化肥减量配施生物有机肥对玉米生长及土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究化肥减量施用条件下,配施不同配比的生物有机肥对玉米生长、产量、土壤生物学特性和养分含量的影响,为化肥减量化应用于玉米生产的实践提供理论依据。试验结果表明:与常规施肥(100%化肥)相比,在化肥减量施用15%～30%的条件下,增施生物有机肥后促进了孕穗期玉米的生长,且当生物有机肥增施量为40 kg/亩(1亩=666.67 m~2)时,玉米产量分别显著提高了12.19%(T2)和8.64%(T4);而当生物有机肥增施量为20 kg/亩时出现了减产效应,其中T3玉米产量显著降低了12.62%;减量化肥增施生物有机肥显著提高了土壤细菌和放线菌数而降低了真菌数,同时提高了土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性,进而提高了土壤中有效养分和有机质含量,但当化肥减量施用30%、生物有机肥增施量为20 kg/亩时,其有效养分和总养分含量却低于常规施肥。在化肥减量与生物有机肥增量配比适宜的条件下,才具有增产提质和养地改土的良好效果。     

不同施肥方式对水稻生长、养分吸收和品质的影响

研究不同施肥方式对田间水稻生长、养分吸收和品质的影响。结果表明,施肥能显著提高水稻产量,增产幅度在7.62%~41.90%,NPK与有机肥配合施用、施用控释肥分别增产31.75%和41.90%,氮磷钾对水稻增产作用NKP。氮肥农学利用率以缓控释肥处理最高,达11.08 kg/kg,氮肥利用率最高与最低相差31.10%;氮磷钾施肥+有机肥处理和控释肥处理田面水中速效氮含量显著低于其他处理,稻米品质最好。     

黄腐酸有机肥不同用量对花生的增产效果研究

以秸秆造纸余料为主要原料,经高温喷浆造粒制得黄腐酸有机肥,富含源自秸秆的天然腐殖酸和各种矿质营养元素。黄腐酸有机肥在花生上进行的肥效试验结果表明:施用黄腐酸有机肥对花生增产效果显著,以化肥与3倍化肥量的黄腐酸有机肥一次基施效果最佳,与不施肥处理相比,亩增产花生166.2~187.0 kg。     

潮土肥料定位试验研究

4年定位监测结果表明土壤与肥料对小麦的供肥比例为12.7,玉米为11.7,施肥在作物高产中起重要作用,尤其要重视小麦施肥.有机肥与氮磷化肥配施增产更明显,还能提高籽实品质.单施氮磷化肥土壤速效钾出现亏缺,在生产中应注意施用钾肥.     

增施腐殖酸生物有机肥在玉米生产中的应用效果

为验证在常规施肥的基础上增施腐殖酸生物有机肥对玉米植株生长及果实成熟的促进作用,开展了田间小区试验。试验共设5个处理,以不施肥为空白对照,测定了常规施肥及增施不同量腐殖酸生物有机肥的玉米在各生育时期的指标。结果表明：在常规施肥的基础上增施腐殖酸生物有机肥对玉米的生长及果实的成熟有明显的促进作用;在常规施肥的基础上亩增施30 kg腐殖酸生物有机肥处理的玉米产量,比常规施肥处理的提高了31.12%。在常规施肥的基础上增施腐殖酸生物有机肥,可以促进玉米的生长和增产。     

腐植酸有机肥配合化肥减施对苹果产量和品质的影响

以300、500 kg/667 m^(2)2个腐植酸有机肥施用梯度,分别配合化肥减施10%、20%、30%,同时设优化施肥处理及常规施肥对照,共8个处理,分析腐植酸有机肥配合化肥减施对苹果产量及品质的影响。结果表明:腐植酸有机肥施用量500 kg/667 m^(2)时各化肥减施处理均能显著提高苹果产量,其中T6处理(化肥减施10%)增产幅度最大,可达68.67%,同时能明显提高苹果单果重、果实硬度等品质指标。     

