三维套管式加肋相变蓄热单元的传热特性分析

采用数值模拟方法研究了不同模型的相变蓄热单元蓄/放热过程以及入口流体温度对蓄热过程的影响。结果表明：沿轴向方向,不同截面的蓄/放热时间相差很大,轴向方向的自然对流对蓄/放热的影响较小;添加分形肋片提高蓄/放热速率的效果最好;在蓄热过程中,模型4和模型5的蓄热时间相比于模型1均缩短了45.4%;在放热过程中,模型2～模型5相比于模型1的放热时间分别缩短了12.3%、13.7%、27.4%和34.2%;提高入口流体温度可以显著缩短蓄热时间,但蓄热速率的增幅逐渐减小,当入口流体温度高于358.15 K时,入口流体温度对融化时间的影响明显减小。     

新型定形板状相变材料的蓄/放热特性

对填充了新型定形板状相变材料的蓄热槽的蓄／放热特性进行了数值计算分析和实验比较。根据数值计算，对影响蓄热槽蓄／放热特性的主要因素——相变材料的几何尺寸、相变材料的导热系数、流体流速、对流放热系数、相变材料填充率等的影响规律进行了分析研究，计算出了蓄热槽内温度分布随时间的变化；并在实验台上测试了蓄热槽初始温度、流人和流出蓄热槽流体温度、作为蓄热体的相变材料测点温度随时间的变化，计算结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性。     

管壳式换热器蓄热单元数值模拟与优化

相变材料导热系数低,导致相变蓄热装置无法快速地进行热量储存和释放,文中建立了翅片管和光管式相变蓄热单元的三维计算模型,采用数值模拟方法,从蓄热速率、蓄热量以及温度场等方面比较分析了翅片管和光管结构对储热性能的影响。结果表明:在光管外壁添加翅片可以缩短相变材料完全熔化以及整个蓄/放热过程所需时间;与采用光管结构相比,采用翅片换热管时,完全熔化时间缩短32%,完全放热时间缩短14.5%。可见,在一定条件下添加翅片有助于提高蓄热体的蓄放热性能,所得结论对实际工程中相变蓄热系统的设计和优化具有一定的参考价值。     

中温相变蓄热装置蓄放热性能的数值分析与实验研究

以所研制的相变温度为76℃的相变蓄热装置为研究对象,通过数值模拟和实验研究,对该相变蓄热装置的蓄、放热性能进行了模拟分析与实验验证。研究结果表明:所研究的相变温度为76℃的中温相变蓄热装置具有良好的蓄、放热性能,为在太阳能利用、工业废热利用以及暖通空调蓄热等领域的工程应用提供了可能。     

梯形蓄热罐形状对蓄热性能影响的数值研究北大核心CSCD

蓄热可应对太阳能光热利用中的间歇性问题,可提供平稳的热能输出,提高能源品质。固液相变蓄热因其蓄热密度大、蓄/放热过程温度恒定等优点备受关注。固液相变蓄热过程中存在相变材料熔化与温度不均匀的现象,难熔区域极大地延长了整体相变蓄热时间。本工作提出了一种通过改变蓄热罐形状来改善熔化不均匀现象的设计方法,设计了5种具有不同梯度比的梯形相变蓄热罐;通过数值模拟方法研究了5种梯形蓄热罐的蓄热性能,得出以下结论:增加上部区域相变材料的比例有利于将热量及时传递到固态区域,减小了热量传递的阻力,加快了整体传热速率。增加上部区域相变材料比例(即模型1和模型2)的完全熔化时间较基准模型3的完全熔化时间都有缩短,分别减少了39.06%和29.37%。研究结果为相变蓄热罐结构设计和工程应用提供一定参考。     

水平及竖直放置套管式相变蓄热单元传热特性的数值模拟

以赤藻糖醇为相变材料,采用Fluent软件对同心套管式相变蓄热单元的熔化和凝固过程进行了三维非稳态数值研究。在考虑自然对流的前提下,对比了水平入射式、顶部入射式及底部入射式相变蓄热单元的传热特性,得到了固液界面分布图和温度云图随时间的变化特性,对比了各自的蓄放热速率。研究表明:自然对流在熔化过程中起主要作用,而在凝固过程中起的作用很小;蓄热速率从大到小排列,依次是水平入射式、顶部入射式和底部入射式,相比于底部入射式,水平入射式的总熔化时间可减少27.2%,而顶部入射式的总熔化时间仅减少3.7%;放热速率从大到小排列,依次是顶部入射式、水平入射式和底部入射式,相比于底部入射式,顶部入射式的总凝固时间可减少9.2%,而水平入射式的总凝固时间仅减少0.6%;水平入射式蓄热单元是满足蓄放热速率快这一要求的首选型式。     

