新型Cr-Co-Mo-Ni合金的高温蠕变损伤

对500℃/950MPa条件下经845.8h蠕变断裂的一种新型Cr-Co-Mo-Ni合金的蠕变损伤进行了分析,并且对蠕变孔洞的形成进行了研究。结果表明,蠕变断裂后,基体中呈链状分布的M6C相显著粗化,平均等效直径达到3.0μm,体积分数达到3.85%;马氏体板条上析出大量弥散细小的Laves相,尺寸在10～25nm之间,面积比达20%;蠕变孔洞在密集分布的链状M6C型析出相与基体结合界面上产生,其形成与M6C相的链状聚集和显著粗化有关;并且与高密度Laves相的析出有关;因此,控制链状M6C相的析出、聚集和长大能够提高该新型合金的抗高温蠕变性能。     

M963合金高温蠕变过程中显微组织的演化及断裂机理

研究了M963合金在975℃×225MPa条件下蠕变过程中的组织演化及断裂机理.结果表明M963合金的蠕变曲线呈现出明显的3个阶段且稳态蠕变速率较低;蠕变过程中,γ'相粒子逐渐筏形化,由初始阶段分布在γ基体中的立方状孤立相转变为蠕变后期包围γ相的连续相;在枝晶干上有颗粒状M6C碳化物析出;蠕变变形机制从初始阶段的Orowan绕过γ'相粒子变为蠕变后期的位错切过γ'相粒子.     

Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.3Zr合金的蠕变行为

研究Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.3Zr合金在不同温度(200~300℃)和应力(30~110MPa)条件下的蠕变行为,利用金相显微镜、透射电镜等分析蠕变过程中合金组织的演变。结果表明:温度较低时(200~250℃),蠕变曲线分为瞬时和稳态蠕变两部分,利用Arrhenius公式计算出合金的平均应力指数n=2,由此判断蠕变机制是晶界滑移机制,平均蠕变激活能Q=85.6kJ/mol;当温度为300℃时,合金经过短暂的瞬时蠕变和稳态蠕变阶段后,很快进入断裂阶段。n=4.2,蠕变机制为位错攀移机制,Q=145.5 kJ/mol。在温度较低时,稀土元素所形成的析出相β￠相阻碍位错的运动,从而提高合金的抗蠕变能力;随蠕变温度升高,析出相转变为β相,在晶界处聚集长大,使晶界处易产生应力集中,促使孔洞的形成,导致合金发生蠕变断裂。     

IN792LC单晶高温合金长期热暴露下的蠕变性能退化

研究了800℃条件下最长时间达到3 000 h的长期热暴露对IN792LC单晶高温合金显微组织演变及蠕变行为的影响。结果表明：长时间热暴露后,γ′相球化生长均匀分散在γ基体内,γ′相的粗化行为符合Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner(LSW)模型。热暴露后一些不连续碳化物在γ/γ′共晶组织周围析出,但无拓扑密排相(TCP)生成。对长期热暴露后的合金进行了760℃/662 MPa下蠕变断裂寿命测试,随着热暴露时间延长,由于组织退化,合金蠕变寿命降低,而断裂伸长率不断提高。当热暴露达到3 000 h时,合金蠕变断裂寿命降低81.1%。合金蠕变寿命的减少主要由γ′相粗化、碳化物的退化以及柯肯达尔孔洞增大导致。分析发现在热暴露后共晶相周围MC碳化物分解形成的M₂₃C₆碳化物,空位在碳化物处塌陷聚集成微孔,加速了裂纹的萌生与拓展。此外,由于热暴露后合金蠕变过程中的位错网络被破坏,位错切入γ′相运动,从而进一步降低蠕变断裂寿命。研究结果为IN792LC单晶高温合金近服役温度条件下使用寿命预测提供了参考。     

铌、钛对汽车排气系统热端用铁素体不锈钢高温力学性能的影响

对含铌及Nb-Ti铁素体不锈钢进行固溶和高温时效处理,采用高温拉伸试验对其进行高温力学测试.结果表明:随着时效时间的延长,铌钢高温屈服强度降低较快,而Nb-Ti钢高温屈服强度变化不大.采用相分析、扫描电镜、透射电镜对固溶铌及微观结构进行分析,发现时效过程中固溶铌含量均降低,含铌及Nb-Ti钢500h时效后固溶铌相差不大,铌钢中析出相主要是NbN相和M6C相(Fe3Nb3C),Ti-Nb钢主要析出相是NbTi(C,N)相和Laves相(Fe2Nb).长时间时效后,M6C相和Laves相严重粗化且分布变化明显.M6C相粗化后观察不到沿晶界连续分布,而Laves相粗化后主要在晶界连续分布,起到强化晶界的作用.     

