电机用取向电工钢设计与应用技术研究

针对高性能电机日益严苛的转矩密度、效率等指标问题,传统软磁材料的性能已发挥到极致,探索和应用新型软磁材料是提高电机性能的重要途径。本文提出将沿轧制方向上具有高磁感、低铁损的取向电工钢应用到永磁同步电机的定子齿部的设计,并与传统的无取向电工钢电机进行了对比分析。相比传统材料电机,取向电工钢电机转矩可提升3.4%,铁损可降低18%,且电机整体效率有所提升。为取向电工钢软磁材料在高性能电机中的应用奠定了基础。     

近年稀土钢研究进展与加速研发新思路

通过对近几年来稀土钢发展相关文献的调研,统计了稀土相关论文、专利增长数量和应用领域分布,分析了稀土钢的研发进展。结果表明,无论是基础研究还是应用领域拓展,稀土钢近年来都得到迅速发展,稀土电工钢和稀土TWIP钢成为最热门的研发钢种,但稀土添加工艺等关键技术的不足,以及有待发展的稀土钢研发方法,延缓了稀土钢的发展与应用。稀土钢生产实践表明各种稀土添加工艺中连铸结晶器喂线法是钢铁连铸生产最有效的稀土添加方法,稀土电渣重熔工艺对生产重大装备制造用大型铸件具有重要应用价值。介绍了有关引入材料基因组工程先进研究理念,发展高通量计算与模拟、高通量制备与表征研究方法,建立稀土钢数据库,加快稀土钢研发的新思路。     

稀土元素在高强韧钢中的作用及应用前景

深入分析了稀土在钢中的作用机理,阐明了稀土是钢的一种有效的深度净化和变质剂,固溶稀土的存在强烈影响微结构,可控制局域弱化,降低微结构的能态,有效抑制钢中有害元素和脆性相偏聚所造成的脆性断裂,稀土可望成为发展21世纪高强韧钢,提高高强钢韧性的重要元素。     

Effect of Hot Band Annealing on Magnetic Properties in 3% Si Grain‐oriented Electrical Steels

Hot band annealing is known to be a prerequisite for good magnetic properties irrespective of manufacturing methods in grain‐oriented Fe‐3 wt.% Si electrical steels. In this study, the effects of hot band annealing on magnetic properties were investigated in 3% grain‐oriented electrical steels of low soluble AI contents and one‐stage cold rolling. Microstructure and precipitate distribution were compared with hot band annealing conditions. Secondary recrystallization behaviour with hot band annealing condition was also discussed.     

钢中稀土微合金化作用与应用前景

低氧硫钢中室温下稀土固溶量达10-5～10-4,MnS夹杂完全变质后,稀土固溶量显著增加,酸溶铝,Nb,Ti均有利于提高钢中稀土固溶量.固溶稀土偏聚在晶界,减少硫、磷在晶界的偏析,渗碳体中固溶稀土多于铁素体.稀土和碳相互作用,减少珠光体数量、珠光体片间距和渗碳体厚度,细化珠光体组织,提高硬度.稀土对钢的强度影响具有两面性,稀土能提高锰碳钢的屈强比和有利于改善低合金高强度钢的强韧性.稀土在低合金高强度钢中有广泛的应用前景,发展具有中国资源优势的稀土微合金钢有重要的意义.     

宝钢低铁损取向硅钢在变压器新能效标准下的应用

随着变压器新能效标准GB 20052-2020的正式实施,变压器各能效等级普遍提升,也推动取向硅钢产品等级的提高。本文结合新能效标准,针对宝钢低铁损取向硅钢产品应用实绩,给出选材建议,并针对产品使用过程中存在的问题进行剖析,以期对变压器制造厂家选材和使用起到参考作用。     

钒对取向电工钢磁性能的影响

在取向电工钢中添加不同含量的合金元素钒,并通过铁损P_(17)和磁感B_8的测试与分析,研究了钒对取向电工钢磁性能的影响,发现:随钒含量从0增大至0.022%,取向电工钢的平均晶粒尺寸和铁损P_(17)先减小后增大、织构等级和磁感B_8先增大后减小、磁性能先提高后下降。钒含量超过0.020%将恶化取向电工钢的磁性能。取向电工钢中钒含量优选为0.008%,较未添加钒相比铁损平均晶粒尺寸减小14.29%、织构等级增大267.15%、P_(17)减小15.32%、磁感B_8增大13.09%。     

