简化土拱物理和数值模型在土拱形态研究上的适用性

在土拱室内模型试验和数值分析中常常采用简化土拱模型。在带帽桩承式路堤分析中,简化土拱模型中只有路堤,没有带帽桩加固的地基土,土拱的形成过程是通过人为控制桩间土上方路堤基底沉降或竖向应力来模拟的。通过建立土拱分析的二维弹塑性整体和简化有限元模型,对桩承式路堤中的土拱进行数值模拟,在"最大土拱"状态下确定出相应的土拱形态。计算结果表明:整体有限元模型和简化有限元模型获得的土拱形态都为半椭圆形。路堤基底施加余弦形和抛物线形沉降的简化有限元模型获得的土拱高度与整体有限元模型计算结果非常接近。减小路堤基底竖向应力和在基底施加均布沉降的简化有限元模型得到的土拱高度近乎相同,但数值均要比整体有限元模型计算的结果大得多。     

桩承式加筋路堤中土拱形态及荷载传递机理的数值分析

通过建立平面应变条件下桩承式加筋路堤土拱形态分析的弹塑性有限元模型,对桩承式加筋路堤中的土拱形态进行有限元数值模拟,并分析加筋对桩帽-土荷载分担特性的影响。计算结果表明:平面应变条件下桩承式加筋路堤中的土拱形态为半椭圆,土拱高度小于无筋桩承式路堤。土拱高度随路堤高度的增大先增高后稳定不变。加筋刚度对土拱高度的影响较小。加筋将桩间土承担的路堤荷载向桩帽上转移。由加筋传递到桩帽上的竖向应力随桩间距和加筋刚度的增大而增大,随桩帽宽度的增大而减小。     

砂填料桩承式路堤土拱效应模型试验

现有的桩承式路堤荷载传递计算方法主要依据3类土拱效应力学计算模型。由于宏观土拱形态观察的难度较大,现有计算方法普遍缺乏对不同填料与参数下拱效应传力机制以及宏观土拱拱形参数的深入探讨。采用自制的试验装置对砂填料桩承式路堤土拱效应模型进行探讨,进行了3组不同桩距比下3种填土高度的模型试验。模型试验装置配备了位移控制装置模拟与精确控制桩间土下沉,在下沉过程中连续、同步的采集土压力以及砂箱内部填料的照片,并通过摄影测量技术获取全场位移数据。通过对桩土应力比曲线特征以及曲线特征点所对应的填料颗粒位移图的综合分析,探讨了砂填料桩承式路堤拱效应传力机制,揭示了填料内部存在的初始三角形松动滑移面。基于此提出了初始三角拱力学计算模型,分析得到了滑移面角度随桩距比变化的规律,并利用滑移面夹角统计数据确定了拟合计算公式,通过力学推导建立了适用于砂填料桩承式路堤的桩土应力比计算方法。通过与Rogbeck法、BS8006法、Terzaghi法以及模型试验实测数据的对比,验证了计算方法的合理性。     

桩承式路堤土拱数值模拟中路堤土本构模型的选择

数值模拟方法已成为研究桩承式路堤中土拱最重要的手段,其关键在于路堤填土要采用合理的本构模型。建立桩承式路堤平面土拱分析的弹塑性有限元模型,考虑摩尔-库伦模型（MC）、硬化土模型（HS）和小应变硬化土模型（HSS）3种不同的路堤土本构模型,用有限元方法模拟不同路堤土本构模型下桩承式路堤中的土拱形态和土拱效应。计算结果表明：3种不同路堤土本构模型下平面土拱的形态都是半个椭圆。路堤土采用HS和HSS模型,获得的土拱形态、效应和桩帽-土差异沉降相同。较之HS和HSS模型,路堤土采用MC模型时计算得到的桩帽-土差异沉降较小,桩帽荷载分担比略大。当路堤高度较小时,采用MC模型获得的土拱远小于HS和HSS模型下的计算结果。土拱效应的数值模拟中路堤土可采用简单的MC模型,但土拱形态的数值模拟中路堤土宜采用HS模型。     

桩承式路堤“土拱结构”形成演化规律离散元分析

"土拱结构"作为桩承式路堤中的主要荷载传递媒介,对路堤荷载传递和路堤填料位移有显著影响。基于室内模型试验,采用颗粒流软件PFC~(2D)建立桩承式路堤离散元(DEM)数值分析模型,基于应力主方向、接触力链及路堤填料沉降分布规律对路堤中"土拱结构"形态及其演化规律进行深入分析。研究结果表明:路堤中"土拱结构"随桩土相对位移的增加而逐渐发展并最终趋于稳定,最终的"土拱结构"形态呈0.8倍桩净间距高的抛物线形;路堤填筑高度对"土拱结构"形态、演化规律以及荷载传递效率有显著影响;路堤填料粗糙度、桩净间距及桩梁宽度对路堤荷载传递效率有显著影响,但对"土拱结构"最终形态几乎无影响。     

