NiAl含量对反应合成TiC-TiB_2-NiAl物相及组织结构的影响(英文)

以Ti、B4C、Ni、Al粉末为原料,通过自蔓延高温反应合成工艺(SHS)制备TiC-TiB2-NiAl复合材料,研究NiAl含量对反应产物的物相组成及组织结构的影响。结果表明:Ti+B4C+Ni+Al粉末SHS反应产物的物相组成为TiB2、TiC和NiAl,随着Ni+Al添加量的增多,NiAl相的衍射峰强度逐渐增强;TiB2、TiC和NiAl在基体中呈现不同的形态,其中TiB2呈六边形或长条状,TiC呈圆形,NiAl填充在TiC和TiB2颗粒之间;随着NiAl含量的增加,TiC-TiB2-NiAl复合材料的晶粒逐渐被细化,致密度和抗压强度均被提高,TiC的形态由不规则形状转变为圆形。复合材料的断裂方式由单纯的沿晶断裂转变为混合的沿晶断裂和穿晶断裂。     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: A study on the microstructure of precipitation strengthened B2-ordered NiAl

Microstructural control to produce a multiphase structure and there by improve the high temperature strength as well as low temperature ductility of intermetallics has received much attention. A transmission electron microscopy investigation has been performed in the present work on the precipitation of supersaturated B2-ordered (Ni,Co)Al and α-Cr in B2-ordered β-NiAl with different stoichiometry. Precipitation behavior and hardening were investigated by measuring the hardness variation. The hardness of (Ni,Co)Al and β-NiAl increases appreciably by the fine precipitation of (Ni,Co)₂Al and α-Cr, and overage softening occurs after prolonged aging. In the case of B2-ordered (Ni,Co)Al, the (Ni,Co)₂Al phase has a hexagonal structure and takes a rod-like shape with the long axis of the rod parallel to the 〈111〉 directions of the B2 matrix. By aging at temperatures below 873 K, a long period superlattice structure appears in the hexagonal (Ni,Co)₂Al phase. The orientation relationship between the (Ni,Co)₂Al precipitates and the B2-(Ni,Co)Al matrix is found to be (0001)_p//(111)B2 and [[`1]\bar 12[`1]\bar 10]_p//[[`1]\bar 110]_B2, where the suffixes p and B2 denote the (Ni,Co)₂Al precipitate and the B2-(Ni,Co)Al matrix, respectively. (Ni,Co)Al hardens appreciably by fine precipitation of the (Ni,Co)₂Al phase. On the other hand, in the case of B2-NiAl, perfect lattice coherency is retained at the interfaces between the α-Cr particles and the matrix during the initial stage of aging. After prolonged aging, a loss of coherency occurs by the attraction of matrix dislocations to the particle/matrix interface followed by climbing around the particles.     

THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES IN NiAl(Co) MATRIX COMPOSITE

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反应合成Ni-Al金属间化合物的组织及形成机理(英文)

以Ni粉和Al粉为原料,通过热爆反应合成制备Ni-Al系金属间化合物,研究了反应物摩尔比对生成物物相、组织结构和显微硬度的影响。结果表明:当Ni、Al摩尔比为1:1时,反应生成物为单一的NiAl相;当Ni、Al摩尔比为2:1时,生成物相组成为NiAl+Ni3Al相,因为非平衡冷却,NiAl含量多,呈不规则块状形态分布,Ni3Al相析出量少,主要沿初生NiAl晶界分布,当进一步提高Ni含量,且Ni、Al摩尔比为3:1时,生成物组织形态复杂,除枝晶状的β-NiAl、粗大块状和网状的γ-Ni3Al外,还有板条状和针片状的M-NiAl和不规则的块状或者尖条状的γ′-Ni3Al,这主要是由非平衡冷却和β-NiAl内的成分差异而引起的。     

Precipitation of α-Cr in B2-ordered NiAl

A transmission electron microscope investigation has been performed on the precipitation of α-Cr in B2-ordered β-NiAl with different stoichiometry. By aging at temperatures around 1073 K after solution annealing at 1563 K, fine spherical particles of α-Cr appear in the NiAl matrix between the α-Cr which rapidly precipitated during quenching. The hardness of NiAl increases appreciably by the fine precipitation of α-Cr and overage softening occurs after prolonged aging. The perfect lattice coherency is kept at the interfaces between the α-Cr particles and the matrix during the initial stage of aging. After prolonged aging, the loss of coherency occurs by the attraction of matrix dislocations to the particle/matrix interface followed by climbing around the particles. The amount of age hardening of stoichiometric NiAl in which equal amounts of Ni and Al are replaced by Cr is smaller than that obtained in off-stoichiometric NiAl. Atom location by channeling enhanced microanalysis technique has been used to determine the site occupancy of Cr in NiAl.     