锡或锑在无取向电工钢中的研究进展

近年来,在节能减排背景之下,国内外众多研究者对无取向电工钢磁性能的提升做了大量研究。为了探索无取向电工钢磁性能提升的方法,对锡或锑对无取向电工钢磁性能的作用机制(晶粒尺寸和晶体织构的控制)进行分析。基于该作用机制,介绍锡或锑的添加对无取向电工钢磁性能的影响。经研究发现,适量的锡或锑在晶界偏聚,不会阻碍晶界的移动并且致使晶粒尺寸降低;与此同时,锡或锑在晶界偏聚不仅抑制{111}织构在原始晶界处形核及生长,还降低(100)晶粒表面能,促进(100)晶粒生长。因此,适量添加锡或锑,可使无取向电工钢铁损下降、磁感提升。最后结合生产工艺,建议无取向电工钢的研究方向应为稀土含量对高牌号无取向硅钢夹杂物尺寸和数量分布的影响,锡或锑的添加量和常化工艺参数(常化时间、常化温度)对常化晶粒尺寸的影响。     

Recent Technology Developments in the Production of Grain‐Oriented Electrical Steel

Despite a long history of continuously improved magnetic properties, the further development of grain‐oriented electrical steel is still an exciting field for industrial and joint fundamental research. Today, the driving forces for research and development (R&D) are on one hand increasing quality demands, i.e. still lower losses for more energy‐efficient transformers and less transformer noise, and on the other hand the pressure to reduce manufacturing costs in order to stay competitive on the market. Evidently in the last years, the latter aspect has become the mainspring for most of the industrial R&D activities. Now nearly all producers are aiming at more compact and less expensive production routes. From the new techniques under development, most advanced in commercial realization is the application of low slab reheating temperatures in the range 1150… 1300°C instead of up to 1400°C in the classical processes. A radical new method is thin slab casting and direct hot rolling used for steels with a system of inherent plus acquired inhibitors, the latter formed by nitriding the cold rolled strip. This method is very promising and far advanced in industrial tests. Another way for process shortening is to cast directly the hot strip from the steel melt by a twin‐roll method. In pilot line tests, good cold workability and good magnetic properties have been achieved by optimising chemical composition, casting conditions, and subsequent thermo‐mechanical treatments and by working with inherent plus acquired inhibitors. Another theoretical potential for cost and time saving is to replace box annealing for secondary recrystallization by short‐time continuous annealing. Such processes are under development, partly using special in‐line procedures to realize fast inhibitor creation after primary recrystallization, but are today still far away from commercial realization.     

Progress of Study on Application of Rare Earth Metals in Steels

With the improvement of the clean steel by degrees, the functions of rare earth metals in steel are more focused on modification of inclusions and micro alloying.The new study concerning the application of RE metals in clean steels were investigated by ICP, metallographic examination, SEM, EDS, EPMA, TEM and IMMA.The mechanism of corrosion resistance in the weather resistance steel was clarified.The mechanism of abrasion resistance and the life of fatigue enhanced in the RE - heavy rails steel were discussed.Progress in study of application of rare earth metals in steels (including weather resistance steel, low alloy steel, and heavy rails steel) was covered in this paper.     

新一代新能源车驱动电机的高强硅钢应用技术研发

阐述了电驱动汽车所用电机的特点以及对硅钢的需求标准,并通过实验对比分析了高屈服强度无取向硅钢和传统无取向硅钢的电磁性能以及力学性能,通过有限元模型验证分析应用了高屈服强度硅钢的电机在高转速时可以达到低损耗、高机械强度等需求,为软磁材料的应用与电机结构的优化形成闭环模式提供了帮助。     

2019年我国高性能电工钢生产能力与需求研究

高性能电工钢是我国现代化建设、高质量发展和人民生活不可缺少的重要原材料产品之一,也是我国电工钢产业高质量发展及产品升级、节能环保的发展方向。本文从我国电工钢生产能力、常化（酸洗）能力、近5年电工钢产能及产量变化、表观消费量以及未来变压器对高磁感取向电工钢（HiB）和中小型电机、大电机、家用电器、新能源汽车、新兴领域等对高牌号（高效、高磁感）无取向电工钢以及电力、航天航空、医疗器械、家电等对极薄电工钢带材(厚度0.1 mm以下)的需求,进行了系统分析和研究。同时,对我国高性能电工钢品种需求加以预测并提出几点建议。     

海洋大气环境下低碳稀土钢耐腐蚀性能的研究

通过大气暴晒实验研究了海洋大气环境下低碳钢和稀土钢的腐蚀行为.结果表明,稀土元素有利于提高碳钢耐海洋大气的腐蚀性能.采用SEM、XRD以及电化学方法对腐蚀产物进行研究.发现稀土钢锈层组织缺陷较少,能有效阻挡腐蚀性离子侵入.稀土可以促进腐蚀产物中活性物相向α - FeOOH转化,并能细化锈颗粒,提高铁锈中非晶相比例.     