球状蓄热体蓄放热性能的数值分析与实验

采用二维导热微分方程描述球状蓄热体区域,根据数值计算理论及相变储能理论,对二维球状蓄热体的蓄放热过程进行了模拟计算和实验。采用分段线性拟合的方法模拟相变材料复杂的比热-温度关系,配合编程及求解方便的热容法求解相变导热问题,得到了二维球状蓄热体的蓄放热性能曲线。通过实验验证,数值计算结果和实验结果具有较好的一致性。     

高温肋板式蓄热器蓄/放热特性的数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学方法对高温不锈钢肋板式相变蓄热器的蓄/放热特性进行了数值模拟。分析了多孔肋片和锯齿肋片对蓄热器蓄/放热特性的影响以及载热体入口温度和流量对相变材料熔化和凝固速度的影响,计算结果表明:在该新型肋板式相变蓄热器中,多孔翅片的性能优于锯齿肋片;随着蓄热器传热温差的增大和载热体流量的增加,蓄热器的蓄/放热性能越好;肋片作为换热元件可以很好的提高蓄热器的蓄/放热性能。所得结论可为高温肋板式蓄热器的优化设计提供有益的参考。     

金属泡沫内石蜡固液相变蓄热/放热实验

针对解决太阳能热利用过程中所面临的辐射强度不稳定、不连续和不均匀等关键问题,相变蓄热技术常与太阳能热利用系统耦合协同匹配,以实现稳定连续的热量输出。为了强化固液相变蓄热/放热过程、提高系统热储能效率,对金属泡沫内石蜡类相变材料(PCMs)在不同蓄热流体温度下的固液相变蓄热/放热特性开展了实验研究。设计并搭建了相界面可视化的蓄热/放热实验系统,实验过程中使用高清相机对相变过程中的相界面变化进行了记录。同时,通过在蓄热单元内部布置多个热电偶测点,对蓄热/放热过程中的温度变化规律进行了探究。实验结果表明,受自然对流影响,熔化过程中相界面由上至下变化;而凝固过程中由于初始时蓄热单元下部温度较低且存在自然对流,此时相界面自下而上变化。蓄热流体温度越高,熔化所需时间越短,与蓄热流体温度为65℃的工况相比,蓄热流体温度为85℃、80℃、75℃、70℃工况的完全熔化时间分别减少了56.0%、46.7%、15.4%和26.7%。当采用不同温度的流体进行蓄热工况时,相变材料内部温度呈现出具有明显差别的温升规律。尽管如此,当采用相同温度的换热流体进行放热工况时,相变材料的放热温度仍趋于一致。     

新型管壳式相变蓄热器的设计与数值模拟

设计了新型具有内外双螺旋结构的翅片管式蓄热换热器,通过Gambit软件建立三维蓄热体相变蓄、放热过程的物理模型和数学模型,运用Fluent软件对换热器的蓄、放热过程进行模拟。研究表明新型换热器的蓄、放热效率要比光管、仅有外螺旋翅片以及仅有内螺旋翅片的换热器高。最后对相变材料和外螺旋翅片的间距进行了优化,结果得出添加0.5%膨胀石墨/石蜡的复合相变材料要比纯石蜡蓄热时间缩短34%,翅片螺距对蓄热器的蓄热性能有重要的影响。     

Dynamic modelling for thermal micro-actuators using thermal networks

Thermal actuators are extensively used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Heat transfer through and around these microstructures are very complex. Knowing and controlling them in order to improve the performance of the micro-actuator, is currently a great challenge. This paper deals with this topic and proposes a dynamic thermal modelling of thermal micro-actuators. Thermal problems may be modelled using electrical analogy. However, current equivalent electrical models (thermal networks) are generally obtained considering only heat transfers through the thickness of structures having considerable height and length in relation to width (walls). These models cannot be directly applied to micro-actuators. In fact, micro-actuator configurations are based on 3D beam structures, and heat transfers occur through and around length. New dynamic and static thermal networks are then proposed in this paper. The validities of both types of thermal networks have been studied. They are successfully validated by comparison with finite elements simulation and analytical calculations.     

隔热材料导热系数的数值模拟预测

对氧化锆空心球隔热材料进行合理的简化,用数值模拟方法计算氧化锆空心球隔热材料导热系数,并分析空心球半径、温度、发射率等对导热系数的影响。数值模拟结果表明,减小空心球半径,降低空心球表面发射率,抽真空等都有助于降低隔热材料导热系数。数值模拟与实验测量结果良好吻合,用数值模拟计算隔热材料导热系数是一个行之有效的方法。     

Influence of thermal stresses on thermal diffusion of hydrogen

Thermal diffusion of hydrogen atoms in zirconium taking into account thermal stresses is investigated. As mathematical model the steady-state temperature in the hollow cylinder is considered. The first invariant of the tensor of thermal stresses in the hollow cylinder has a logarithmic dependence on the radial coordinate. Such dependence permits an exact analytical solution of diffusion kinetics problem in view of thermal stresses.     

