Microstructure and texture evolution of high temperature nitriding Hi- B steel during secondary recrystallization

Effects of different annealing temperatures on the microstructure and texture during the secondary recrystallization of Hi- B steel manufactured by simulating CSP process were studied by Zeiss Axioplan optical microscope(OM), NOVA400 Nano field emission scanning electron microscope(SEM) and electron back- scattered diffraction(EBSD). The results show that Goss grains grow abnormally at 1040??, and the grains are fine and uniform before abnormal growth. The {111}??112?? and {411}??148?? textures are the main textures. A small number of grains grow rapidly after abnormal growth, and the Goss texture is the main texture. The distributions of misorientation angle of Goss, {111}??112?? and {411}??148?? orientation are mainly between 20??-45??, the high energy boundary theory (HE) can explain the abnormal growth of the Goss grain. The CSL grain boundary ratio of the matrix is relatively low, the proportion of the ??3 grain boundaries with poor mobility is high, the proportion of the ??5, ??7, ??9 grain boundaries is low, and CSL grain boundary theory is not persuasive for abnormal growth of Goss grains.     

Evolution of Crystallographic Texture and Microstructure During Cold Rolling of Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel: Experiments and Simulations

A systematic investigation of the evolution of deformation microstructure and texture of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel during cold rolling has been carried out using electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction, as well as viscoplastic self-consistent simulations. It is found that extensive twinning leads to the formation of the strong Brass {110}??112?? and Goss {110}??001?? components in TWIP steel even at low strains. At higher reduction, heterogeneous deformation contributes to further strengthening of Brass (Bs) component. The origin and stability of Bs component as well as the impact of the evolution of texture and microstructure on mechanical anisotropy is further explored using viscoplastic self-consistent simulations.     

常化及冷轧压下率对Hi-B钢初次再结晶织构影响

 为了研究Hi-B钢的常化工艺(二段式常化)及不同冷轧压下率(63.8%、75.2%及87.1%)对其初次再结晶退火（820 ℃,5 min）后织构的影响,采用CSP工艺试制以Cu2S和AlN作为抑制剂的方法进行模拟。利用NOVA400 Nano SEM场发射扫描电子显微镜对初次再结晶退火后的微观织构进行EBSD数据采集,从晶粒取向、ODF分析以及特征取向线分析3个方面对织构进行分析。结果表明,经常化后再冷轧初次退火后Hi-B钢的组织更加均匀,高斯织构和有利的{111}〈112〉织构相对较多,织构间发生了转变,对产生高斯织构有利的{111}〈112〉织构为主要转变产物。在压下率为87.1%时,有良好的晶粒取向以及合适的取向线分布。     

Texture evolution by grain growth in the presence of MnS and AIN precipitates in Fe-3% Si alloy

Texture evolution by grain growth in the presence of MnS and AIN precipitates in Fe-3% Si alloy was investigated by X-ray diffraction and electron channelling technique. Two texture groups A and B evolved from the primary texture (grain diameter of 6 μm) composed mainly of {111} 〈112〉 oriented grains. The group A (grain diameter of 2600 μm) were mainly composed of two subgroups, one with Goss oriented grains and another with Goss oriented grains rotated around ND axis by about 15 and 20°, while the group B (grain diameter of 700 μm) had an intensity level of about one seventh of that of the group A and had orientations centering around {112} 〈110〉. The ideal Goss or near Goss oriented grains of group A were infrequent in the primary recrystallized structure and made few Σ1 boundaries. They made large numbers of Σ9 boundaries though, or had a large value of the product (number of grains at orientation × number of σ9 boundaries made by them). The grains in orientations within the texture group B were fairly frequent in the primary structure and made large numbers of Σ1 boundaries. The value of the product (number of grains at orientation × number of Σ9 boundaries made by them) was large. The mechanism of the evolution of the A and B groups is considered to be due to (1), the higher mobility, in the presence of precipitate inhibitors, of adjacent grains in Σ9 coincidence or in coincidence orientations with a 〈110〉 rotation axis; (2), because Σ1 related grains are stable and less mobile under these conditions.     

Analysis of primary recrystallization texture and grain boundary character distributions of low temperature grain- oriented silicon steel

In surface, sub- surface and center layer of low temperature grain- oriented silicon steel, the primary recrystallization texture and GBCD(Grain Boundary Character Distributions) based on HE (High Energy) and CSL (Coincidence Site Lattice) grain boundary theories were studied by EBSD(Electron Backscattered Diffraction). The results show that the primary recrystallization textures are mainly ?? fiber and {114}??418?? texture. Goss grains are mainly distributed on the surface and subsurface layer and the average grain size decreases gradually from the surface to the central layer. The misorientation distribution between the matrix and the Goss grains is mainly concentrated in the 20??-45?? which can form the high energy grain boundary, and the Goss grains in the sub- surface layer has the highest proportion of misorientation in 20??-45??. The type of CSL grain boundary is mainly ??3 and a little ??5, ??7, ??9 boundaries could be found in matrix.     

