含氮316L不锈钢氮合金化工艺研究

在常压和真空条件下研究了温度与氮分压对316L不锈钢中氮溶解度的影响,钢中氮的溶解度随着温度的降低而升高,随着氮分压的增大而增大.建立了316L不锈钢氮溶解度热力学计算模型,不同吹氮条件下氮溶解度实测值与热力学模型计算值较吻合.在1773~1873K条件下,生产控氮型316L不锈钢,氮分压要控制在6~28kPa以上;生产中氮型316L不锈钢,氮分压要控制在22~101kPa以上.常压下吹氮10min,钢液含氮量即可超过0.10%.     

316L不锈钢中氮气合金化行为

通过FactSage热力学计算软件和实验室实验研究了在常压和真空条件下温度、氮分压和碳含量对316L不锈钢中氮溶解度的影响.结果表明：钢中氮的溶解度随着温度的降低而升高,随着氮分压的增大而增大,随着钢液碳含量的增加而减少,其中氮分压对钢液氮溶解度的影响最大.不同吹氮条件下氮溶解度实测值与FactSage热力学软件计算值较吻合.生产控氮型316L不锈钢可以在吹氧脱碳阶段实现,生产氮质量分数大于0.10%的中氮型316L不锈钢,只能在氮分压大于30kPa的加料阶段以及破真空后大气微调阶段实现.     

烧结工艺对316L不锈钢组织与性能的影响

通过研究烧结气氛和烧结温度对冷等静压态316L不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响,探究了烧结的致密化过程,并初步分析了挤压之后不锈钢的组织与性能。发现真空条件下获得的力学性能均比Ar气氛下烧结的好;在N2气氛烧结的不锈钢抗拉强度为803.5 MPa,屈服强度为407.2 MPa,但是断后延伸率仅为33.7%。在真空气氛下进行烧结,随温度的升高,孔隙率下降、孔隙尺寸减小并发生球化;通过对比烧结温度的影响,得出在1 380℃进行烧结获得的力学性能最好,抗拉强度为578.4 MPa,断后伸长率为52.0%,并且晶粒比较细小。经过挤压处理,不锈钢晶粒进一步细化,抗拉强度为675.6 MPa,屈服强度为305.4 MPa,断后伸长率为45.6%。     

粉料粒度对316L不锈钢多孔材料孔隙结构和透气性能的影响

采用粉末冶金法制备316L不锈钢多孔透气材料,研究了不同不锈钢粉料粒度(D50=2.5μm,39.2μm,64.3μm)对多孔材料气孔率、孔径尺寸和透气性的影响。结果表明:随着粉料粒度的增加,多孔材料的气孔率和最大孔径增大,透气性降低,其中D50=2.5μm不锈钢粉料所制备的多孔材料透气性最高,达到4.79 m~3/(h·k Pa·m~2)。分析认为随着粉料粒度的增加颗粒在混料、成型和烧成工艺中的外形变化是导致多孔材料透气性反而随着粒度增加呈下降趋势的主要原因。     

添加金属粉末对粉末冶金316L不锈钢性能的影响

研究了分别添加20％（质量分数）铜粉、锡粉，铝粉对粉末冶金3161，不锈钢性能的影响。在烧结温度为1100℃、烧结气氛为分解氨的条件下，对烧结材料的硬度、密度和显微组织进行了检测和分析。结果表明：添加20％铝粉可显著提高不锈钢粉末的压制性，但铝粉会与不锈钢基体发生强烈的化学反应，生成Fe2Al，恶化材料的性能；添加20％锡粉可显著提高材料的硬度；添加20％铜粉对材料的硬度影响不大。添加大量低熔点金属粉末的液相烧结不能显著提高材料的密度。     

