锅炉主汽压力控制系统的非线性控制研究

分析了燃煤锅炉的燃烧与控制机理，描述了增益双曲余弦函数的工作原理，设计了增益双曲余弦非线性PID控制器。利用MATLAB／SIMUUNK仿真软件对增益双曲余弦非线性PID控制器与传统PID控制器做了对比分析。结果表明，在锅炉主汽压控制上增益双曲余弦非线性PID控制器的调节时间短、无超调量，但传统PID控制器抗干扰性能更...     

机械臂的改进型递归滑模动态面抗扰控制

针对机械臂关节运动的轨迹跟踪控制问题,研究了一种改进的递归滑模动态面抗扰控制方法。该方法考虑到机械臂系统存在的外部干扰,设计了一种基于非线性光滑函数的非线性扩张状态观测器(NLESO),对外部干扰进行估计并前馈至系统控制输出进行补偿;基于NLESO构造递归滑模动态面的控制策略,利用反双曲正弦函数和幂次函数构造一种新的非线性增益函数设计改进型动态面控制律。该方法避免了反推法存在的"微分爆炸"问题,有效解决了传统动态面控制存在的控制精度与动态品质之间的矛盾问题,基于Lyapunov理论方法分析证明了系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明,该方法响应速度快、控制精度高、抗扰能力强,抑制了滑模的抖振问题。     

含有广义饱和函数的全局渐近稳定非线性PID控制

为解决传统饱和函数条件比较苛刻的问题,本文提出了一种饱和函数,并将其应用于线性PD(比例-微分)+非线性PI (比例-积分)控制律.应用李亚普诺夫稳定性定理和拉萨尔不变原理推导了非线性PID控制律全局渐近稳定条件.为提高非线性PID控制精度,以位置跟踪误差绝对值时间积分和关节力矩输出误差绝对值时间积分为目标函数,以全局渐近稳定性条件以及关节额定驱动力矩为约束条件,应用多目标遗传算法NSGA-II(non-dominated sorted genetic algorithm-II)进行非线性PID控制律参数整定.选择优化后位置跟踪误差绝对值时间积分最小的饱和函数,并研究含有该饱和函数的非线性PID控制律对模型不确定性、输入干扰力矩和噪声的鲁棒性.与传统PID控制律和含有传统饱和函数的非线性PID控制律相比,本文方法的位置跟踪精度分别提高了近2个数量级和1个数量级.提出的饱和函数在靠近平衡点处具有较强反作用,使误差快速收敛于平衡点,有助于提高非线性PID控制律的位置跟踪精度以及鲁棒性.     

基于遗传算法的半导体制冷器非线性PID设计

针对常规线性PID对具有非线性特征的半导体制冷器温度控制系统存在快速性和超调量难以兼得、抗干扰能力差的问题,提出将非线性PID控制用于半导体制冷器温度控制的策略.通过对线性PID存在问题以及PID各增益参数与偏差信号之间非线性关系的分析,构建了增益参数的非线性函数,针对非线性函数中参数较多问题提出了自适应遗传寻优的求解方法.仿真和实验结果表明,基于此遗传算法寻优的非线性PID控制器相比线性PID控制器,调节时间缩短,超调量减小,抗干扰能力更强.     

基于小波神经网络的PID整定与应用

提出了一种基于小波神经网络整定的PID控制方法。由于小波变换具有良好的时频局部特性，神经网络具有强大的非线性映射能力，自学习、自适应等优势，采用规范正交的小波函数作为神经网络的基函数构成小波神经网络。该网络兼有小波函数的紧支性、波动性以及神经网络的非线性映射能力，自学习、自适应能力等优点，渗碳炉控制实验结果表明．用该方法整定的PID控制系统收敛速度快。逼近精度高，鲁棒性好。     

最优PID控制器在智能人工腿中的应用

以蚁群算法为基础,提出了一种新的非线性PID控制器及其参数优化设计方法;该控制器是基于PID控制器各增益参数与误差信号之间呈现非线性关系,根据一般控制系统的阶跃响应曲线,在不同响应时间阶段PID三个增益调节参数的理想变化情况,提出根据控制信号与误差、误差变化率之间的调节规律,拟合一组增益参数的非线性函数,并利用蚁群算法搜索出一组最优的非线性PID参数,构造最优非线性PID控制器,称为AS-NLPID控制器;该控制器已被用于CIP-Ⅰ智能人工腿;仿真实验证实AS-NLPID控制器能有效地控制CIP-Ⅰ智能人工腿,并具有良好的动态和稳态性能.     

基于最优预测的神经元模糊自整定PID控制

针对工业过程中普遍存在的时滞、非线性、对象参数时变等特性,提出了一种基于最优预测的神经元模糊自整定PID控制算法。该算法利用最优预测克服时滞,利用神经元学习功能和模糊控制调节神经元增益克服系统的非线性和时变问题。仿真结果表明,该控制算法鲁棒性强、响应速度快,具有工业控制应用价值。     

基于PSO算法的WNN大包线增益调参控制律设计

提出了一种基于粒子群优化算法的小波神经网络大包线调参控制律设计方法.该方法用小波函数代替了Sigmoid函数作为激活函数.由于结合了小波变换良好的高频域时间精度、低频域频率精度的性质和神经网络的自学习功能,因而具有较强逼近非线性函数的能力.为了克服局部极小值问题并进一步提高对非线性函数逼近能力,利用粒子群优化算法对小波神经网络进行参数训练,并利用该网络实现了大包线增益调参.飞行仿真结果表明,所设计的小波神经网络增益调参控制器具有优良的控制性能,不仅能够保证平衡状态下的控制效果,而且在未训练的平衡状态下依然具有良好的控制性能,并且在存在20%的建模误差时,最大超调量仅为6 m,仅是使用常规增益调参方法的18%.     

基于参数实时最优整定的智能PID控制器研究

在参数时变系统中,为了解决PID参数不易实时调整问题,提出了基于PID控制律的智能控制方法;其主要思想是以PID的控制律作为神经网络输入输出模型,以PID的3个参数作为神经网络权值,通过对PID的控制模型进行实时在线训练,获得PID的最佳参数,从而实现对参数时变系统的最优控制;研究结果表明,基于PID控制模型的神经网络优化方法在处理非线性和时变系统时具有很强的鲁棒性,因而是一种有效的智能控制方法。     

间歇精馏过程的模糊逻辑与增益自调整PID混合控制

针对间歇精馏过程的强非线性和非平稳时变特性,结合模糊逻辑控制和增益自调整PID控制的优点,提出了一种模糊逻辑和增益自调整PID混合控制的先进控制策略,详细推导了其控制算法,设计了相应的控制器,并在EuroBEEB工控机上用实时BASIC语言编程实现,对一套甲醇/水二元间歇精馏塔的塔顶浓度进行了推断控制实验,获得了比单独采用模糊逻辑控制时更好的控制结果。这说明,模糊逻辑和增益自调整PID混合控制是强非线性和非平稳时变过程的一种有效控制策略。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.