Simple thermal decomposition reactions for storage of solar thermal energy

Simple thermal decomposition reactions have been investigated for the purpose of solar thermal energy storage. Ten criteria regarding the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction and the physical properties of the components of the reaction have been established. One particular reaction, the decomposition of ammonium hydrogen sulfate, has been evaluated in a preliminary manner and appears to satisfy all of the established criteria. The efficiency of storage is high and the decomposition occurs in the vicinity of 500°C. Other compounds such as ammonium halides, alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides, carbonates, sulfates and oxides have also been examined.     

Modeling the thermal absorption factor of photovoltaic/thermal combi-panels

In a photovoltaic/thermal combi-panel solar cells generate electricity while residual heat is extracted to be used for tap water heating or room heating. In such a panel the entire solar spectrum can be used in principle. Unfortunately long wavelength solar irradiance is poorly absorbed by the semiconductor material in standard solar cells. A computer model was developed to determine the thermal absorption factor of crystalline silicon solar cells. It was found that for a standard untextured solar cell with a silver back contact a relatively large amount of long wavelength irradiance is lost by reflection resulting in an absorption factor of only 74%. The model was then used to investigate ways to increase this absorption factor. One way is absorbing long wavelength irradiance in a second absorber behind a semi-transparent solar cell. According to the model this will increase the total absorption factor to 87%. The second way is to absorb irradiance in the back contact of the solar cell by using rough interfaces in combination with a non-standard metal as back contact. Theoretically the absorption factor can then be increased to 85%.     

Combined thermal storage

In this study a combination of the two basic storages, the water storage and the bed storage, is examined. Formulas and limitations of the combined storage process, for a specific geometrical shape, are presented and the exploitation of the thermal losses of the water storage is attempted.     

Segmented thermal storage

Standard methods of charging solar thermal energy into rock bed storage for space heating tend to reduce stratification because of decreasing collector temperatures in the afternoon. This creates inaccessible regions of higher temperature rocks and may reduce the amount of energy within the bed. Stratification of the segmented bed has the advantages of supplying the highest temperature air to the dwelling and the lowest temperature air to the collector. A method of preserving the stratification by segmenting the storage bed was numerically studied. Discharging was not studied.Segmenting a standard rock bed and routing the flow to segments cooler than the inlet air during charging was shown to preserve stratification throughout the bed. The simulated segmented bed contained 1% less maximum energy than an otherwise identical standard bed for an approximated solar day. This was a consequence of the segment control temperature locations.     

生物柴油与柴油热稳定性对比和热动力学分析

利用热重分析技术对生物柴油和0#柴油进行燃烧特性分析,比较两者的热稳定性。根据DTG-DTA曲线及实验数据,利用Achar微分法和Coats-Redfen积分法计算了活化能,并推断出生物柴油和柴油在低温段和高温段的非等温动力学方程。实验表明:生物柴油的挥发分较高,易于燃烧;但低温段表面活化能高于生物柴油,热稳定性优于柴油。     

Economic implications of thermal energy storage for concentrated solar thermal power

Solar energy is an attractive renewable energy source because the sun's energy is plentiful and carbon-free. However, solar energy is intermittent and not suitable for base load electricity generation without an energy backup system. Concentrated solar power (CSP) is unique among other renewable energy options because it can approach base load generation with molten salt thermal energy storage (TES). This paper describes the development of an engineering economic model that directly compares the performance, cost, and profit of a 110-MW parabolic trough CSP plant operating with a TES system, natural gas-fired backup system, and no backup system. Model results are presented for 0–12 h backup capacities with and without current U.S. subsidies. TES increased the annual capacity factor from around 30% with no backup to up to 55% with 12 h of storage when the solar field area was selected to provide the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Using TES instead of a natural gas-fired heat transfer fluid heater (NG) increased total plant capital costs but decreased annual operation and maintenance costs. These three effects led to an increase in the LCOE for PT plants with TES and NG backup compared with no backup. LCOE increased with increasing backup capacity for plants with TES and NG backup. For small backup capacities (1–4 h), plants with TES had slightly lower LCOE values than plants with NG backup. For larger backup capacities (5–12 h), plants with TES had slightly higher LCOE values than plants with NG backup. At these costs, current U.S. federal tax incentives were not sufficient to make PT profitable in a market with variable electricity pricing. Current U.S. incentives combined with a fixed electricity price of $200/MWh made PT plants with larger backup capacities more profitable than PT plants with no backup or with smaller backup capacities. In the absence of incentives, a carbon price of $100–$160/tonne CO_2eq would be required for these PT plants to compete with new coal-fired power plants in the U.S. If the long-term goal is to increase renewable base load electricity generation, additional incentives are needed to encourage new CSP plants to use thermal energy storage in the U.S.