Compositional effect on hot cracking for binary alloys

Composition plays an important role in the hot cracking of alloys in the casting process. For the sake of simplicity, binary alloys are employed to study the effect of composition on hot cracking in this paper. The available experimental observations on the hot cracking of binary alloys are reanalyzed and a simple rule that reflects the compositional effect on hot cracking is proposed. The analysis shows that for most binary alloys the most important factor in hot cracking is the critical value at which the remaining fraction liquid for solidification till the eutectic temperature is about 1%. Hot cracking disappears at another critical content, at which the remaining fraction liquid at eutectic temperature is around 10%. The Scheil equation is employed to evaluate the variation in fraction solid and liquid in the assessments.     

相场法对比模拟二元合金等温/非等温凝固过程(英文)

基于熵函数建立二元合金的二维相场模型,采用基于均匀网格的有限差分法求解相场和溶质场控制方程;为了避免时间步长的限定,采用交替隐式差分法(ADI)求解温度场控制方程。对Ni-Cu合金非等温凝固过程的部分特征进行模拟研究,对比分析二元合金等温/非等温凝固过程。模拟结果表明:非等温模型更能有效地模拟二元合金的实际凝固过程,并且随着热扩散系数的减小,非等温相场模型逐渐向等温相场模型回归。     

二元包晶合金研究进展

综合评述了二元包晶合金凝固领域的有关理论和实验研究的进展情况.指出,目前研究的内容主要集中在固态方面,而对与凝固过程密切相关的液态二元包晶合金的结构和性质则涉及很少.因而从液态二元包晶合金的结构和性质入手,寻求液态和固态之间的相互关系,是一个值得研究的新课题.     

温度诱导液相结构转变对Pb-Sn合金凝固行为及组织的影响

在前期工作发现的某些合金熔体发生温度诱导非连续液-液结构转变的基础上,通过研究Pb-Sn共晶合金及Pb-Sn80%合金发生液-液结构转变前后熔体的凝固行为及组织,发现后者凝固过冷度较发生熔体结构转变前成倍增大,并导致凝固组织的明显细化.揭示了温度诱导非连续液-液结构转变对合金凝固行为及组织有着明显影响.     

过冷熔体定向凝固过程枝晶生长的相场法模拟

利用二元合金相场模型与溶质场进行耦合计算，以Al-4．5％Cu合金为例模拟了二元合金定向凝固的枝晶生长过程。研究了不同过冷度下二元合金过冷熔体定向凝固时枝晶的演化过程及其溶质场的分布情况。结果表明：利用相场模型可以逼真地模拟枝晶的生长过程，以及界面形貌从平界面向柱状晶生长的转变，可再现枝晶演变过程中相互之间的竞争生长和熔合现象。     

Al-Si-Mg三元合金的溶质分凝及其对凝固过程的影响

从热力学角度分析了三元合金凝固过程中的溶质分凝行为, 利用耦合热力学计算技术研究了Al-Si-Mg三元合金溶质分凝因数在凝固过程中的变化规律, 获得了其与固相体积分数的定量关系, 进而预测了不同条件下Al-Si-Mg三元合金的凝固过程和相析出规律. 实验发现三元合金中溶质分凝因数在凝固过程变化巨大, 采用二元系中的参数使得对共晶种类和共晶分数的预测均与实验值有较大偏差. 采用耦合热力学计算技术, 获得了分凝因数在凝固过程中的变化规律, 使预测值更好地吻合于实验结果.     

A corrosion investigation of solder candidates for high-temperature applications

The step-soldering approach is being employed in the multi-chip module technology. High-lead-containing alloys are among the solders currently being used in this approach. Au-Sn and Au-Ge based candidate alloys have been proposed as alternative solders for this application. In this work, a corrosion investigation was carried out on potential ternary lead-free candidate alloys based on these binary alloys for high-temperature applications. These promising ternary candidate alloys were determined by the CALPHAD approach based on the solidification criterion and the nature of the phases predicted in the bulk solder. This work reveals that the Au-Sn-based candidate alloys close to the eutectic composition (20 wt.% Sn) are more corrosion resistant than the Au-Ge-based ones.     

A three-dimensional cellular automaton model for dendritic growth in multi-component alloys

A three-dimensional (3-D) cellular automaton model for dendritic growth in multi-component alloys is developed. The velocity of advance of the solid/liquid (S/L) interface is calculated using the solute conservation relationship at the S/L interface. The effect of interactions between the alloying elements on the diffusion coefficient of solutes in the solid and liquid phases are considered. The model is first validated by comparing with the theoretical predictions for binary and ternary alloys, and then applied to simulate the solidification process of Al-Cu-Mg alloys by a coupling of thermodynamic and kinetic calculations. The numerical results obtained show both the free dendrite growth process as well as the directional solidification process. The calculated secondary dendrite arm spacing in the directionally solidified Al-Cu-Mg alloy is in good agreement with the experimental results. The effect of interactions between the various alloying elements on dendritic growth is discussed.     