316L不锈钢粉末高速压制行为

采用自行设计制造的18m高落锤式高速压机,研究316L不锈钢粉末的高速压制行为.实验结果表明,冲击速度增大可有效提高生坯密度,对室温粉末进行高速压制,当冲击速度从10 m/s提高到18m/s时,生坯密度从7.18 g/cm3提高到7.61 g/cm3.而在同样冲击速度下,对160℃温粉末进行高速压制时,生坯密度从7.33 g/cm3提高到7.76 g/cm3.同时生坯强度随冲击速度的提高而升高,冲击速度从10 m/s提高到18m/s时,160℃压制的生坯强度从72.5 MPa提高到94.1 MPa,室温压制生坯强度从62.1MPa提高到89.3MPa.通过对生坯SEM照片的分析,得知高速压制过程中粉末会发生严重的塑性变形和碎裂现象,孔隙的形状也会发生改变.该文还对高速压制致密化机理进行了探讨,指出在较高的速度压制时,颗粒间的摩擦和绝热剪切作用使粉末颗粒界面的温度升高,有利于粉末颗粒的塑性变形和焊合,从而有效提高了生坯的密度.     

热处理对316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响

通过试验研究了不同热处理工艺对316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响.试验结果表明,1 000℃固溶处理30min的硬度最大(77.8 HRB)、晶粒最细.若提高固溶处理温度,可以改善钢的抗腐蚀性,但温度过高,会降低钢的硬度.与固溶处理相比,由于发生时效硬化,固溶处理后进行时效处理的硬度更高、显微组织更好.     

316L不锈钢表面沉积CrCN薄膜的结构及性能研究

利用多弧离子镀技术在316L不锈钢和单晶硅上沉积CrCN薄膜,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、纳米压痕仪、273A电化学工作站和多功能摩擦磨损试验机等对316L不锈钢及CrCN薄膜的微观结构、力学性能、耐腐蚀性能和摩擦学性能进行表征.结果表明:在316L不锈钢上沉积CrCN薄膜后,硬度从4 GPa提高到22 GPa,H/E和H3/E2分别从0.022和0.002 GPa提高到0.071和0.11 GPa;阳极腐蚀电位从-0.21 V上升到-0.19 V;在大气,去离子水,海水环境下的摩擦系数及磨损率均显著降低,表现出较优异的综合性能.     

高温水环境下温度对316L不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响

在高温水环境中,采用慢应变速率拉伸实验方法研究了温度对316 L不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响规律,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)对试样断口形貌进行分析.结果表明:在高温水环境中,温度为200~345℃时316 L不锈钢具有应力腐蚀开裂敏感性;材料脆性指标随温度升高而增大,应力腐蚀开裂敏感性增强,断口分析与之吻合;250℃是316 L不锈钢发生应力腐蚀开裂的敏感温度,断口边缘形貌呈现明显脆性断裂特征.     

MlM316L不锈钢致密化和尺寸精度的研究

在Ar,Ar+H_2,N_2,N_2+H_2和低真空5种气氛下对MIM316L不锈钢进行了烧结,讨论了烧结气氛对合金致密化和力学性能的影响;得出烧结气氛的露点显著影响合金的致密化和最终力学性能;烧结气氛中的H_2可以脱去合金中的碳来影响致密化和力学性能;尺寸精度受注射、脱脂和烧结工序的影响;在采用溶剂脱脂时,3个工序对尺寸精度的影响由大至小依次为烧结、注射和脱脂。在不同气氛下,3个工序对尺寸精度的影响相对稳定。     