MgO涂层对Hi-B钢织构与抑制剂的影响

研究了MgO涂层对Hi-B钢高温退火过程中组织织构与抑制剂的影响。借助磁性能测试仪测试其磁性能,使用金相显微镜(OM)观察试样组织,借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和EBSD技术进行抑制剂观察和织构检测,利用投射电子显微镜(TEM)及能谱仪(EDS)进行能谱分析。结果表明:氧化镁涂层能延缓抑制剂粒子的分解,保持较高的粒子分布密度,进而抑制初次再结晶晶粒的粗化,提高二次再结晶的开始温度。另一方面涂层能影响二次再结晶过程。无涂层样品与氢气直接接触,较多接近{110}面织构而与〈001〉晶向偏差较大的晶粒发生了异常长大,导致二次再结晶晶粒数量更多,尺寸更小且Goss织构比较散漫。有涂层样品Goss织构更加锋锐且磁性能更优。     

冷轧退火温度对301L织构和晶界特征的影响

 利用电子背散射衍射技术,研究了冷轧后亚稳态奥氏体不锈钢301L的退火织构和晶界特征,分析了不同冷轧退火温度对织构和晶界特征的影响。结果表明,冷轧退火后奥氏体不锈钢301L的织构主要由Copper{112}<111>,Brass{110}<112>,Goss{110}<001>和S{123}<634>组成,并且随着退火温度的升高,织构强度逐渐减弱,重位点阵晶界Σ3晶界含量明显增加,其他重位点阵晶界含量没有明显变化。     

退火工艺对3.15 % Si冷轧无取向硅钢组织和织构的影响

试验研究了退火温度（850~950℃）和时间（5~18 min）对2.3 mm热轧硅钢板（/%:0.036C,3.15Si,0.21Mn,0.005P,0.007S,0.032Al）6道次轧制的0.35 mm冷轧板组织和织构的影响。结果表明,退火温度越高,晶粒平均尺寸越大,900℃5 min退火时平均晶粒尺寸41.39μm,试样织构主要集中在γ取向线上的{111}＜112＞;织构组分和{111}＜110＞;织构组分;900℃18 min退火时平均晶粒尺寸为48.08μm,试样的{111}面织构和{112}面织构密度都明显减弱,{001}面织构增强,磁性能较优。     

冷轧压下率对Hi-B钢初次再结晶织构的影响

研究模拟CSP工艺试制Hi-B钢在不同冷轧压下率(73%、78%、83%、88%及93%)下对其初次再结晶退火(850℃,5 min)后织构的影响。使用Zeiss Axioplan金相显微镜观察组织,借助NOVA400 Nano SEM型场发射扫描电子显微镜进行微观织构EBSD(电子背散射技术)数据采集,利用二次萃取复型法制样并通过JEM-2100透射电子显微镜(TEM)及能谱仪(EDS)观察压下率为88%的初次再结晶样品中抑制剂析出情况。结果表明:Hi-B钢冷轧的最合适压下率约为88%,冷轧初次再结晶退火(850℃,5 min)后晶粒细小,组织良好,有一定的Goss晶粒,有利的{111}112织构含量较高和较多的∑9、∑3、∑5有利CSL晶界。抑制剂(主要为Cu2S)析出较多,平均尺寸大小约为50.15 nm,平均面分布密度约为1.54×109个/cm2。     

薄板坯连铸连轧流程Fe-3%Si钢热轧板和常化板织构

在实验室按照薄板坯连铸连轧工艺流程试制了Fe-3%Si硅钢热轧板,采用EBSD和X射线衍射方法观察了A钢和B钢热轧板和常化板的织构组织,分析了α、ε和γ取向线上织构取向密度变化规律。A和B钢热轧板具有相似的{110}〈112〉和、{001}〈110〉和{001}〈010〉和高斯织构组织,A试样表层的晶粒均匀性较差,B试样具有较强的γ织构取向。采用EBSD观察比较了A钢和B钢热轧板和常化板的垂直TD面的EBSD微观织构组织,A钢和B钢常化退火后基本保留了热轧时形成的中心部位的组织,而次表层和表层晶粒发生了再结晶长大,晶粒组织和织构梯度减小,织构主要集中在{001}〈^-1^-10〉和{001}〈0^10〉和之间以及高斯织构上。常化后织构的总体强度下降,高斯强度减弱。试验研究结果为开发薄板坯连铸连轧短流程生产电工钢技术提供理论依据和参考数据。     

Microstructure,texture and precipitates of grain-oriented silicon steel produced by thin slab casting and rolling process

