P91铁素体耐热钢细晶热影响区蠕变过程中组织演化

高铬铁素体耐热钢存在的一个问题是其焊接试样的蠕变强度远低于母材,为了从组织演化角度分析其产生机制,对P91铁素体耐热钢焊接试样在600℃、100 MPa应力条件下进行了中断蠕变试验,利用扫描电镜与EBSD对蠕变过程中不同区域的微观组织进行观察,分别计算不同区域的核心平均取向差(KAM),结果表明:细晶热影响区的KAM值随着蠕变时间的增加发生显著降低,蠕变断裂后与试验前相比下降约25%,而母材的KAM值虽然有所降低,但幅度远小于细晶热影响区。经过2 000 h蠕变试验后,在细晶热影响区已经形成大量的蠕变孔洞,而相同试验条件下母材中则没有观察到蠕变孔洞。上述结果表明细晶热影响区的高温组织稳定性明显劣于母材,而引起其组织劣化的原因可能与碳化物的析出行为有关。     

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of plastic mold steel 10Ni2Cr2MnCuMoVAl

The effects of solution and aging treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of 10Ni2Cr2MnCuMoVAl plastic mold steel were experimentally studied. The results show that the dominant microstructure of 10Ni2Cr2MnCuMoVAl steel after solid solution treatment is lath martensite, and higher solution temperature results to larger width of martensite, while the highest value of hardness could be obtained after solution treatment at 890??. After aging, the microstructure consists of lath martensite, granular bainite and carbides. For steel aged at 460-520??, the strength of the material gradually increased with higher aging temperature, while the toughness decreased gradually. When the temperature exceeded 520??, higher temperature led to decreased hardness and increased toughness. Compared the mechanical properties of steel aged at 540?? for different time, the test steel reached the peak of mechanical properties at 8h. By comparing the mechanical properties of the test steels after different aging treatments, the optimized heat treatment process of 10Ni2Cr2MnCuMoVAl steel is solution treatment at 880?? for 2h with air cooling and tempering temperature at 540?? for 4h with air cooling.     

9Cr马氏体耐热钢发展及其蠕变寿命预测

9Cr马氏体耐热钢是目前热电厂关键设备制造的主选钢种,其最大的特点是600℃左右高温服役条件下良好的持久强度,较好的抗腐蚀性能。本文主要阐述了9Cr马氏体耐热钢的发展及其研究的最新进展,从材料的组织结构、蠕变特性和蠕变寿命预测等多方面叙述了有关9Cr马氏体耐热钢的研究动态。     

Review of research developments of 12Cr1MoVG heat resistant steel in China

In this paper,we review the evolution of 12CrlMoV steel standards at home and abroad,analyze the effects of various elements and determine their optimal contents in steel.The influence of heat treatment and microstructure on the creep strength of 12Cr1MoV steel is investigated.Statistical results from conventional mechanical properties,ductile-brittle transition temperature,high temperature oxidation resistance,aging,instant high temperature properties,and creep are introduced.The results show that the chemical composition and heat treatment process of 12CrlMoVG steel identified in the GB 5310-2008 standard is appropriate,resulting in a steel with higher creep strength and good comprehensive properties.     

Alloy steel pipes and furnace tubes for petrochemical industry

The equipments and pipes serving at high temperature and pressure and the presence of hydrogen in the petrochemical industry are usually made of Cr-Mo steels.Cr9Mo pipes replacing Cr5Mo are widely used in many parts of/with high-sulfur crude oil refining equipment to meet the more demanding high temperature anticorrosion and oxidation resistance requirements.The mechanical property,creep rupture property and high temperature oxidation-resistant property of domestic Cr9Mo steel are at the same level as the similar foreign products.Three years applications indicate that domestic Cr9Mo steel can fully meet the service requirements of petrochemical industries.Finally,this paper presents the material selection guidelines for the key oil refining devices processing of low sulfur/high acid crude oil.     