二元合金激光快速熔凝过程的非Fourier模型

基于非Fourier定律，建立了脉冲激光加热条件下单相二元合金表面快速重熔和凝固过程的非平衡传热传质模型，并根据碰撞理论和Aziz的连续生长模型处理固／液界面，以解释快速熔凝过程界面动力学的非平衡效应，快速熔凝问题是涉及热质传输的移动界面问题，通过二阶精度的Von Neumann隐式差分格式和界面跟踪方法进行过程模型的数值求解。应用该模型，分析了Al-Cu二元合金的激光表面熔凝过程，结果表明，激光的高能量密度和非平衡界面动力学所引起的熔化过程和凝固过冷对于快速熔凝过程的影响很大，在快速熔凝过程中，界面速度的变化很大，且因基底材料和热流大小而不同，通过计算获得了界面温度，速度、溶质浓度及非平衡分配系数随界面位置的变化，结果显示，在凝固过程中界面速度和界面溶质浓度都存在着很大的波动。     

Two-dimensional cellular automaton model for simulating structural evolution of binary alloys during solidification

1Introduction During solidification of cast metallic materials,simulations of microstructural evolution,which track kinetics in a local fashion,are of interest for two reasons.First,from a fundamental point of view,it is desirable to better understand the…     

Advanced Solidification Studies on Transparent Alloy Systems: A New European Solidification Insert for Material Science Glovebox on Board the International Space Station

Investigations on solidifying transparent model alloys have served frequently to gain knowledge on physical phenomena occurring during solidification of metallic alloys. However, quantitative results were obtainable in thin samples where convection can successfully be suppressed. Quantitative studies on three-dimensional phenomena not being affected by natural convection are thus only possible under microgravity conditions. Therefore, the European Space Agency (ESA) is planning to launch a new insert for the material science glovebox on board of the International Space Station for studies on solidification phenomena in thick samples. Four different classes of transparent model alloys will be used to address the following scientific topics: (I) columnar to equiaxed transition in solidification processing, (II) novel peritectic structures and in situ composites; (III) solidification along an eutectic path in binary alloys; and (IV) solidification along an eutectic path in ternary alloys. In this article, we give details on the scientific objectives and the operational features ESA??s new solidification device will offer.     

冷却速度对CuCr25合金凝固过程的影响

研究了不同冷却速度下CuCr25合金的微观组织和凝固过程。随着冷却速度的增加，CuCr25合金的微观组织将变得越来越细。当冷却速度达到10^7K／s时，可获得纳米结构的微观组织。当冷却速度〈10^3K／s时，CuCr25合金的凝固过程为普通凝固过程：如果冷却速度〉10^4K／s，其凝固过程为液相分解凝固过程。在快速凝固过程中，CuCr25合金中没有新相形成。但是，Cu在富Cr相中和Cr在富Cu相中的溶解度有所增加。     

最大熵产生原理在非平衡凝固中应用

近年来,最大熵产生原理在物理、化学、生物等领域得到广泛应用,被认为是描述非平衡体系演化的普适性原理;其核心思想是孤立非平衡耗散体系演化总是选择最短路径,以使体系尽可能快地向平衡态演化。非平衡凝固技术在工业生产中应用日益广泛,凝固理论研究却仍集中于近平衡过程;最大熵产生率原理在非平衡凝固中的应用,可推动非平衡凝固理论的发展,进而促进凝固理论的工业应用。总结了近年来最大熵产生原理在非平衡凝固中的应用,包括二元合金非平衡凝固界面动力学模型及多相场模型、多元合金非平衡凝固界面动力学模型、平界面稳定性分析及自由枝晶生长模型。对建立这些模型的热力学过程和相应的数学方法进行了详尽的描述。最后对最大熵产生原理的研究前景进行了展望。     

Liquidus projection for the Mo-rich portion of the Mo–Si–B ternary system

The solidification behavior in the Mo-rich portion of the Mo–Si–B ternary system has been examined based on the microstructures of arc-cast alloys. Several solidification characteristics in the Mo-rich portion of the system have been identified using XRD, SEM and TEM. The liquidus projection in the Mo-rich portion includes six primary solidification reactions; five reactions originating from the Mo–Si and Mo–B binary sections (Mo, Mo₂B, βMoB, Mo₃Si and Mo₅Si₃) and one from the ternary-based (Mo₅SiB₂) T₂ phase. The liquidus surface in general descends from the high melting temperature Mo–B binary side to the lower melting temperature Mo–Si binary side. The solidification path of alloys with compositions in the T₂ phase region is always preceded by the peritectic reaction of βMoB+L⇒T₂. In addition, four Class II reactions (four-phase reactions) and one Class I reaction (invariant ternary eutectic reaction) have been identified. The extent of solidification segregation in alloys with compositions in the Mo(ss)+T₂ two-phase field is discussed as it pertains to materials processing.     