热处理工艺对1Cr11Co3W3NiMoVNbNB钢析出相及性能的影响

采用SEM、TEM、化学相分析、热力学计算等手段研究了不同回火工艺下的超超临界汽轮机组叶片用1Cr11Co3W3NiMoVNbNB马氏体耐热钢中析出相的分布和性能。热力学计算表明,该叶片在620℃温度服役,合金中M23C6相的形成能要比Laves相的形成能低,M23C6相会在服役初期大量析出,但随着服役时间增加合金中的Laves相大量析出,析出数量将超过M23C6相。合金经过淬火、高温回火处理后组织为板条状回火马氏体。析出相主要由M23C6、Nb(C,N)和极少量的Laves相组成,M23C6析出数量随回火温度升高而增加。经过570、690℃两次回火处理,可提高合金的冲击韧性。     

国产T23钢高温组织演变及其对性能的影响

 通过对国产T23钢550 ℃、600 ℃和650 ℃的持久试样显微组织的分析,研究了T23钢高温蠕变过程中的组织演变及其对性能的影响。结果表明,在高温蠕变过程中,T23钢贝氏体铁素体基体和小岛中的马氏体将发生回复和再结晶,位错密度下降,M23C6碳化物不断粗化,并且有少量M23C6转变为M6C。蠕变断裂时间较短时,M23C6碳化物粗化对性能下降起主要作用,随蠕变断裂时间延长,贝氏体铁素体基体和小岛中马氏体的回复、再结晶对性能下降的影响增大。温度较高时,回复及再结晶开始较早,对性能下降的影响提前。650 ℃时,T23钢的组织演变和性能下降过快,应尽量避免在此温度下使用。     

10CrNi2Mo3Cu2V耐热钢的高温析出与脆化机制

摘要：利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、力学性能测试等方法,分析了10CrNi2Mo3Cu2V耐热钢锻件的脆化原因,并研究了钢在1050～850℃区间的高温析出行为,及其对冲击韧性的影响。结果表明,锻件脆化由粗大的链状M6C相引起,950～850℃温度区间,钢中发生M6C相的高温析出行为,导致冲击韧性恶化。析出温度区间内,降低温度、延长时间均能促进析出相的形核与长大,使M6C相含量增加,尺寸长大,分布更加聚集,逐渐形成链状形貌。Mo元素偏析能够提高M6C相的开始析出温度、增加相含量。锻造温度是影响高温析出行为的关键因素,应控制终锻温度不小于950℃,避免锻后脆化。     

新型马氏体耐热钢G115的高温组织演变研究

G115是钢研院与宝钢联合开发的应用于600～650℃的超超临界锅炉用管.将G115热挤压管在625℃、130 MPa应力条件下进行蠕变试验,并在蠕变的不同阶段分别取样进行微观组织观察.蠕变曲线表明,G115钢在该试验条件下进入稳态蠕变阶段后有较长时间稳态蠕变速率持续增加但并不发生断裂;扫描组织分析表明,随着蠕变试验的进行,组织中的马氏体板条未发生明显的退化,马氏体板条宽度增加;透射组织观察表明,随着蠕变的进行,M23C6和Laves相析出物增多长大,但尺寸长大并不明显,析出物主要在晶界处和马氏体板条处聚集对晶界进行强化.     

马弗式光亮退火炉镍基合金焊接组织分析

采用宝钢生产的BSTMUF601钢对运行3年的马弗式光亮退火炉进行焊接修复,试验结果表明,焊接接头具有与炉体等同的高温力学性能,950℃条件下的接头抗拉性能可以达到97 MPa。结合扫描电镜、透射电镜的观察和分析,采用进口材料Inconel601合金制造的炉体在高温条件下晶粒显著粗化,焊接热影响粗晶区存在强化基体的Ni3(Al,Ti)析出相;焊缝金属中具有一次析出碳化物TiN、凝固共晶碳化物M23C6、球状析出相Al2O3等,一定尺寸的弥散分布碳化物将有助于改善焊接接头高温性能。     

