Power control for wireless multimedia CDMA systems

In a wireless multimedia communication system where different types of traffic such as speech, data, and video have different data rates, good power control for individual traffic can ensure quality of service (QoS) and achieve a better throughput at the same time. The authors propose a closed-form power control function based on a parameter called the traffic exponent that simplifies the power control processing and improves the overall CDMA system performance     

Uplink capacity optimization by power allocation for multimedia CDMA networks with imperfect power control

A closed-form capacity quasi-optimal power allocation scheme is presented for the uplink of multimedia code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems with randomized received signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) resulted from the errors of power control. The optimality in capacity comes from that this scheme provides class-dependent SIR margins subject to the constraint of differentiated outage requirements. The statistics of signal under imperfect power control is modeled as lognormal random variable. The objective of capacity maximization is formulated as the minimization of total average received powers since the capacity of a CDMA system is interference limited. Under this model, we first derive the necessary conditions that a capacity-optimal power allocation should satisfy. By using conservative bounds, we provide a closed-form approximate solution to this optimization problem. This approximate solution provides nearly the same admissible region for multimedia traffic under imperfect power control as the accurate solution (the optimal one) does. The closed-form quasi-optimal power allocation scheme proposed in this paper is just based on this approximate solution. By numerical example we verify our analysis and show that great capacity gain (e.g., 92% as a maximum in the example) can be achieved by our scheme over its counterpart.     

Overload control in finite-buffer multiclass message systems

A finite-capacity message system which handles several traffic types with different priority classes is considered. An overload control scheme is proposed which aims to maintain a strategic reserve of buffers for the higher priority traffic classes. Associated with each traffic class are two thresholds: ablocking threshold and aresume threshold. At the epoch when the buffer occupancy level reaches a blocking threshold, the priority class associated with that threshold is blocked. Similarly, at the epoch when the buffer occupancy level decreases to a resume threshold, the admission of the priority class associated with that threshold is resumed. The scheme is analyzed by means of the Green's function method, and closed-form results are obtained for the mean delay of admitted messages, the blocking probability for each priority class, and the ergodic state probabilities.     

Traffic management in a multicode CDMA system supporting softhandoffs

A traffic management scheme is proposed in a multicode code-division multiple-access system supporting soft handoff that uses guard channels and a queue for real-time traffic. Preemptive queue control gives priority to queued handoff calls. Handoff traffic is derived as a function of the new call arrival rate, the size of the soft handoff region, mobile speed, the new call blocking probability, and the handoff failure probability. System performance with K types of calls is analyzed by introducing a concept of effective channel. The effects of the number of guard channels, the number of effective channels, system capacity, and other factors are numerically investigated. The effectiveness of the proposed queue control scheme is also observed in terms of handoff processing delay     

A Capacity Analysis Method for Uplinks in DS/CDMA Cellular Systems with Imperfect SIR-Based Power Control and Multipath Fading

The letter proposes a method to analyze the system capacity of uplinks with imperfect SIR-based power control in direct sequence/code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) cellular systems with the multipath fading. It considers the received signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) as a random variable due to imperfect SIR-based power control. Based on assumptions regarding the average received SIR, a set of linear equations for the average received power on each uplink is derived. An outage-based system capacity can be then obtained according to the feasibility of the average received power vector and the average bit error rate. Finally, by applying central limit theorem, a closed-form solution for system capacity is approximately derived. Results show that numerical results of the closed-form solution have a good match with simulation results, which supports the validity of the proposed capacity analysis method.     