Effect of microstructure on corrosion behavior of low carbon high chrome steel

The two types of microstructure of low carbon and high chromium steel (5Cr) were obtained through the test smelting, rolling and quenching after rolling.Corrosion performance of 5 mass%Cr steel and Q235 steel were researched by means of cyclic wetting and drying corrosion test in 2 mass% NaCl solution.Corrosion behavior and corrosion rust layers were analyzed by OM, SEM, EDS, XRD, cyclic wetting and drying corrosion tester and electrochemical testing. The results show that after the specimens were immersed and etched in 2 mass% NaCl solution for 72h, the different microstructures of 5Cr steel have great influence on the resistance to chloride ion corrosion. B+F+M microstructure of 5Cr steel shows lower corrosion rate than Q235 steel, 5Cr steel with martensite microstructure also shows lower corrosion rate than Q235 steel. Corrosion susceptibility of 5Cr steel with martensite structure is weaker than complex organization.The stratification of chromium oxide, oxyhydroxide, and iron oxide exists in the chromium- containing steel rust layer, in which the Cr enrichment maximum value is 17 mass%, and the lowest is 1 mass%.Lath martensite formed by quenching process makes the corrosion potential rise, ??- FeOOH and ??- FeOOH form. Bainite+ferrite phase and adverse phenomenon of Cr steel may cause the poor corrosion resistance.     

基于热加工图的中碳钢加工性能分析

??Taking LZ50 steel as deformation material?? the stress- strain curves during hot compression was analyzed. The mathematical model of peak stress and strain?? critical stress and strain?? steady stress and strain as well as the stress and strain at which material exhibited maximum flow softening were established by liner regression method. The hot processing map of LZ50 steel under different strains was plotted to predict microstructure evolution behavior during forging process in order to guide production and processing. The results indicate that work hardening rate increases when temperature decreases or strain rate increases. The hot processing map of Murty criterion is optimum to predict the microstructure evolution of LZ50 steel during hot forming by comparing three different instability criterion??s hot processing maps??Prasad criterion?? Murty criterion and Poletti criterion??. The zone of high temperature and high strain rate hasn??t obvious microstructure defects?? so it??s ??false instability range??. The most optimum range for LZ50 steel deformation is zone of medium temperature and medium strain rate?? such as 1020?? and 0. 5s-1?? where the structure is homogeneous and the grain keeps equiaxed after deformation.     

热处理工艺对2Cr12NiMo1W1V叶片钢组织和性能的影响

 为了解决2Cr12NiMo1W1V钢短时持久性能低的问题,采用OIM、SEM、TEM等手段研究了不同淬火和回火工艺下超超临界叶片用2Cr12NiMo1W1V马氏体耐热钢的组织、室温力学性能及短时持久性能。结果表明,随着淬火温度的提升,抗拉强度和冲击吸收功略有增加,屈服强度和硬度呈降低趋势,塑性变形不明显,合金的持久性能显著增加。2Cr12NiMo1W1V优化的热处理工艺为1 038 ℃淬火+675 ℃回火,合金的强韧性和持久性能较好。微观组织分析表明,提高淬火温度,合金中的大颗粒M₂₃C₆的碳化物更多固溶到基体中,并在回火过程中大量析出细小的M₂₃C₆相,减少了短时持久过程中裂纹起源,阻碍位错运动,使合金抵抗高温变形的能力增加,改善了合金的持久性能。     

New approach to predict the long-term creep behaviour and evolution of precipitate back-stress of 9–12% chromium steels

Modern advanced 9–12 % Cr steels are complex alloys with excellent creep strength even at high temperatures up to 620°C. The mechanical properties of these steels are significantly influenced by the presence and stability of various precipitate populations. Numerous secondary phases grow, coarsen and, sometimes, dissolve again during heat treatment and service, which leads to a varying obstacle effect of these precipitates on dislocation movement. In this work, the experimentally observed creep rupture strength of an modified 9–12% Cr steel developed in the European COST Group is compared to the calculated maximal obstacle effect (Orowan stress) caused by the precipitates present in these steels for different heat treatment conditions. It is shown that the differences in creep rupture strength caused by different heat treatments disappear after long time service. This observation is discussed on the basis of the calculated evolution of the precipitate microstructure. The concept of boosting long-term creep rupture strength by maximizing the initial creep strength with optimum quality heat treatment parameters for precipitation strengthening is critically assessed.     

Dynamic Recrystallization of Hot Deformed 3Cr2NiMnMo Steel: Modeling and Numerical Simulation

Hot compression tests of 3Cr2NiMnMo steel were performed at temperatures in the range of 850 to 1100 °C and with strain rates of 10^?2s^?1 to 1s^?1. Both the constitutive equations and the hot deformation activation energy were derived from the correlativity of flow stress, strain rate and temperature. The mathematical models of the dynamic recrystallization of 3Cr2NiMnMo steel, which include the dynamic recrystallization kinetics model and the crystallization grain size model, are based on Avrami's law and the results of thermosimulation experiments. By integrating derived dynamic recrystallization models with the thermal-mechanical coupled finite element method, the microstructure evolution in hot compressive deformation was simulated. The distribution of dynamic recrystallization grains and grain sizes were determined through a comparison of the simulation results with the experimental results. The distribution of strain and dynamic recrystallization grain is also discussed. The similarity between the experimental results and the simulated results indicates that the derived dynamic recrystallization models can be applied effectively to predict and analyze the microstructure evolution in hot deformed 3Cr2NiMnMo steel.     