压水堆一回路主管道316L不锈钢的电化学腐蚀行为

通过中心复合设计试验法设计试验,结合动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱的测量以及氧化膜形貌观察和成分测量,研究了温度(30~350℃)、Cl^-质量浓度(10~1000 μg·L^-1)和溶解氧质量浓度(0~200 μg·L^-1)3种因素对压水堆一回路主管道316L不锈钢电化学腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:温度是影响316L不锈钢电化学腐蚀性能最显著的因素,温度越高,腐蚀电流密度越大,点蚀电位越低;Cl^-浓度和溶解氧浓度对316L不锈钢电化学腐蚀性能的影响与温度密切相关,温度较低时(T < 150℃),Cl^-浓度和溶解氧浓度均对316L腐蚀电流密度几乎无影响,但点蚀电位却随Cl^-浓度增加和溶解氧浓度的降低而降低;温度较高时,分别为T > 130℃和T > 150℃,Cl^-浓度和溶解氧浓度均对316L点蚀电位几乎无影响,但腐蚀电流密度却随Cl^-和溶解氧的浓度增加而显著增加,腐蚀加剧.电化学阻抗谱的测量和氧化膜形貌的观察也进一步验证了上述试验结果.     

表面纳米化316L不锈钢在酸性介质中腐蚀性能的研究

采用表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)在316L不锈钢上制备出纳米结构表层,研究表层纳米化组织的腐蚀性能. 结果表明:经过60 min SMAT后,样品表面形成了一定厚度的纳米表层.显微组织. 由晶粒尺寸为10～30 nm的双相组织(马氏体和奥氏体)组成. 表层腐蚀性能在c(H2SO4)=0.05 mol/L和c(Na2SO4)=0.25 mol/L构成的腐蚀介质中下降.     

316L不锈钢/Y-PSZ复合材料摩擦磨损特性

在MRH-3型高速环块磨损试验机上研究了粉末冶金方法制备的316L不锈钢/Y-PSZ金属陶瓷复合材料在干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能,并与T10钢(HRC45)的耐磨性能进行了对比.考察了316L不锈钢体积分数(30%~50%)、颗粒尺寸(10.8~51.6μm)及对偶环转速(200~280r·min^-1)对材料耐磨性的影响.结果表明:随着316L不锈钢含量的增加和颗粒尺寸的增大,或随着对偶环转速的提高,复合材料的耐磨性下降.在本文研究条件下,除个别情形外,所制备316L/Y-PSZ复合材料的耐磨性能优于T10钢;当不锈钢体积分数为30%、颗粒尺寸为10.8Ⅱm时,复合材料的耐磨性能达到T10钢的3.0~3.2倍.316L不锈钢/Y-PSZ复合材料的磨损机理主要为316L不锈钢颗粒剥落和Y-PSZ基体层片剥落.     

铜包覆石墨烯增强316L奥氏体不锈钢力学性能研究

采用分子水平混合和低速球磨的方法制备铜包裹石墨烯/316 L不锈钢复合粉体,通过放电等离子烧结制备石墨烯增强316 L奥氏体不锈钢复合材料,研究铜及石墨烯对复合材料密度、硬度和拉伸性能的影响,并对拉伸断口形貌进行了分析.结果表明:通过分子混合和球磨混合可制备铜包裹石墨烯与不锈钢均匀混合的复合粉体.烧结过程石墨烯结构保持完整.铜包裹石墨烯增强体可明显改善烧结不锈钢复合材料的密度、硬度、抗拉强度和屈服强度,使其分别提高3.6%、17.4%、35.8%和34.5%.     

Comparison of microstructure and properties between joints of FSW and TIG 316L austenitic stainless steel

FSW and TIG were conducted on 316L stainless steel.Variation during microstructure and properties in joints obtained by different welding methods was studied.The results show that the effect of severe mechanical stirring and intense plastic deformation creat a fine recrystallized grain in the welding joint during FSW.As for TIG,the temperature of welding joint exceeds the melting point of welded material itself.The entire welding process belongs to the solidification of a small molten pool;and the microstructure of the joint takes on a typical casting structure.When the welding parameters were selected appropriately,the average ultimate tensile strength of FSW joints can reach 493 MPa,which is 83.6%of base metal;the average elongation is 52.1%of base metal.The average ultimate tensile strength of TIG joints is 475 MPa, which is 80.5%of base metal;the average elongation is 40.8%of base metal.The tensile test of FSW joints is superior to the TIG joints.The microhardness of FSW joint compared to base metal and TIG joint having a significant improvement,which arel95.5 HV,159.7 HV and 160.7 HV,respectively;grain refinement strengthening plays an important role in enhancing the microhardness.The electrochemical corrosion tests show that the joint of FSW 316L austenitic stainless steel has a good corrosion resistance.     