Capacity evaluation of a mixed-traffic WCDMA system in the presence of load control

This paper deals with the capacity analysis of a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) cellular system in the presence of heterogeneous traffic. We consider a distributed resource allocation strategy that uses a closed-loop control scheme to manage the processing gain, the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), and the system load. In particular, each base station aims at maintaining the uplink load to its allowable maximum value in order to achieve the maximum throughput. A typical urban cellular system is considered in which the path loss depends on the /spl alpha/th power of the distance, shadowing is log-normally distributed, and short-term fluctuations due to multipath fading are present. Besides, a radio resource-management scheme is considered, which is able to control transmission power and spreading gain values so as to maintain the total received power at the base stations at a maximum allowable level. In this scenario, this paper derives a novel analytical approach for the evaluation of system capacity of DS-CDMA systems in presence of different traffic sources. Bit-error-ratio (BER) and bit-rate requirements have been considered for the different traffic classes. Simulation results have permitted to validate the developed analytical framework on a very comprehensive range of cases. The proposed analysis is finally applied to universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS)-like traffic classes in order to evaluate the system capacity.     

基于成对用户大规模MIMO两跳中继系统的最优能效设计

该文针对成对用户大规模MIMO中继系统,研究了最优能效准则下的系统参数设计。在中继采用最大比合并/最大比发射(MRC/MRT)预编码方案下,借助于大数定律,推导出能效函数关于用户发射功率、中继发射功率和中继天线数的解析表达式。根据能效函数性质,分别证明了全局最优发射向量和最优天线数的存在性和唯一性。为了求解最优发射功率,利用分数规划,将原优化问题转换为等价的减法形式,进而提出一种新的低复杂度迭代优化算法,并求得最优发射功率的闭合解。对于最优天线数,则利用Lambert W函数,得到了能效最大时的最优天线数闭合解。通过数值仿真,验证了所提功率优化算法以极少迭代次数取得了接近最优算法的性能,并验证了所给出的最优天线数闭合解的精确性。     

Smart OLT equipment of optical access network

A distributed architecture of optical line terminal(OLT) equipment is proposed for response to national bandwidth acceleration requirements and for future smooth evolution to 50G passive optical network(PON). This architecture moves the forwarding function of the control board to each service board to improve the switching capacity and performance of the system. The traditional control boards of centralized architecture OLT equipment have exchange and traffic processing function, and every servi...     

Three-phase two-way relaying with imperfect channel estimation and asymmetric traffic requirements: performance analysis and optimization

We study the effect of imperfect channel estimation (ICE) and asymmetric traffic requirements (ATRs) on the performance of bidirectional relaying with a direct link by employing three-phase analog network coding under Nakagami-m fading. Under such a realistic scenario, a tight lower bound on the overall outage probability is derived in closed-form, while a useful expression is presented for the asymptotically low outage regime. We also deduce the tight closed-form expression for the ergodic sum-rate. Furthermore, we formulate and solve analytically three optimization problems viz., relay power allocation under fixed location of the relay, relay position with fixed relay power allocation, and joint optimization of relay power allocation and location. Our results reveal that for given ICE, the optimal relay location offers significant system performance enhancement under ATRs, whilst the optimal relay power allocation has a more noticeable impact under symmetric traffic. It is also shown that the joint optimization of relay power allocation and location can further enhance the system performance, regardless of ATRs and ICE. Above all, based on the direct link quality, we show that the considered scheme outperforms its two-phase counterpart, even in the low signal-to-noise ratio regime.

     

两用户非正交多址接入的最优时延均衡和功率控制方法

该文针对采用非正交多址接入(NOMA)技术的两用户单小区网络,考虑信道衰落的随机性和业务到达的动态性,以均衡用户排队时延并最大化网络总吞吐量为目标,构建了资源管理的随机优化问题。基于李雅普诺夫优化方法,推导了随机优化问题的最优解的闭式表达式,并提出一种低复杂度的联合时延均衡和功率控制的最优资源管理方法。对比了采用NOMA时的次优资源管理方法与采用时分多址接入方法时的最优资源管理方法,仿真结果表明所提方法能够显著提升网络性能。     

不对称双向中继信道中的再生双向中继选择及功率分配

该文研究不对称双向中继信道下的被动式再生中继选择问题。首先,通过理论分析给出了传统3节点网络的可达速率域。然后,在瑞利衰落信道环境下,理论推导了系统中断概率的闭合表达式。接着,利用系统业务知识和信道状态信息,提出一种改进型的最大最小中继选择准则。进一步,研究中继端叠加信号的功率分配,提出了两种功率分配因子选择算法,并对所提算法进行了理论分析。仿真结果表明：通过被动式再生中继选择和功率分配可以显著提高系统的中断性能,在信道不对称情况下性能优势明显。     