桩承式路堤土拱效应分析的改进有限元模型

土拱效应在桩承式路堤中的桩土荷载分担方面具有重要作用。本文提出了一个改进的三维有限元模型来模拟土拱效应。该模型利用不同刚度的弹簧来模拟桩与桩间土,不需建立桩与土体模型,提高了计算效率。结合现场试验及其他学者提出的理论证明了模型的有效性。通过改变路堤分布荷载以及路堤填料的内摩擦角进行对比试验,数值分析结果表明,土拱存在最大、最小两个临界拱高,且不同位置的桩间土体受土拱效应影响不同。等沉面高度与土拱最大拱高并不完全一致,土拱效应的产生滞后于沉降差。在不同路堤填土内摩擦角情况下,路堤填土的应力及沉降分布基本不变,随着路堤填土内摩擦角的增大,路堤沉降有效减小。研究结果可为工程设计人员提供有益的参考。     

桩承式路堤“土拱结构”形成演化规律离散元分析

“土拱结构”作为桩承式路堤中的主要荷载传递媒介,对路堤荷载传递和路堤填料位移有显著影响。基于室内模型试验,采用颗粒流软件PFC^2D建立桩承式路堤离散元（DEM）数值分析模型,基于应力主方向、接触力链及路堤填料沉降分布规律对路堤中“土拱结构”形态及其演化规律进行深入分析。研究结果表明：路堤中“土拱结构”随桩土相对位移的增加而逐渐发展并最终趋于稳定,最终的“土拱结构”形态呈0.8倍桩净间距高的抛物线形;路堤填筑高度对“土拱结构”形态、演化规律以及荷载传递效率有显著影响;路堤填料粗糙度、桩净间距及桩梁宽度对路堤荷载传递效率有显著影响,但对“土拱结构”最终形态几乎无影响。     

砂填料桩承式路堤宏观土拱形态与演化模型

基于目前研究很少关注土拱效应模型的适用条件和演化规律的现状,采用自制平面应变模型对砂填料桩承式路堤在不同桩间距下的宏观土拱形态,以及宏观土拱在桩间土下移过程中可能出现的演化现象进行探讨。模型试验将桩与土相互作用简化为桩间土挡板下移这一位移边界条件,配备可精确控制桩间土下移量的位移控制装置与摄影测量设备。每下移0.02 mm采集一张图片,采用图像分析软件追踪桩间土下移过程中路堤颗粒位移,实现全场位移量测。共进行3种填土高度下3种不同桩间距的模型试验。通过对9组试验填料内部滑移面的分析,揭示桩间土下移过程中均首先出现对称的三角形滑移面,即初始三角拱模型,之后继续增加桩间土下移量,初始三角拱模型存在2种不同的演化模式:在填土高度与桩距比1.8情况下,随桩间土下移量的增加滑移面逐级张开,称为三角多拱模型;在填土高度与桩距比≥1.8情况下,滑移面则逐级上移,演化为塔形多拱模型。最后,统计各模型的关键参数,为下一步土拱演化条件下的力学分析计算提供依据。     

砂填料桩承式路堤宏观土拱形态与演化模型

 基于目前研究很少关注土拱效应模型的适用条件和演化规律的现状,采用自制平面应变模型对砂填料桩承式路堤在不同桩间距下的宏观土拱形态,以及宏观土拱在桩间土下移过程中可能出现的演化现象进行探讨。模型试验将桩与土相互作用简化为桩间土挡板下移这一位移边界条件,配备可精确控制桩间土下移量的位移控制装置与摄影测量设备。每下移0.02 mm采集一张图片,采用图像分析软件追踪桩间土下移过程中路堤颗粒位移,实现全场位移量测。共进行3种填土高度下3种不同桩间距的模型试验。通过对9组试验填料内部滑移面的分析,揭示桩间土下移过程中均首先出现对称的三角形滑移面,即初始三角拱模型,之后继续增加桩间土下移量,初始三角拱模型存在2种不同的演化模式：在填土高度与桩距比＜1.8情况下,随桩间土下移量的增加滑移面逐级张开,称为三角多拱模型;在填土高度与桩距比≥1.8情况下,滑移面则逐级上移,演化为塔形多拱模型。最后,统计各模型的关键参数,为下一步土拱演化条件下的力学分析计算提供依据。     