Dynamic Precipitation of Laves Phase in FeCrAl Alloy with Zr Addition

FeCrAl alloy is one of potential candidates for accident-tolerant-fuel (ATF)-cladding materials due to its excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance at accident temperature, combining good mechanical properties at service temperature. Alloying strategy is an important way for improving comprehensive properties of FeCrAl alloy through the precipitation of fine Laves phase. Zr alloying can stabilize the Laves phase due to its lower diffusion coefficient and solubility in body-centered-cubic ferrite matrix. Herein, it is found that Zr addition changes the dynamic precipitation features of Laves phase in FeCrAl alloy during high-temperature deformation, from only one type of Fe₂M (M = Nb, Mo, Ta) Laves phase to Fe₂Zr combining Fe₂M-type Laves phase. The Fe₂Zr-type Laves phase precipitates dynamically first, and the interface precipitates between which with ferrite matrix creates more nucleation sites for subsequent precipitation of Fe₂M Laves phase. The results can be possibly applied for alloy design and microstructure tailoring in series of FeCrAl alloys used for ATF cladding in the near future.     

添加钨对USC141镍基合金力学性能的影响简

 参照USC 141镍基合金的化学成分，进行了热力学模拟计算。计算结果表明：钨能提高M23C6和M6C的? 湮露龋⒋俳谩湎嗪蚆6C的析出。在USC 141化学成分基础上，添加钨元素取代部分钼元素，设计了一种试验型镍基合金(HR100)。通过室、高温力学性能测试、持久试验和析出相分析，对其力学性能和析出相进行了研究。试验结果表明：经相同热处理后，试验型镍基合金HR100中的γ′相和M6C的析出明显多于USC 141，使其室温综合力学性能、高温强度以及持久寿命均明显优于USC 141，但同时大量析出的M6C会降低其高温和持久塑性。通过调整钨和钼的含量来调节M6C相的析出量，可以作为一种提高USC 141室、高温综合性能的方法。     

Simulation of effect of Nb and V on precipitated phases in 1Cr16Co5Ni2Mo1WVNbN steel

Thermo- Calc software was used to simulate the equilibrium precipitates in the 1Cr16Co5Ni2Mo1WVNbN steel at 650??, and the effect of Nb and V contents on precipitated phases in the steel was investigated. The calculation results show that the main equilibrium precipitates in steel are Laves phase, M23C6, MX and Z phase. With the increase of Nb content, the precipitation of MX phase increases significantly, while the amount of M23C6 carbids decreases, Laves phase increases slightly, the precipitation of Z phase decreases slightly. With the increase of V content, the precipitation of MX phase increases slowly, the amount of M23C6 carbides reduces slightly. There is no V element contained in Laves phase, and the increase of V content has little effect on the precipitation of Laves phase, precipitation of Z phase decreases slightly. The Nb and V contents have little effect on the precipitation temperature of M23C6, MX and Laves phase, and the starting precipitation temperature of Z phase decreases with the increase of Nb content, but increases with the increase of V content.     

Heterogeneous Creep Deformations and Correlation to Microstructures in Fe-30Cr-3Al Alloys Strengthened by an Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>Nb Laves Phase

A new Fe-Cr-Al (FCA) alloy system has been developed with good oxidation resistance and creep strength at high temperature. The alloy system is a candidate for use in future fossil-fueled power plants. The creep strength of these alloys at 973 K (700 °C) was found to be comparable with traditional 9 pct Cr ferritic–martensitic steels. A few FCA alloys with general composition of Fe-30Cr-3Al-.2Si-xNb (x = 0, 1, or 2) with a ferrite matrix and Fe₂Nb-type Laves precipitates were prepared. The detailed microstructural characterization of samples, before and after creep rupture testing, indicated precipitation of the Laves phase within the matrix, Laves phase at the grain boundaries, and a 0.5 to 1.5 μm wide precipitate-free zone (PFZ) parallel to all the grain boundaries. In these alloys, the areal fraction of grain boundary Laves phase and the width of the PFZ controlled the cavitation nucleation and eventual grain boundary ductile failure. A phenomenological model was used to compare the creep strain rates controlled by the effects of the particles on the dislocations within the grain and at grain boundaries. (The research sponsored by US-DOE, Office of Fossil Energy, the Crosscutting Research Program).     