A real-time dynamic connection admission controller based ontraffic modeling, measurement, and fuzzy logic control

Broadband networks based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) have to support traffic with widely different traffic characteristics and quality of service requirement. In this paper, we extend our earlier work in and develop a dynamic connection admission controller (CAC) that supports cell loss requirements. The CAC algorithm explicitly computes the equivalent bandwidth required to support each class of connections based on on-line observations of aggregate traffic statistics as well as the declared parameters. We use Gaussian and diffusion approximations to characterize the aggregate traffic stream, and use fuzzy control strategy to combine model and measurement results to derive simple closed-form formulas to estimate the equivalent bandwidth in real time. We validate the proposed algorithms for various variable bit-rate traffic profiles and show that the system utilization can be substantially improved by appropriately tuning the fuzzy logic controller to combine traffic characteristics deduced from the declared parameters and traffic measurements     

Reverse Link Performance of a DS-CDMA System With Both Fast and Slow Power Controlled Users

In this paper the performance of the reverse link of a multicell DS-CDMA system with coexisting open-loop and closed-loop power controlled users transmitting heterogeneous traffic is analyzed. Real-time and non-real-time traffic performance expressions are obtained. The analysis includes a different channel coding scheme for each traffic type selected in accordance to their specific QoS requirements. Moreover, the study takes into account the effect of frequency-selective Nakagami-m fading with arbitrary parameters, correlated log-normal shadowing, power control imperfections and selection-based macroscopic diversity. How the power control imperfections, the number of resolvable paths, or the proportion of simultaneous open-loop and closed-loop power controlled users affect the reverse link capacity of the system is discussed in detail. Analytical results are also given for systems with different processing gains and for propagation environments with different multipath intensity profile (MIP) distributions.     

PCI设备电源管理驱动程序开发

为使PCI设备具有电源管理功能,需要操作系统和驱动程序的配合来控制设备的电源状态。通过研究Win-dows操作系统下系统和设备的电源策略,提出WDM驱动程序中处理系统电源IRP控制设备电源状态的电源管理方案。说明处理电源管理IRP的工作机制,在基于Windows XP的系统上证明基于这种方案的WDM驱动程序运行稳定。     

Variable rate and variable power MQAM system based on bayesian bit error rate and channel estimation techniques

The impact of inaccurate channel state information at the transmitter for a variable rate variable power multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (VRVP-MQAM) system over a Rayleigh flat-fading channel is investigated. A system model is proposed with rate and power adaptation based on the estimates of instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER). A pilot symbol assisted modulation scheme is used for SNR estimation. The BER estimator is derived using a maximum a posteriori approach and a simplified closed-form solution is obtained as a function of only the second order statistical characterization of the channel state imperfection. Based on the proposed system model, rate and power adaptation is derived for the optimization of spectral efficiency subject to an average power constraint and an instantaneous BER requirement. The performance of the VRVP-MQAM system under imperfect channel state information (CSI) is evaluated. We show that the proposed VRVP-MQAM system that employs optimal solutions based on the statistical characterization of CSI imperfection achieves a higher spectral efficiency as compared to an ideal CSI assumption based method.     

一种各向同性稳定杂波包络分布的近似模型

在雷达系统中,CFAR处理的对象通常为杂波的包络。杂波包络的统计分布对于设计CFAR处理器至关重要,包络的统计分布通常由杂波的幅度概率密度函数（APDF）表征。解析形式的APDF是实现系统性能分析的关键。雷达杂波具有典型的非高斯性,适合采用α稳定分布模型来描述,然而该分布的概率密度函数不存在解析的表达,相应的APDF也无解析的表达。针对α（[1,2]各向同性稳定杂波,采用线性混合模型,给出了一种各向同性稳定杂波APDF近似的解析模型,该模型具有形式简洁、计算简便的优点。基于对数矩性质,对各向同性杂波包络序列,提出了一种简便的稳定杂波参数的估计方法。      