玉米施用粉煤灰磁化肥的效应方程及肥效

粉煤灰磁化肥施用于玉米作物试验表明 :该肥在玉米上一般用量为 917.90kg/hm2 左右 ,比对照增产 5 .3～ 65 .0 % ,增产 675 0～ 85 87.5kg/hm2 ,比当地农民习惯施肥措施增产 5 .7～ 12 .5 % ;增产 466.5～ 93 0kg/hm2 ;比未磁化粉煤灰复混肥增产 0 .5 9～ 8.2 % ,增产 49.5～ 63 7.5kg/hm2 。最高产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为 10 5 5kg/hm2 ,玉米产量为8895 .62kg/hm2 ;最佳产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为 917.90kg/hm2 ,玉米产量为 883 4 .5 3kg/hm2 。     

长期定位连施化肥的增产培肥效应研究

河西走廊灌区质地中壤的灌漠土上,21年的长期定位试验表明：无有机肥条件下连年施用化肥比无肥处理增产粮食19．6％-300．5％,比有机肥增产16．2％～101．6％,对粮食增产贡献率平均达50％。连续平衡施用化肥,土壤有机质含量连续19年下降了24．9％～27．4％;土壤全N比初始年提高13．7％～46．1％,速效N含量呈稳中下降的动态：土壤全P含量比初始年提高4．4％～5．1％,速效P含量提高16．3％-19．1％;土壤K素库处于长期亏缺状态。速效K含量呈稳步降低的动态。化肥养分具有明显的间接培肥效应,在生物循环中以有机肥为载体下年输入土壤的N、P、K化肥养分分别占当年投入量的27．1％～31_3％、23．8％～27．0％和33．2％;化肥增产的秸秆有机c输入下年土壤的达567．3～626．7kg／hm。,证明有机肥中相当一部分养分来自化肥及其化肥的生产物。     

重庆推进化肥农药使用量零增长

正笔者近日从重庆市政府获悉,"十三五"期间重庆将把发展壮大现代生态农业作为核心,实现化肥和农药零增长。据悉,重庆将积极推行化肥农药减量化。到2020年,测土配方施肥技术推广覆盖率超过93%;化肥、农药使用量实现零增长,利用率超过35%。重庆将探索对土地经营者施用有机肥予以补贴,推进配方肥进村入户到田。重庆将加强农业废弃物资源化利用。到2020年,秸秆肥料化利用比例达到30%,秸秆综合利用率达到85%以上。主要通过     

黄腐酸有机肥不同用量对夏玉米的增产效果研究

黄腐酸有机肥是秸秆为原料,经过专利技术加工生成的天然有机肥料,富含各种矿质营养元素。本试验通过研究黄腐酸有机肥对河南驻马店和新乡2个试验点玉米产量和成产因素的影响,找出黄腐酸有机肥的最佳施用量和施用方法。试验结果表明:施用黄腐酸有机肥对夏玉米增产效果显著,并且随黄腐酸有机肥使用量的增加,夏玉米产量相应增加。综合2个试验点结果,以处理5和处理8为最佳,如果考虑肥料成本,则以处理5效果最佳,即每亩地基施4 kg氮肥、6 kg磷肥、6 kg钾肥、15 kg克黄腐酸有机肥,后期每亩追施4 kg氮肥和15 kg黄腐酸有机肥。对2个试验点影响玉米产量因素的分析结果一致表明:影响玉米产量因素主要表现在穗粒数和百粒重上,穗长、穗粗变化不大。此外,处理6减产,穗粒数减少,百粒重减少或不变,这与化肥中的氮肥用量减少有关,说明氮肥是对玉米产量影响较大的营养元素。     

Effect of the integrated use of legume residue,poultry manure and inorganic fertilizers on maize yield,nutrient uptake and soil properties