国内外高氮马氏体不锈轴承钢研究现状与发展

 高碳铬不锈钢是应用最为广泛的不锈轴承钢,其具有较高的硬度和一定的耐蚀性,然而较高的碳、铬质量分数导致粗大碳化物的出现,轴承钢的疲劳和耐蚀性能将受到损害。相比之下,钢中添加氮元素能够减少粗大共晶碳化物的数量,同时析出大量细小的氮化物及碳氮化物,氮代碳既强化基体又改善耐蚀性,从而获得高强度与良好耐蚀性。介绍了含氮轴承钢及含氮马氏体轴承钢的发展历程,分析了不锈轴承钢中氮元素对组织结构、力学性能和耐蚀性能的作用机理;介绍国内外含氮轴承钢的研究现状并指出了含氮轴承钢研究的不足,需要在氮溶解模型、氮对组织演变及耐蚀机制等方面进行基础理论研究,同时不断研发不同系列的含氮马氏体轴承钢。     

S31042耐热钢650 ℃持久的析出相对持久塑性的影响

 S31042钢是一种重要的超临界和超超临界锅炉用钢。针对该钢持久塑性差的问题,采用扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了S31042钢在650 ℃持久前后的微观组织,主要探讨了析出相对持久塑性的影响。结果表明：持久1 608 h,S31042钢的塑性快速下降。而后塑性缓慢下降,并逐渐趋于稳定。S31042钢持久过程中主要的析出相为二次NbCrN和M23C6,长期持久会导致少量σ相和Cr3Ni2SiC的析出。S31042钢持久塑性显著下降的主要原因是由于M23C6在晶界上的析出。此外,链状M23C6、立方形M23C6以及未溶的NbCrN对S31042钢的持久塑性也有害。     

汽轮机转子材料的高温时效研究

利用金相显微镜，扫描电子显微镜及Ｘ射线衍射仪对国内外常用的两种汽轮机转子材料３０Ｃｒ２ＭｏＶ和２８ＣｒＮｉＭｏ１Ｖ钢在高温时效过程中的组织与性能变化进行了研究，并对两者进行了比较。     

HT9钢的高温蠕变性能研究

??The tensile creep of HT9 steel was measured at 700 and 800?? with different stress levels. Stress exponent was fitted by power law relation. Rupture time vs. minimum creep rate of HT9 steel was fitted by M- G relationship and modified M- G relationship. The fracture morphology after creeping and the creep mechanism and damage mechanism were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X- ray diffraction. The results showed that the minimum creep rate and creep rupture time of HT9 steel obeyed a linear relationship with the stress in double logarithmic coordinates, which could be described by M- G and modified M- G relationship. The stress exponent increased with the temperature. The dislocations bypassed the second phase particles during the creep process according to the Orowan mechanism. The fracture had a distinct dimple structure, and some of the second phase particles coarsened. The oxidation of HT9 steel was obvious during the creep at 800??. The main precipitates were M23C6 during the creep, which showed different forms, with significant differences in the size of the precipitated phases. The damage mechanism of HT9 steel included external cross- sectional area loss, material microstructure degradation, environmental damage, etc. There may also be internal sectional area loss.     

热处理工艺对2Cr11Mo1VNbN耐热钢组织和性能的影响

 为了解决2Cr11Mo1VNbN钢短时持久性能低的问题,采用OM、SEM、TEM等手段研究了不同淬火和回火工艺下超超临界叶片用2Cr11Mo1VNbN马氏体耐热钢的组织、室温力学性能及短时持久性能。结果表明,随着淬火温度的提升,强度和硬度增加,冲击吸收功在1 075 ℃后呈降低趋势;1 125 ℃淬火+660 ℃回火后,该钢的649 ℃+228 MPa的短时持久性能明显提升。回火温度高于660 ℃,强度和硬度降低,冲击吸收功增加,短时持久性能急速衰减。微观组织分析表明,提高淬火温度,合金中的一次粗大铌的碳化物更多地固溶到基体中,析出数量减少,固溶强化作用增加,强度和硬度增加,使合金的弱化区减少,提高了材料抵抗高温变形的能力,改善了合金的持久性能。     

