Inflatable Structures for Housing

Rigidified inflatable structures (RIS) are thin, flexible membrane structures that are pneumatically deployed. After deployment, these structures harden because of chemical or physical change of the membrane. Because of this change, or rigidification, these structures no longer require pneumatic pressure to maintain their shape. With the aim of reducing the cost and examining the feasibility of RIS structures, a new material is proposed, developed, and evaluated. This material involves the formation of a semi-interpenetrating polymer network based on polyvinyl chloride and an acrylate-based reactive plasticizer. The economical and environmental performances of RIS using this new material are assessed by means of a case study. In this study, the performance of RIS technology is compared with that of a typical wood light-frame structure in the application of a small single-family house. The study indicates that the cost of ownership in present day value for the RIS is approximately 35% less than the cost of a comparable wood light-frame structure. The study also indicates that significant environmental benefits exist with the use of RIS. These structures use significantly less in terms of resources than do wood frame structures: approximately 2 times less in materials originating from nonrenewable fossil resources, approximately 2 times less in material originating from trees, and approximately 19 times less in materials originating from inorganic resources. The study concludes by delineating various means available to further increase the economical and environmental performance of RIS technology.     

Attitude centrality, organization, and measurement.

Reviews definitions of attitude involvement, importance, and centrality, which suggest that more central attitudes should be more highly correlated as long as they derive from the same underlying values. Survey data on 5 political issues were used to test 4 hypotheses for expecting more central attitudes to be more highly correlated than less central attitudes by examining a modified multitrait–multimethod matrix with the use of a confirmatory second-order factor analytic model. Results suggest that more central attitudes are more polarized and measures of them are less influenced by question format; however, no evidence was found that they are more closely linked to underlying values or that they can be measured with less random error than less central values. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychotherapist's anxiety level, self-insight, and psychotherapeutic competence.

"The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that competent psychotherapists are less anxious and possess a greater degree of insight into the nature of their anxieties than do psychotherapists who are judged to be less competent." The results showed that anxious therapists were rated to be less competent than therapists low in anxiety. There were no significant relationships between the therapist's self ratings of anxiety or the degree of insight and ratings of psychotherapeutic competence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The partial testing design: a less costly way to test equivalence for sensitivity and specificity

We propose a new, less costly, design to test the equivalence of digital versus analogue mammography in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Because breast cancer is a rare event among asymptomatic women, the sample size for testing equivalence of sensitivity is larger than that for testing equivalence of specificity. Hence calculations of sample size are based on sensitivity. With the proposed design it is possible to achieve the same power as a completely paired design by increasing the number of less costly analogue mammograms and not giving the more expensive digital mammograms to some randomly selected subjects who are negative on the analogue mammogram. The key idea is that subjects who are negative on the analogue mammogram are unlikely to have cancer and hence contribute less information for estimating sensitivity than subjects who are positive on the analogue mammogram. To ascertain disease state among subjects not biopsied, we propose another analogue mammogram at a later time determined by a natural history model. The design differs from a double sampling design because it compares two imperfect tests instead of combining information from a perfect and imperfect test.     

Olfactory recognition of conspecifics by domestic Norway rats

In order to learn more about their ability to recognize one another via olfaction, domestic male rats were given a series of preference tests in which pairs of odors from male conspecifics were presented. Both immature and mature males prefer (p less than .05) the odor from immature strangers over that from immature cage mates but are indifferent to the ordors from mature strangers versus cage mates. Both immature and mature males prefer (p less than .05) the odor from mature novel cage mates over that from mature cage mates to which they are temporarily habituated but are indifferent to the odors from immature novel versus familial cage mates. Mature males prefer (p less than .08) the odor from a cage mate over the subject's own odor, and they prefer (p less than .01) their own odor over no odor. Under certain conditions, male rats can discriminate between the odors from (a) strangers versus cage mates, (b) two cage mates, and (c) their own body versus a cage mate.