Identification of a sustainable integrated soil fertility management option in the tropics will not only salvage the degraded soils but also enhances the attainment of the goal of food security. This study was conducted in 2004 and 2005 on a degraded tropical Alfisol in south western Nigeria to evaluate the effect of legume residue, poultry manure and inorganic fertilizers on maize yield, nutrient uptake and soil properties. The treatments consisted of two rates of poultry manure (0 and 5 t ha⁻¹), three rates of N fertilizer (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ applied as urea), three rates of P fertilizer (0, 30 and 60 kg P ha⁻¹ applied as single super phosphate) and two soybean treatments (with or without incorporation of legume residue) in various combinations as a factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block design with three replicates. Results showed that poultry manure alone led to significant increase in maize yield (60%) and soil organic matter (45%). In contrast, legume residue incorporation gave significantly lower increase in yield (7%) and soil organic matter (11%). However, the combined application of poultry manure and legume incorporation led to 72% increase in maize yield as opposed to 63 and 10% increase recorded when manure alone or legume alone were incorporated, respectively. Optimal maize yield was achieved when manure application was integrated with P fertilizer application. The interaction of P fertilizer and legume incorporation indicated that soil phosphorus and maize P concentration were significantly increased with the application of the P fertilizer and legume incorporation. Hence, the application of P fertilizer alone is most likely to be economical compared with its integration with legume incorporation.     

Effects of soil fertility and fertilizer application on biomass and chemical compositions of leguminous cover crops

The biomass and chemical compositions of selected leguminous cover crops Aeschynomene histrix, Cajanus cajan, Centrosema brasilianum, Centrosema pascuorum, Chamaercrista rotundifolia, Crotalaria verrucosa, Lablab purpureus, Psophocarpus palustris, Pseudovigna argentea, Mucuna pruriens, Pueraria phaseoloides, and Stylosanthes hamata were studied in a pot experiment, using soil with two fertility levels. Biomass yield responded to soil fertility levels and fertilizer application. The highest response to soil fertility was observed with C. brasilianum (340%, 200% and 310% more shoots, roots and nodules in high fertility soil than low fertility soil without fertilizer application). The highest response to fertilizer application was with P. palustris (500% more shoots with fertilizer than without in high fertility soil), with C. rotundifolia (410% more roots with fertilizer than without in low fertility soil), and with L. purpureus (1330% more nodules with fertilizer than without on high fertility soil). Legumes grown without fertilizer application allocated more biomass to roots than those with fertilizer application. Chamaercrista rotundifolia, L. purpureus, P. argentea, M. pruriens and C. cajan showed higher N content in roots than in shoots. Soil fertility levels did not affect N content of shoot, while fertilizer application increased it by 30%. Except for C. cajan (only shrub species), all the herbaceous legumes had lower lignin content (6–10%) in the shoots. The mean lignin content in roots was above 20% with no fertilizer, and decreased with fertilizer application compared to the no fertilizer treatment. The polyphenol concentration in shoots was higher than in roots.     

化肥与我国粮食的连续丰收

2004—2015年,我国粮食获得连续12年增产。这可归因于社会、体制、科学和技术等多方面因素。从专业观点认为,农业生产的基础是生物链循环;植物生产为生物链提供所有的有机物并促进这一循环。肥料是植物的"粮食",化肥是我国现代农业的施肥主体,在我国粮食"连续十二增"中发挥了无可替代的重要作用。还讨论了人们长期关注或存在误解的若干化肥问题,如我国是否使用化肥过多,土壤肥力是否因使用化肥而下降等。     

我国有机肥料的资源、利用、问题和对策

针对化肥施用量不断增加、有机肥施用比例逐渐下降的现实,介绍我国有机肥料资源和利用现状,论述有机物对土壤、作物的作用;提出发展我国有机肥料的对策（推行平衡施肥、开发利用城市有机肥源、积极发展绿肥、秸秆还田）,虽然施用化肥仍是补充土壤中氮磷钾营养元素的重要手段,但强调施用有机肥,对于资源利用和防治环境污染都具有重要意义。     