铬质量分数控制对P92钢组织和性能的影响

 针对用户在高压锅炉管使用过程中提出的在ASME标准要求的范围内将P92中铬质量分数的下限由8.5%提高至9.0%的需求,对ASME要求下限和上限两种质量分数的P92钢的常规性能、组织和高温长时性能均进行对比,并对不同加热温度下高铬质量分数P92中出现高温δ铁素体的量进行对比讨论。试验结果表明,铬质量分数提高能够提高P92的常温强度和高温持久强度,但降低常温冲击功和高温蠕变后的面缩率和伸长率,钢管在服役过程中发生无预警断裂的几率大大增加。同时控制高铬质量分数P92的加热温度能够控制高温δ铁素体的产生。     

A coupled damage model for creep

Alloy steels of type 9Cr1Mo are being developed worldwide for the boiler and turbine components of supercritical and ultra supercritical thermal power plants and for the pressure vessel of fast breeder reactors. These steels exhibit very complex high temperature creep cavitation processes with coupled influences of creep strain, material softening and ageing etc. A new viscoplastic model considering both deformation and damage evolution has been developed in this work to predict high temperature creep deformation and damage of a 9Cr1Mo steel. Smooth tensile specimens have been analysed using this new model and the evolution of creep damage has been predicted. The results have been compared with those of experiment from literature. From the initial results, it is observed that this approach is very promising to carry out design and fitness-for-purpose of service of actual plant components.     

Effect of Microstructure on the Accelerated Creep of 20CrMoV12‐1 and P 91 Steels

In the initial part the change of microstructure for steel X20 CrMoV 121 is discussed in terms of the distribution of carbide precipitates and its effects on accelerated creep resistance and hardness are presented. In the following, experimental results of microstructure and accelerated creep resistance are presented for the steels X20CrMoV 121 and P91 annealed for up to 8760 hours at 650°C and 750°C before the testing. A similar evolution of the distribution of carbide particles of a size above 102 nm is found for both steels, while the accelerated creep resistance is diminished much stronger for the steel X20CrMoV 121. This difference is due to a greater stability of NbC than that of VC precipitates, both related to the evolution of the chemical composition of complex chromium, molybdenum and iron carbide particles.     

Evolution of Crystallographic Texture and Microstructure During Cold Rolling of Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel: Experiments and Simulations

A systematic investigation of the evolution of deformation microstructure and texture of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel during cold rolling has been carried out using electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction, as well as viscoplastic self-consistent simulations. It is found that extensive twinning leads to the formation of the strong Brass {110}??112?? and Goss {110}??001?? components in TWIP steel even at low strains. At higher reduction, heterogeneous deformation contributes to further strengthening of Brass (Bs) component. The origin and stability of Bs component as well as the impact of the evolution of texture and microstructure on mechanical anisotropy is further explored using viscoplastic self-consistent simulations.     

Thermal treatment improving creep properties of nitrogen-added Mod.9Cr-1Mo steels

Generation IV reactors are being developed to produce a reliable energy safely and with an economic benefit, because nuclear energy is being seriously considered to meet the increasing demand for a world-wide energy supply without environmental effects. Ferritic/martensitic steels are attracting attention as candidate materials for the Gen-IV reactors due to their high strength and thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion, and good resistance to corrosion. In recent years, new ferritic/martensitic steels have been developed for ultra supercritical fossil power plants through advanced technologies for steel fabrication. The microstructural stability of these materials for the pressure vessel, cladding and core structure of the VHTR and SFR is very important. Nitrogen is a precipitation hardening element, and the thermal stability of nitrides is superior to that of carbides. So the formation of nitrides may improve the thermal stability of the microstructure and eventually increase the creep rupture strength of high Cr steels. The effect of nitrogen on the creep rupture strength and microstructure evolution of nitrogen-added Mod.9Cr-1Mo steels has been studied. Creep testing was carried out at 873 and 923 K under constant load conditions. The optimum controlled Cr₂X precipitates were developed by special heat treatment, and they were not dissolved after a creep deformation. These fine and stable Cr₂X precipitates contributed to the increase of the creep rupture strength. The prior austenite grain size and martensite lath width were decreased by the resultant stable nitrides.