异步轧制对316L不锈钢组织与性能的影响

研究了形变量分别为50%和80%的异步轧制(速比1.28)对316L不锈钢显微组织与性能的影响.结果表明:异步轧制后显微组织中出现大量机械孪晶;样品表面粗糙度显著降低,硬度明显提高.由于粗糙度降低和孪晶界的贡献,在腐蚀介质(c(H2SO4)=0.05 mol/L, c(NaCl)=0.5 mol/L的水溶液)中,样品表现出良好的耐腐蚀性能.     

Powder metallurgical production of 316L stainless steel/niobium composites for Proton Exchange membrane electrolysis cells

In this study, a composite made of a porous stainless steel (SS) 316L substrate coated with Nb was investigated as a novel porous transport layer (PTL) for proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells (PEMECs). The fabrication of such SS316L/Nb composites using scalable and automatable powder metallurgical techniques as tape casting, screen-printing and field assisted sintering technology/spark plasma sintering (FAST/SPS) was described. Sintering behaviour and the interdiffusion at the SS316L/Nb interface were investigated. Powder metallurgical techniques such as screen-printing are the preferred method to achieve a porous Nb coating, while FAST/SPS is the preferred method for a better control of the SS316L/Nb interface by lowered interdiffusion. First electrochemical performance tests with SS316L/Nb composites demonstrate they have potential to replace the state-of-the-art titanium-based PTLs. The use of SS316L is expected to decrease manufacturing costs of PTLs, while the addition of niobium layer, due to its excellent corrosion resistance in acid environment, aims to improve PEMECs lifetime and performance.     

Injection moulding of 316L stainless steels reinforced with nanosize alumina particles

Abstract

This study aims to compare the effect of Al₂O₃ nanoparticle additions on the densification and mechanical properties of the injection moulded 316L stainless steels. The 316L stainless steel and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were dry mixed and moulded using a wax based binder. The critical powder loading for injection moulding were 60 vol.-% for all samples. Debinding process was performed in solvent using thermal method. After the debinding process, the samples were sintered at 1405°C for 60 and 120 min under vacuum. Metallographic examination was conducted to determine the extend of densification and the corresponding microstructural changes. The sintered samples were characterised by measuring tensile strength, hardness and wear behaviour. Wear loss was determined for all the samples after wear testing. All the powders, fracture surfaces of moulded and sintered samples were examined using scanning electron microscope. The sintered density of straight as well as Al₂O₃ nanoparticles reinforced injection moulded 316L stainless steels increases with the increase in sintering time. The additions of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles improve the hardness and wear resistance with the increase of sintering time.     

Simulation and verification of solidification process of stainless steel 316 in the mould during continuous casting

采用三维有限元技术,研究了连铸过程中高温区6铁素体含量对钢水凝固的影响。通过对316不锈钢板坯浇铸过程的模拟,获得了凝固过程中6铁素体含量对坯壳出口温度、角部温度及坯壳厚度变化的影响规律。研究发现铁素体含量能够极大增加坯壳纵向温度,但对横向温度的梯度的变化影响较小。通过分析横向温度的变化,确定在距角部40mm左右处坯壳最薄。同时,也研究了出口坯壳厚度变化规律,随着8铁素体含量的增加,出口处坯壳厚度逐渐减小,厚度差逐渐变大。     

Low molybdenum ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel for solar water heaters

In order to meet the demands of service life and the synthetical performance/price ratio of stainless steel in the solar water heater industry,the low molybdenum ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel(FSS) B445J1M was developed at Baosteel.In this study,comparative studies were carried out on the mechanical properties,the formability and the corrosion resistance of B445J1M,304 and 444,and the advantages and application fields of B445J1M were summarized.