Effect of heat treatment process on precipitation behavior and mechanical properties of 1Cr11Co3W3NiMoVNbNB

The precipitation phase and properties of 1Cr11Co3W3NiMoVNbNB martensitic heat- resistant steel under different tempering processes were investigated using SEM, TEM and chemical phase analysis. The results of thermodynamic calculation show that for materials serviced at 620??, the precipitation behaviors of M23C6 occur during the preliminary stage resulting from the lower energy M23C6 compared with Laves phase. However, large quantities of Laves phase precipitate with longer servicing time, and the total amount exceed that of M23C6. After quenching and high- temperature tempering processes, the microstructure of this steel consists of lath martensite and precipitates comprising M23C6, Nb(C,N) and a small amount of Laves phase, while higher tempering temperature leads to larger amount of M23C6 particles. Moreover, the impact toughness can be further improved after tempering treatment at 570??+690??.     

电站用9Cr钢长时时效组织演变及冲击性能

摘要：以9Cr钢为研究对象,系统研究620℃长时时效过程中的组织演变及冲击功变化规律。结果显示,未经时效处理（原始态）的9Cr钢室温冲击功测试值为140J左右。经过长时时效处理（时效态）的9Cr钢室温冲击功降低至30J左右。原始态9Cr钢中的析出相以M23C6型碳化物为主,尺寸在100～200nm之间。时效态9Cr钢中部分M23C6相长大至500nm,且存在脆性Laves相。M23C6相的长大和Laves相的出现,在削弱合金元素的固溶强化作用的同时也造成沉淀强化作用的降低,导致高温长时时效处理后的9Cr钢的冲击性能降低。高温长时时效后的析出相整体尺寸细小且无明显聚集,表现出良好的组织稳定性。室温冲击功与时效时间的关系式（W=129.7exp(-t/1193.4)+25.     

Structure and elevated temperature properties of carbon-free ferritic alloys strengthened by a laves phase

A Laves phase, Fe₂Ta, was utilized to obtain good elevated temperature properties in a carbon-free iron alloy containing 1 at. pct Ta and 7 at. pct Cr. Room temperature embrittlement resulting from the precipitation of the Laves phase at grain boundaries was overcome by spheroidizing the precipitate. This was accomplished by thermally cycling the alloys through the α→γ transformation. The short-time yield strength of the alloys decreased very slowly with increase in test temperature up to 600°C, but above this temperature, the strength decreased rapidly. Results of constant load creep and stress rupture tests conducted at several temperatures and stresses indicated that the rupture and creep strengths of spheroidized 1 Ta-7 Cr alloy were higher than those of several commercial steels containing chromium and/or molybdenum carbides but lower than those of steels containing substantial amounts of tungsten and vanadium. When molybdenum was added to the base Fe-Ta-Cr alloy, the rupture and creep strengths were considerably increased. M. Dilip Bhandarkar, formerly with Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.     

Creep and fracture of a laves phase strengthened ferritic alloy

The microstructural changes which occurred during creep were examined in a carbon-free ferritic alloy containing 1 at. pct Ta and 7 at. pct Cr. The alloy derived its creep resistance from a uniform dispersion of almost spherical particles of the Laves phase Fe₂Ta in a bee matrix. There was a lath-like substructure in this alloy, with dislocation tangles and subgrains within the laths. Partial recovery during creep led to the formation of a regular subgrain structure. The Laves phase particles prevented total recovery by pinning individual dislocations and subgrain boundaries. The apparent activation energy for creep, the estimated stress sensitivity of minimum creep rate, and the sub-structural features observed in crept specimens suggested that creep deformation of the alloy occurred by two or more independent processes. Fracture under creep conditions was initiated by void formation at precipitate-matrix interfaces. Intergranular void formation played an important role in the fracture of creep specimens tested at 1200°F (649°C), but not at lower temperatures. M. Dilip Bhandarkar was formerly associated.     

S31042耐热钢650 ℃持久的析出相对持久塑性的影响

 S31042钢是一种重要的超临界和超超临界锅炉用钢。针对该钢持久塑性差的问题,采用扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了S31042钢在650 ℃持久前后的微观组织,主要探讨了析出相对持久塑性的影响。结果表明：持久1 608 h,S31042钢的塑性快速下降。而后塑性缓慢下降,并逐渐趋于稳定。S31042钢持久过程中主要的析出相为二次NbCrN和M23C6,长期持久会导致少量σ相和Cr3Ni2SiC的析出。S31042钢持久塑性显著下降的主要原因是由于M23C6在晶界上的析出。此外,链状M23C6、立方形M23C6以及未溶的NbCrN对S31042钢的持久塑性也有害。