A grain-oriented silicon steel strip with AlN as main inhibitor was produced by thin slab casting and rolling (TSCR) process.The microstructure, texture and precipitates of the hot-rolled strip were investigated by use of optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffractometer, transmission electron micro-scope (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS).The result shows that the microstructure and texture exhibit a through-thickness gradient similar to that of the hot-rolled strip produced by con-ventional high-temperature slab-reheating process;the preferred orientation varies from{110}<001>in the surface layer to{001}<110> in the center layer, and the Goss texture with a maximum inten-sity mainly concentrates on the surface layer.In addition, some other texture components, for ex-ample rotated Goss texture, form in the 1/4 thickness layer, which are not observed in the hot-rolled strip produced by conventional high-temperature slab-reheating process.The precipitates in the hot-rolled strip are mainly (Mn,Cu)S and AlN compound particles with dimension of 100-200 nm, and the fine precipitates are significantly less than that in the hot-rolled strip produced by conven-tional high-temperature slab-reheating process.Moreover, the areal density of the fine precipitates in the center layer is more than that in the surface layer.     

再结晶阶段加热速度对低碳冷轧板罩式退火过程组织和织构的影响

在实验室条件下模拟CSP热轧板为基板生产的低碳冷轧板罩式退火过程,研究再结晶阶段加热速度对冷轧板罩式退火过程组织和织构的影响。结果表明,压下率83.3%的冷轧板,随着再结晶阶段加热速度的增加,会使试样再结晶温度降低,再结晶过程提前完成,{001}110织构变强,{111}110织构先减少后增加,{111}112织构先减少后增加出现峰值,当加热速度超过50℃/h时又减小。在加热速度30~40℃/h间变形织构{112}110有较低的密度值。再结晶阶段加热速度40℃/h的退火工艺成品组织为饼形晶粒,{001}110织构密度较低,{111}110和{111}112密度较强,密度值接近。     

Texture Evolution of Abnormal Grains with Post-Deposition Annealing Temperature in Nanocrystalline Cu Thin Films

We have examined the evolution of abnormal grain growth texture with increasing post-deposition annealing temperature in nanocrystalline Cu films (20 nm thick) deposited on an amorphous SiN _x (20 nm)/Si substrate. Texture is analyzed by a TEM-based orientation and phase mapping technique based on precession electron diffraction. The as-deposited film, which has an initial grain size of ~12 nm in diameter, already shows a signature of abnormal grain growth, exhibiting a bimodal grain size distribution. Texture is analyzed by calculating area fractions of major components. The overall texture of the as-deposited film is identified to be ??110??, but ??100?? grains occupy the largest fraction in the abnormally grown grain areas, followed by ??111?? grains. After annealing at 398 K, 573 K, and 773 K (125 °C, 300 °C, and 500 °C), the overall texture turns to ??112??. After annealing at 398 K (125 °C), abnormally grown grains have a major ??112?? component. The situation is similar for the film annealed at 573 K (300 °C). After annealing at 773 K (500 °C), the abnormal grain growth texture evolved into major ??111??. The ??100?? component found in the abnormal grain growth texture for the as-deposited film is clearly explained by elastic strain energy minimization and the ??111?? component for the as-deposited film and the film annealed at 773 K (500 °C) is explained by surface energy minimization. The development of the ??112?? texture obtained after annealing at 398 K and 573 K (125 °C and 300 °C) is not explained by either elastic strain energy minimization or surface energy minimization. We suggest that it is clarified by assuming that the Cu film system is perfectly elastic?Cplastic, which is associated with the Taylor factors.     

Texture Produced by Abnormal Grain Growth in Friction Stir-Welded Aluminum Alloy 1050

The texture produced by abnormal grain growth in friction stir-welded (FSWed) aluminum alloy 1050 was shown to be dominated by the Brass {110}〈112〉, R {124}〈211〉 and S {123}〈634〉 orientations. These orientations were present in the simple shear texture developed during friction stir welding (FSW) and their preferential growth was hypothesized to be induced by relatively low stored energy.     

铝板轧制织构的定量研究

对无初始织构的工业纯铝轧制织构的研究和分析表明,取向空间、取向分布函数、正态分布模型以及取向线分析是研究织构得力而又十分简便的手段,具有许多优点。在多晶铝轧制过程中取向空间内的β线是取向最终稳定线。随变形量的提高,晶粒在β线上的聚集程度不断提高。轧制过程中主要的织构分量为C{112}<111>、S{123}<634>、B{110}<112>和G{110}<001>。它们在变形中的稳定性在此也作了分析和讨论。     

铝和铬在无取向电工钢晶粒长大过程中对晶界的作用

研究了铝和铬元素在无取向电工钢晶粒长大过程中对织构及晶界变化的影响规律.试验结果表明:电工钢在晶粒长大过程中的主要织构组分均为{111}＜112＞.在晶粒生长期间,不加铝的1号试样中,{111}＜112＞、{111}＜110＞织构组分强化,而{100}＜001＞织构组分弱化;与1号试样相比,在加入0.2%的铝(质量分数...     