Ni-Al-Fe系中NiAl(Fe)金属间化合物的析出强化

研究Ni-Al-Fe系中B2型金属间化合物NiAl(Fe)的硬度随时效时间的变化,同时测定时效处理后含析出相的NiAl(Fe)金属间化合物的屈服强度随温度变化。结果表明,在所有实验温度区域内,NiAl(Fe)化合物的屈服强度均远高于单相NiAl;析出相为体心立方结构的α-Fe相;在时效初期α-Fe相呈球状,过时效之后变成平行于有序基体{100}晶面的板条状。通过透射电镜观察还确定变形过程中位错滑移矢量为111。虽然α-Fe析出相的硬度低于NiAl(Fe)基体,但由于α-Fe析出相对运动位错有较强的钉扎作用而使基体得到强化。     

Influence of chemical composition and alloying elements on microdefects and electron density in Ni—Al alloys

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Effect of Current Intensity on Microstructure of Ni3Al Intermetallics Prepared by Directional Solidification Electromagnetic Cold Crucible TechniqueEI北大核心CSCD

Due to their excellent high-temperature strength, and good oxidation resistance, Ni(3)Albased alloys have long attracted considerable interest as a class of high-temperature structural material. These properties, combined with their unique high thermal conductivity, make them ideal for special applications, such as blades in gas turbines and jet engines. However, polycrystalline Ni3Al alloys show almost no ductility and extremely low fracture resistance at ambient temperatures. Ni3Al alloys with the high ductility at room-temperature can be adjusted by the microstructure through directional solidification (DS) and matching. It has been shown that the electric field can refine the solidification structure, reduce the dendrite spacing, promote the diffusion and change the solute redistribution in the solidification process. In order to improve the room temperature ductility of Ni3Al alloy, the effect of current intensity on microstructure of DS Ni-25Al alloy is investigated. In this work, the effects of constant current intensity and NiAl phase on the microstructure are researched. The results show that in the DC electric field, as the result of the aggregation of current along dendrite tip and the Joule heat at the tip of dendrite, the primary dendritic spacing (lambda) decreases with the increasing of current intensity. And the solid-liquid interface tends to be straight resulting from the Joule heat and Peltier effect caused by the segregation of current and the difference in conductivity between solid and liquid interface. When no direct current is applied the DS samples contain the L12 structure of Ni3Al matrix and B2 structure of NiAl precipitate phase. The microstructure is a duplex structure which consist of gray Ni3Al matrix and black NiAl precipitates. NiAl precipitates with regular shape and has obvious orientation along with the growth direction. When the DC current is applied, NiAl precipitates is irregular and dispersion and has no obvious directionality, due to Joule heat effect generated by the current effect, the undercooling increased and the precipitated NiAl phase transformed into thin martensite NiAl phase with twin crystal symmetry from the NiAl-B2 type structure.     

Ni-Al系金属间化合物价电子结构计算及界面反应预测

应用固体与分子经验电子理论,计算了Ni-Al系各相的价电子结构和理论结合能,并应用理论结合能值进一步计算了各相的反应生成焓,通过各相生成焓的比较对界面反应生成相进行了预测。Ni、Al、Ni3Al、Ni5Al3、NiAl、Ni2Al3和NiAl3的结合能计算值分别为427.44,324.58,441.11,440.10,435.51,432.66,395.05 kJ/mol,与实验值吻合良好。在Ni/Al界面,Ni2Al3相的生成焓最小,保温过程中,Ni2Al3相将最先析出。随后,NiAl相将在Ni2Al3/Ni的界面形成,而Ni3Al相将在NiAl/Ni的界面形成。在NiAl/Ni3Al界面,Ni5Al3生成焓绝对值较小,需要在较高温度下保温较长时间才可能形成。界面反应生成相预测结果与实验结果吻合。     

Microstructure of Co precipitation strengthened B2-ordered NiAl

A transmission electron microscopy investigation on the phase decomposition of B2-ordered (Ni,Co)Al supersaturated with Ni and Co has revealed the precipitation of (Ni,Co)₂Al which has not been expected from the reported equilibrium phase diagram. The (Ni,Co)₂Al phase has a hexagonal structure and takes a rodlike shape with the long axis of the rod parallel to the 〈111〉 directions of the B2 matrix. By aging at temperatures below 873 K, a long period superlattice structure appears in the hexagonal (Ni,Co)₂Al phase. The orientation relationship between the (Ni,Co)₂Al precipitates and the B2-(Ni,Co)Al matrix is found to be (0001)_p//(111)_B2 and [ $ \bar 1 $ 2 $ \bar 1 $ 0]_p//[ $ \bar 1 $ 10]_B2, where the suffix p and B2 denote the (Ni,Co)₂Al precipitate and the B2-(Ni,Co)Al matrix, respectively. (Ni,Co)Al hardens appreciably by the fine precipitation of the (Ni,Co)₂Al phase.     