Al-11.80Cu-24.22Mg三元包共晶合金的凝固机制

采用液淬方法对Al-11.80Cu-24.22Mg(质量分数,%)三元包共晶合金在不同温度下淬火,而后,对其相组成和凝固组织进行了研究,对凝固组织的演化规律以及凝固机制进行了分析.实验结果表明,该合金凝固过程中确实发生了三元包共晶反应,初生相为S相(Al_2CuMg),包共晶组织为α-Al相和T相(Al_6CuMg_4)组成,最终凝固组织由残余初生S相、包共晶组织(α-Al+T)、两相共晶(α-Al+T)及三相共晶(α-Al+T+β)组成;虽然包共晶组织中和两相共晶中含有相同的相,即α-(Al)相和T相,但二者的组织形态不同,包共晶组织呈条带状,而两相共晶呈规则的蛛网状和球状.此外,三元包共晶反应时,包共晶组织依附于初生S相的周围生长,随着冷却速率的增加,三元包共晶反应变慢甚至被抑制,致使初生S相剩余而滞留在基体中.     

电磁组合场对镁合金凝固组织的影响

研究了不同电磁组合场对AZ61镁合金凝固组织的影响.结果表明,在静磁场作用下,镁合金的凝固组织为等轴晶,晶界上的结晶相成网状分布;在静磁场与工频交流电组合场作用下,其凝固组织与只施加静磁场时类似,基本为等轴晶,但由于交流电的施加晶粒明显得到细化,晶界上结晶相的网状结构也变得细小;而在镁合金凝固过程中同时施加静磁场和直流电流组合场时,由于组合场产生的熔体内部的定向力作用的结果,凝固组织主要为蔷薇状晶粒,组织得到明显的净化,其晶界上结晶相的网状结构彻底消失,以不连续的薄条状和点状形态分布.     

脉冲电流影响合金熔体特征及其凝固组织的研究进展

综述了国内外在脉冲电流液态金属处理方面的应用,对比总结了脉冲电流作用对不同合金的熔体处理及其凝固过程的影响,评述了脉冲电流的作用机理.针对当前研究中的问题及发展趋势,指出脉冲电流作为一种重要的外场辅助手段,在航空航天等轻型耐热材料的凝固制备和铸造上具有广阔的应用前景.     

Eutectic solidification and its role in casting porosity formation

Understanding and controlling the eutectic solidification process in Al-Si alloys permits prediction of the formation of casting porosity, eventually leading to methods for its control and elimination. In addition, it enables control of eutectic structure, silicon morphology, and eutectic grain size to further improve the alloy properties. This paper presents the current understanding of eutectic solidification in hypoeutectic Al-Si foundry alloys and the relationship between eutectic solidification and porosity formation. New concepts in engineering eutectic solidification are also explored. For more information, contact L. Lu, The University of Queensland, CRC for Cast Metals Manufacturing, Division of Materials Engineering, Brisbane Qld. 4072, Australia; e-mail l.lu@minmet.uq.edu.au.     

Structure and microhardness of rapidly solidified foils of binary indium alloys

Structure of indium and binary indium-based alloys obtained by rapid solidification has been investigated. In the rapidly solidified foils of indium and its binary alloys with tin, lead, bismuth, zinc, and antimony (to 0.6 at %), there is formed a (101) texture, and in the alloys that contain a higher concentration of antimony, an (001) texture. The foils of the alloys that contain to 4 at % bismuth, lead, and cadmium and to 8 at % tin are single-phase. In the foils of the alloys containing zinc and antimony, dispersed particles of zinc and indium antimonide are precipitated.     

Solidification of Immiscible Alloys Under the Effect of Electric and Magnetic Fields

Immiscible alloys have aroused considerable interests in the last decades on account of their special physical and mechanical properties and potential applications. A considerable number of researches have been implemented to investigate the solidification behaviors of immiscible alloys in electric and magnetic fields. It has been indicated that the magnetic field and electric current can remarkably affect the solidification process and microstructures of immiscible alloys. The solidification techniques under the effects of electric and magnetic fields have great potentials for the fabrication of immiscible alloys. This paper reviews the research work in this field in recent years.