低铁损高磁感冷轧无取向电工钢的研制

 通过分析大生产试验中Si、Al等主要合金元素与成品性能的关系,设计出合理的化学成分;依据大生产热轧板坯加热温度、精轧和终轧温度等主要工艺因素对成品磁性能的影响规律,进行了工艺参数的优化。在无常化设备与钢质纯净度较低的情况下,开发出了低铁损高磁感电工钢50W600H,而且该钢的各项性能指标均达到了用户的要求。     

CSP工艺生产高牌号无取向电工钢的组织和夹杂物

 首次实现了从冶炼→CSP→常化→冷轧退火→成品检测等CSP工艺生产高牌号无取向电工钢的实验室全工序过程模拟,并对铸坯、热轧板及冷轧板中的组织及夹杂物进行了具体分析。结果表明,CSP工艺生产高牌号无取向电工钢是可行的;成品磁性能满足国际标准要求;薄铸坯、热轧板、成品板组织具有典型高牌号无取向电工钢组织特点;过程析出物主要为：AlN,AlN+MnS。     

薄规格取向硅钢剪切研究进展

近年来取向硅钢向着薄规格、低铁损方向发展,增加了后续产品剪切的难度。本文对薄规格取向硅钢剪切特点进行了分析,对相关的研究进行了综述,并结合宝钢取向硅钢EVI经验,对薄规格取向硅钢剪切常见缺陷进行了分析。     

稀土微合金化对5CrNiMo钢组织和性能的影响

以稀土为微合金化元素，在实际生产条件下用常规冶炼工艺，将稀土合金以瞬时密流工艺添加到5CrNiMo钢中，采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜等对5CrNiMo钢微观组织进行了系统研究，并进行了常规力学性能和成分检测。各项试验结果表明：加入微量的稀土元素后，5CrNiMo钢中硫含量降至0．009％和0．005％的高纯度钢数量级。退火组织、淬火组织和淬火后回火组织均显著细化，在硬度、强度相当的情况下，5CrNiMo钢的冲击功与不添加稀土元素的同炉次钢相比，分别提高14J和19J，增幅达5l％和68％。在试样表面达到相同龟裂程度时，试样所需的冷热循环周次比不加稀土的试样分别提高了35％和69％。     

Microstructure of Steel 5Cr21Mn9Ni4N Alloyed by Rare Earth

The microstructure, composition and shape of precipitated phase under as-cast and finished product state of 5Cr21Mn9Ni4N steel with different rare earth （RE） amount were studied. Mechanical properties of 5Cr21Mn9Ni4N steels withont RE addition and with RE added by 0. 2% in mass percent were tested respectively. The results indicate that the solid solution amount of RE is about 10^-6 -10^-5 order of magnitude in 5Cr21Mn9Ni4N steel. Dendrite of as-cast condition is refined obviously and dimension of interstitial phase is shortened when RE is added by 0.10%-0.20%. But the microstructure will be coarser if surplus RE is added. Precipitated phase under finished product state distributes evenly in nearly same size with RE added by 0. 2% which leads to a largely improved high temperature mechanical property.     

Evolution of Pearlite Microstructure in Low-Carbon Cast Microalloyed Steel Due to the Addition of La and Ce

The effects of rare earth elements (RE) addition on the pearlite microstructure in low-carbon microalloyed steels have been investigated under two heat treatment conditions: (1) a normalizing treatment (as a conventional heat treatment used industrially to obtain the final mechanical properties of such steels), and (2) an isothermal treatment at 650 °C. This research reports the following effects due to the addition of RE: (i) refinement of the nodule and colony size of pearlite along with the ferrite grain size in the normalized condition, without a significant change in the volume fraction of pearlite. This microstructural refinement observed at room temperature is a consequence of the refinement of cast and austenitic microstructures formed during cooling in the presence of RE; (ii) the interlamellar spacing of pearlite isothermally transformed at 650 °C, as observed by SEM and TEM, is effectively reduced in the RE-added steel. This is likely due to two different effects combined: (i) direct influence of RE on atom carbon diffusion; and (ii) pearlite growth being boundary diffusion controlled by RE partitioning.     

电工钢在线铁损数据分析及钢卷评价系统建立

电工钢生产线上都具有在线铁损曲线数据,为现场产品质量的及时诊断提供了有价值的信息,但不少企业对该数据尚未充分利用,既未将其用于产品整卷质量定量评价,也未用于考察工艺参数对磁性影响的统计性分析和各种质量问题的自动诊断。本文结合对现场数据的一些了解,以及检测现场工艺参数调整时磁性能变化遇到的困难,提出利用这些数据定量整体评价整卷质量的思路,并初步编制了相关计算机软件,随着该系统在实践运用中的进一步完善,必将可以更好利用这些数据精确评价、控制整卷产品的质量。