无抑制剂取向硅钢的再结晶织构与析出物

采用无抑制剂法制备取向硅钢,并采用XRD、TEM等方法对无抑制剂取向硅钢热轧到初次再结晶阶段的织构与析出物进行了研究。实验结果表明,热轧板的织构主体为γ线织构,并含有少量的立方织构{100}001和Goss织构{110}001;常化后立方织构{100}001减弱,织构的主体为γ线织构;初次再结晶退火后织构主要由γ线织构及少量的α线织构组成。通过对第二相质点的观察发现,析出物主要由铁的氧化物和硅的氧化物组成,均不是抑制剂,说明该取向硅钢并不是依靠第二相质点来抑制初次再结晶晶粒长大的。     

Texture Evolution of Columnar Grains in Electrical Steel During Hot Rolling

Columnar grains in cast slabs of electrical steel show strong anisotropy in grain orientation and morphology and thus influence the subsequent microstructure and texture after hot rolling significantly. The texture evolution of hot rolled sheets containing initial columnar grains with their <100> directions approximately parallel to the rolling direction (RD), transverse direction (TD) and normal direction (ND) of the hot rolled sheets was investigated by using EBSD technique. The results indicated that, whatever the initial texture of the columnar grains was, typical Goss, brass-type and copper-type shear texture component could develop in shear-deformed surface region. The copper-type texture formed under the maximum shearing force with the fine, sheared or dynamically recrystallized grains, and Goss grains were mainly elongated and deformed grains, while brass grains behaved between them. Additionally, the rotating relationship of the three types of shear textures was different due to the restriction of grain boundaries. In homogenously deformed center region, the RD sample contained more {112} <110> grains, and TD sample was covered by {100} textures such as {100}<011> and {100}<021> with coarse grains, while the ND sample developed many {100}<011> grains which were attributed to more {100} grains in the initial sample. Remarkable texture transition occurred on both sides of grain boundaries when {110} grains were adjacent to α-fiber texture grains. It was found that significant texture gradient and preferred distribution of rotating axis existed in the soft orientation grains on the α-fiber when the grains neighbored hard grains on γ-fiber.     

Effect of Cold Rolling Reduction Rate on Secondary Recrystallized Texture in 3 Pct Si-Fe Steel

The phenomenon of secondary recrystallization in 3 pct Si-Fe electrical steel subjected to relatively high cold rolling reduction rates has been investigated. The texture of the secondary recrystallized sample that has a cold rolling reduction rate of 97.2 pct consists mainly of {110}〈112〉 component, which is quite different from the ideal Goss ({110}〈001〉) texture obtained after lower cold rolling reduction rates. The grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) analysis on the primary recrystallized sample with a cold rolling reduction rate of 97.2 pct indicates that the {110}〈112〉 component has the highest frequency of high energy (HE) boundary with a misorientation angle between 20 and 45 deg, whereas the Goss component in the sample subjected to lower cold rolling reduction rates has the highest frequency of HE boundary. These results indicate that the component with the highest frequency of HE boundary surrounding it after primary recrystallization has the privilege to outgrow other components during secondary recrystallization. However, the GBCD analysis for coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundary points out that the Goss component has the highest frequency of CSL boundaries in the primary recrystallized texture irrespective of the cold rolling reduction applied. These results suggest that the HE model can predict the orientation relationship between the primary and secondary recrystallized textures better than the CSL model.     

铁素体不锈钢铸轧薄带凝固组织对冷轧退火带晶粒簇的影响

 研究了Cr17铁素体不锈钢铸轧薄带凝固组织对其冷轧退火带晶粒簇、成形性和皱折特性的影响。利用电子背散射衍射技术对Cr17铁素体不锈钢铸轧薄带及相应的冷轧退火带进行了显微织构分析。结果表明：①Cr17铁素体不锈钢铸轧薄带冷轧退火带的晶粒簇依赖于初始铸轧薄带的凝固组织类型;②柱状晶组织的铸轧薄带具有显著的{001}∥ND晶体取向特征,而等轴晶组织的铸轧薄带晶体取向随机、分散;③等轴晶组织铸轧薄带比柱状晶组织铸轧薄带的冷轧退火带具有更少的{001}<110>晶粒簇和更多的{111}<112>、{111}<110>晶粒簇;④铸轧薄带的等轴晶组织比柱状晶组织有利于提高冷轧退火带的成形和抗皱性能。