桩承式路堤中土拱效应可视化模型试验研究

桩承式路堤中土拱的形态还未得到统一认识,进一步开展土拱效应的研究对桩承式路堤中荷载传递规律分析有重要科学价值。首先简要介绍了桩承式路堤中土拱效应可视化的室内模型试验装置、试验材料以及测试元件的布置情况,然后采用该可视化试验装置进行变化路堤高度与桩间距的10组模型试验研究,以分析桩承式路堤中沉降的分布规律与竖向应力的分布特点。试验结果表明:变化路堤高度与桩间距的比值将显著影响桩承式路堤中土拱效应的发挥,在该平面土拱效应室内试验中,当h/(s-a)≤1.0时,路堤中没有应力重分布的现象,表明此时土拱效应没有产生;当1.0h/(s-a)1.5时,土拱效应未完全发挥;当h/(s-a)≥1.6时,达到了完全成拱的条件,路堤填土的竖向应力分布存在两次拐点,与HewlettRandolph模型结果中的分布规律相似。模型试验结果还表明,路堤表面的差异沉降随着路堤高度的增加而逐渐减小,当路堤高度与桩净间距的比值大于1.6时,路堤表面的差异沉降基本为0。最后,根据土拱效应完全产生时的模型试验结果,推导了平面土拱的内拱与外拱高度的表达式,并基于土拱厚度不均匀的实际情况,采用试验结果对HewlettRandolph平面土拱理论进行修正,研究发现修正的HewlettRandolph方法能更好地与试验结果相吻合。     

A simplified model to analyze the reinforced piled embankments

It is an economic way to use the piled embankment for the construction of embankment over soft soil. The combination of piles and reinforcement can effectively reduce the differential settlement at the surface of embankment. The paper presents a simplified model for analysis of an embankment of granular fill on soft ground supported by reinforcement and piles. This model is based on consideration of the arching effect in granular material proposed by Hewlett & Randolph. The vertical equilibrium of the unit body at the center of pile caps immediately below the reinforcement is established. The refinements of the model are that the failure mechanisms of the arch both at the crown and at the pile cap were considered, three-dimensional situation was taken into account for reinforced piled embankment, calculation of the vertical stress carried by the subsoil due to arching effect and reinforcement for multi-layered soil was proposed. Using the simplified model, the influence of embankment height, one-dimensional compression modulus of subsoil, tensile stiffness of reinforcement on stress reduction ratio (SRR) and tensile force of reinforcement is investigated. It is found that the model can be used to assess the relative contribution of the reinforcement and subsoil. The results show that subsoil gives a major contribution to overall vertical equilibrium, while the reinforcement gives obvious contribution at relatively large settlement. The inclusion of the reinforcement can reduce the vertical stress acting on the subsoil. The simplified model is then evaluated by three case studies. The results of this model show good consistence with these cases.     

3D numerical study of the performance of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments

Geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported (GRPS) systems provide an economic and effective solution for embankments. The load transfer mechanisms are tridimensional ones and depend on the interaction between linked elements, such as piles, soil, and geosynthetics. This paper presents an extensive parametric study using three-dimensional numerical calculations for geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments. The numerical analysis is conducted for both cohesive and non-cohesive embankment soils to emphasize the fill soil cohesion effect on the load and settlement efficacy of GRPS embankments. The influence of the embankment height, soft ground elastic modulus, improvement area ratio, geosynthetic tensile stiffness and fill soil properties are also investigated on the arching efficacy, GR membrane efficacy, differential settlement, geosynthetic tension, and settlement reduction performance. The numerical results indicated that the GRPS system shows a good performance for reducing the embankment settlements. The ratio of the embankment height to the pile spacing, subsoil stiffness, and fill soil properties are the most important design parameters to be considered in a GRPS design. The results also suggested that the fill soil cohesion strengthens the soil arching effect, and increases the loading efficacy. However, the soil arching mobilization is not necessarily at the peak state but could be reached at the critical state. Finally, the geosynthetic strains are not uniform along the geosynthetic, and the maximum geosynthetic strain occurs at the pile edge. The geosynthetic deformed shape is a curve that is closer to a circular shape than a parabolic one.     

桩承式路堤中土拱形态与成拱过程中土拱效应研究

建立了平面应变条件下模拟土拱形成过程的弹塑性有限元模型。研究了桩承式路堤中的土拱形态,分析了影响土拱高度的主要因素和土拱形成过程中桩帽与桩帽间地基土之间的荷载分担特性。研究表明：平面应变条件下土拱的形态为半椭圆,填土内摩擦角和凝聚力的变化对土拱高度的影响较小。土拱高度随桩帽净距的增加先增大后逐渐减小,随路堤高度的增加先线性增加后稳定不变。完整土拱形成时土拱效应发挥程度最大,桩帽间地基土承担的路堤荷载不再向桩帽上转移。     

桩承地基处理大面积软基的现场测试及分析

为了解桩承地基的工作机理,对深圳机场停机坪大面积桩承地基处理区域的桩顶沉降、桩间土沉降以及孔隙水压力进行现场测试,并对测试结果进行详细的分析和比较。结果表明:桩承地基能够有效地减小地基总沉降和桩土沉降差,桩土沉降差在19～25 mm;路堤填土中存在明显的土拱效应,土拱高度集中在0.83～1.04倍桩净间距,平均为0.94的桩净间距;桩土沉降差与土拱效应发挥程度密切相关,桩土沉降差是产生土拱效应的前提条件。     