Outage Perforformance of Power Controlled DS-CDMA Wireless Systems with Heterogeneous Traffic Sources

This paper proposes a performance analysis of a Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) wireless system with heterogeneous traffic in terms of second order outage statistics. Imperfections in closed-loop power control are modelled in their first order distribution and autocorrelation function. System capacity and optimal power allocation has been previously derived [7] in the presence of requirements expressed only in terms of signal-to-(noise + interference) ratio and outage probability of every user in the system. Therefore, in this paper the effectiveness of power allocation is evaluated also in terms of average outage rate and average outage duration for the generic user link of each traffic class. This allows to gain insights on the effects of power allocation and feedback control on channel burstiness for each class of users, so that forward error correction and retransmission strategies can be properly tuned. With proper choice of system parameters, the proposed analysis can be applied to both the terrestrial and satellite segments of 3G systems, and integrated scenarios as well. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Zero-forcing methods for downlink spatial multiplexing in multiuser MIMO channels

The use of space-division multiple access (SDMA) in the downlink of a multiuser multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications network can provide a substantial gain in system throughput. The challenge in such multiuser systems is designing transmit vectors while considering the co-channel interference of other users. Typical optimization problems of interest include the capacity problem - maximizing the sum information rate subject to a power constraint-or the power control problem-minimizing transmitted power such that a certain quality-of-service metric for each user is met. Neither of these problems possess closed-form solutions for the general multiuser MIMO channel, but the imposition of certain constraints can lead to closed-form solutions. This paper presents two such constrained solutions. The first, referred to as "block-diagonalization," is a generalization of channel inversion when there are multiple antennas at each receiver. It is easily adapted to optimize for either maximum transmission rate or minimum power and approaches the optimal solution at high SNR. The second, known as "successive optimization," is an alternative method for solving the power minimization problem one user at a time, and it yields superior results in some (e.g., low SNR) situations. Both of these algorithms are limited to cases where the transmitter has more antennas than all receive antennas combined. In order to accommodate more general scenarios, we also propose a framework for coordinated transmitter-receiver processing that generalizes the two algorithms to cases involving more receive than transmit antennas. While the proposed algorithms are suboptimal, they lead to simpler transmitter and receiver structures and allow for a reasonable tradeoff between performance and complexity.     

Power control and capacity analysis for a packetized indoormultimedia DS-CDMA network

This paper proposes a packetized indoor wireless system using direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) protocol. The indoor radio environment is characterized by slow Rayleigh fading with or without lognormal shadowing. The system supports multimedia services with various transmission rates and quality of service (QoS) requirements and allows for seamless interfacing to asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) broadband networks. All packets are transmitted with forward error correction (FEC) using convolutional code for voice packets and Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) code for data packets with an automatic retransmission request (ARQ) protocol and for video packets without ARQ. A queueing model is used for servicing data transmission requests. A power control algorithm is proposed for the system, which combines closed-loop power control with channel estimation to give the best performance. The cell capacity of each traffic type and various multimedia traffic configurations in both single-cell and multiple-cell networks are evaluated theoretically under the assumption of perfect power control. The effect of power control imperfection on the capacity using the proposed power control algorithm is investigated by computer simulation     

Power imbalance effects on packet CDMA

This paper presents an analysis of packet code-division multiple-access (CDMA) with single user receivers and power level variations. The power level variations are due to imperfect power control. The teletraffic is modeled as an M/G/∞ queueing system. Average error rates and outage probabilities that a user sees are evaluated for a single cell CDMA system. The effects of power level variations are investigated using a combination of an approximation and an upper bound, and the loss in traffic capacity is evaluated. Numerical results for CDMA systems with different processing gains and coding gains are presented. It is shown that imperfect power control reduces significantly the CDMA teletraffic capacity, and much has to be gained by improving the power control schemes. The methods and results of this work could be used for quantifying the required accuracy of power control in CDMA and for evaluation of the capacity loss due to power control errors