大蒜测土配方营养套餐施肥技术

介绍大蒜测土配方套餐施肥方案的设计原则及施肥的具体技术方案。根据大蒜喜钾、喜硫的需肥特点,除基肥施(667m2)2000kg农家肥、50kg生物有机肥及16-10-22的复混肥100kg外,并追施(随水冲施)高氮全营养肥(21-8-11)2.5kg、高钾全营养肥(12-12-17)12.5kg各2次,叶面肥喷施若干次,并使用大蒜凯普克促进根系生长。通过3年大面积示范试验,与常规施肥对照,大蒜年平均增产14.4%,667m2净增产量约235kg,净增产值约643元。     

Fertigation combined with catch crop maximize vegetable yield and minimize N and P surplus

Excessive fertilization is a common agricultural practice that often results in high risk of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses in vegetable production in China. To reduce these losses, it is crucial to control residual nutrient levels in the rootzone and maintain crop growth. A 3-year field experiment was therefore conducted to investigate the effects of optimal fertigation (OF), OF combined with summer catch crop (OF-SCC; sweet corn with residue incorporation after harvest) or wheat straw application (OF-WSA; soil amended with wheat straw before cucumber seedling transplanting) on soil nutrients, soil residual N and P levels in the rootzone. The conventional management (flood irrigation with excessive fertilization and bare fallow during the summer period) served as control. The results showed that, although OF reduced irrigation amount, N input and P input by 49, 50 and 53%, respectively, it did not affect N and P uptake and fruit yields, and significantly reduced N and P surplus in the rootzone by 60 and 59%, respectively, when compared to the control. The SCC extracted 72–74 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 and 10–13 kg P ha^?1 year^?1 from soils. In addition, SCC and WSA increased soil soluble organic N in the rootzone but had little influence on N and P surplus. Generally, OF was efficient in reducing soil residual N and P, while SCC could temporarily retarded N leaching and improved nutrient recycling in the rootzone. Our results infer that OF combined with SCC is an efficient method for reducing soil N and P losses.     

Effect of fertilization on organic and microbial biomass nitrogen using15N under corn (Zea mays L.) in two Quebec soils

Changes in soil organic N following fertilizer N applications are related to soil quality and subsequent N uptake by plants. Recovery of fertilizer N as organic N and soil microbial biomass N within two corn (Zea mays L.) fertilization systems was studied using¹⁵N on a Chicot soil (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid, Typic Hapludalf) and a Ste. Rosalie soil (fine, mixed, frigid, Typic Humanquept) in southwestern Quebec in 1989 and 1990. The two fertilization systems studied received a recommended rate of 170-44-131 kg (normal rate) and a high rate of 400-132-332 kg of N-P-K per hectare. Increasing fertilization rates above normal increased microbial biomass N immobilization with a subsequent greater N release. Higher fertilization rates significantly increased both the magnitude of soil microbial biomass N and microbial fertilizer N recovery in the soil microbial biomass.     

纳米增效肥对杂交稻的增产效果研究

纳米增效肥对杂交稻的研究机理表明,纳米碳遇水后变成超导体,能增加土壤电动电位。纳米碳溶胶可以使土壤胶体重组,释放出大量土壤营养元素。纳米增效肥使杂交稻根系外流NH4+数量减少,内吸NO3-数量增加,促进根系对土壤氮离子的吸收。田间试验结果表明,纳米增效肥不同施肥量与普通高效肥100%施肥量相比,有明显增产效果。施用60%纳米增效肥,增产幅度为4.41%～10.35%;施用70%纳米增效肥,增产幅度为9.53%～21.05%;施用100%纳米增效肥,增产幅度为4.67%～15.83%。可见,纳米增效肥可减少肥料施用量30%～40%,并有明显增产效果。