Two-dimensional soil arching evolution in geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported embankments over voids

Soil arching and tensioned membrane effects are two main load transfer mechanisms for geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankments over soft soils or voids. Evidences show that the tensioned membrane effect interacts with the soil arching effect. To investigate the soil arching evolution under different geosynthetic reinforcement stiffness and embankment height, a series of discrete element method (DEM) simulations of GRPS embankments were carried out based on physical model tests. The results indicate that the deformation pattern in the GRPS embankments changed from a concentric ellipse arch pattern to an equal settlement pattern with the increase of the embankment height. High stiffness geosynthetic hindered the development of soil arching and required more subsoil settlement to enable the development of maximum soil arching. However, soil arching in the GRPS embankments with low stiffness reinforcement degraded after reaching maximum soil arching. Appropriate stiffness reinforcement ensured the development and stability of maximum soil arching. According to the stress states on the pile top, a concentric ellipse soil arch model is proposed in this paper to describe the soil arching behavior in the GRPS embankments over voids. The predicted heights of soil arches and load efficacies on the piles agreed well with the DEM simulations and the test results from the literature.     

桩承式加筋路堤受力机理及沉降分析

作为一种经济、有效的软土地基处理方法,桩承式加筋路堤在国内外已开始使用。把单桩处理区域及上部路堤等效为圆桩体,采用弹塑性有限元法分析了瞬时加载后地基中超静孔隙水压力的分布特征及消散过程,研究了加筋格栅的受力和路堤的沉降特性等,分析了桩长、桩间距及桩托板大小对桩体荷载分担比和路堤沉降的影响。研究结果表明,打桩后桩体所受荷载向下传递,地基中的初始最大孔隙水压力出现在桩端以下土层。打穿软土层情况下,路堤的沉降量决定于浅部桩间土的压缩,而未打穿情况下,路堤的沉降量决定于桩端以下软土层的压缩。桩长是控制路堤沉降的最主要因素,其次是桩间距和桩托板尺寸。最后对一个工程实例进行了分析。     

桩承式路堤平面土拱应力折减系数影响因素分析

通过二维数值模拟对桩承式路堤平面土拱应力折减系数进行了分析,探讨了影响折减系数的因素及其变化规律,结果表明:抗剪强度高的土体,应力折减系数较小,土拱效应作用显著,在一定范围中填土高度的增加,使得土拱效应逐渐形成,应力折减系数逐渐减小,土拱效应逐渐增强;桩净间距的增大或桩径的减小,都会使得应力折减系数增大,削弱了土拱效应的发挥程度。     

Effect of geogrid reinforcement on the load transfer in pile-supported embankment under cyclic loading

This paper investigated effects of geogrid reinforcement on the load transfer in pile-supported embankment under cyclic loading using self-moving trapdoor tests. In the self-moving trapdoor test setup, the trapdoor between two stationary portions (which were equivalent to the piles) was supported by compression springs to simulate the subsoil. Quartz sand and a biaxial geogrid were used as the test fill and reinforcement material, respectively. Tests results show that soil arching above the geogrid reinforcement and load transfer to the stationary portions (caused by the soil arching and tensioned membrane effect) experienced a process of “relatively enhancing - relatively degrading” with an increase in the number of cycles and maintained similar degrees within each complete cycle of cyclic loading. Moreover, the inclusion of geogrid reinforcement reduced the mobilization of soil arching, but increased the degree of load transfer to the stationary portions. In addition, cyclic loading with a higher frequency tended to mobilize more soil arching and induce a higher degree of load transfer to stationary portions. Also observed was that a higher frequency cyclic loading tended to decelerate the degradation of load transfer to stationary portions and caused less surface settlement, which indicating increased load-carrying capacity of pile-supported embankment.     

桩承式加筋路堤土拱及格栅受力模型试验研究

介绍了桩承式加筋路堤足尺模型实验装置,该实验装置利用PVC材料水袋模拟桩间软土,从而在一定程度上能够控制桩土差异沉降。路堤填筑过程中测试了路堤内部土压力以及格栅拉力,并且重点分析了桩帽和桩间不同位置处土压力以及格栅拉力随填筑高度的变化规律。实验结果表明,路堤在填筑过程中发生了明显的土拱效应,路堤填筑完成后桩土应力比约为8.46,土拱高度约为1.125倍桩间净距;单向土工格栅能够进一步将桩间上方土压力传递到桩顶上方;随着路堤填筑高度的增加,格栅拉力增长并不大,路堤横向滑移引起的格栅拉力可以忽略不计。