Microstructures and morphologies of B2-Ordered NiAl(Co) and FeAl(Co)

Fine dispersion of disordered phases is obtained in a Ni-Al-Co and Fe-Al-Co ternary system. A transmission electron microscopy investigation has been performed in the present work on the precipitation of supersaturated B2-ordered (Ni,Co)Al and α-Fe in B2-ordered FeAl(Co) with different stoichiometries. Precipitation behavior and hardening were investigated by measuring the hardness variation. The hardness of (Ni,Co)Al and B2-FeAl(Co) increased appreciably by the fine precipitation of (Ni,Co)₂Al, α-Fe, and overage softening occurred after prolonged aging. In case of B2-ordered (Ni,Co)Al, the (Ni,Co)₂Al phase had a hexagonal structure and took a rod-like shape with the long axis of the rod parallel to the 〈111〉 directions of the B2 matrix. By aging at temperatures below 873 K, a long period superlattice structure appeared in the hexagonal (Ni,Co)₂Al phase. The orientation relationship between the (Ni,Co)₂Al precipitates and the B2-(Ni,Co)Al matrix was (0001)_p//(111)_B2 and $[\bar 12\bar 10]_p //[\bar 110]_{B2}$ , where the suffix p and B2 denote the (Ni,Co)₂Al precipitate and the B2-(Ni,Co)Al matrix, respectively. (Ni,Co)Al hardened appreciably by the fine precipitation of the (Ni,Co)₂Al phase. On the other hand, in case of B2-FeAl(Co), the disordered α-Fe phase was present as a precipitate in a B2-FeAl(Co) matrix and had a cubic-cubic orientation with the matrix. At the early aging periods, prismatic dislocation loops formed in the B2-FeAl(Co) matrix. B2-FeAl(Co) matrix was typically hardened by the precipitation of α-Fe.     

MORPHOLOGY OF MELT SPINNING SUPERSATURATED B2 NiAl

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Precipitation of Cr-rich phases in a Ni–50Al–2Cr (at.%) alloy

An as-cast Al-rich B2-ordered Ni–50Al–2Cr alloy was heat-treated at 550 °C for 500 h and then analysed by using atom probe field-ion microscopy (APFIM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Chromium-rich precipitates with (unexpectedly) high Al contents were detected and identified as the so-called ‘X-phase’. The α-chromium phase was also present possessing a significantly lower Al content. Nanoscale B2-ordered NiAl precipitates present in the X-phase as well as nanoscale X-phase precipitates within B2-ordered NiAl were detected.     

Partial martensitic transformation of nanocrystalline NiAl intermetallic during mechanical alloying

Nanocrystalline NiAl intermetallic powders were synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA) in a planetary ball mill. Microstructural characterization was accomplished using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanocrystalline NiAl powders were formed by a gradual exothermic reaction mechanism during MA. Prolonged milling resulted in partial martensitic transformation of B2-NiAl to tetragonal L1₀-NiAl structure. It is believed that the martensitic transformation is induced by mechanical stress during MA.     

Precipitation behavior of B2-ordered aluminide

Fine dispersion of disordered phases is obtained in Ni−Al−Cr and Fe−Al−Co temary systems. A transmission electron microscope investigation has been performed on the precipitation of α-Cr in B2-ordered β-NiAl with different stoichiometry and α-Fe in B2-FeAl(Co) compound. Precipitation behavior and hardening were investigated by measuring the hardness variation. The hardness of NiAl and FeAl increases appreciably with the fine precipitation of α-Cr and α-Fe, and over-age softening occurs after prolonged aging. In the case of B2-NiAl(Cr), perfect lattice coherency is maintained at the interfaces between the α-Cr particles and the matrix during the initial stage of aging. After prolonged aging, a loss of coherency occurs by the attraction of matrix dislocations to the particle/matrix interface, followed by climbing around the particles. On the other hand, in the case of B2-FeAl(Co), the disordered α-Fe phase is present as a precipitate in the B2-FeAl(Co) matrix and has a cubic-cubic orientation with the matrix. At the early aging periods, prismatic dislocation loops formed in the B2-FeAl(Co) matrix. B2-FeAl(Co) matrix is typically hardened by the precipitation of α-Fe.     

Precipitation of Cr-rich phases in rapidly solidified Ni–20Al–8Cr (at.%) powders

The evolution of the microstructure in rapidly solidified Ni–20.9Al–8Cr–0.49B (at.%) powders after different continuous and isothermal heat treatments at temperatures up to 1100 °C has been studied by electron microscopy and microanalysis. Powders in the rapidly solidified condition have a dendritic microstructure consisting of Ni₃Al dendrites and a NiAl phase in the interdendritic regions. Chromium is in solid solution in both phases. This microstructure is stable when heating at 10 K min⁻¹ up to 750 °C. When the powders are heated up to 950 °C, partial dissolution of the NiAl phase and the precipitation of very small chromium-rich particles take place.The microstructure of the powders after annealing at temperatures between 750 and 1100 °C for different times is characterised by the dissolution of the β-NiAl phase and the simultaneous precipitation of various Cr-rich phases. α-Chromium, the metastable X-phase, and dark polygonal Cr₅B₃ precipitates have been identified.The segregation of chromium and boron in the form of borides removes these elements from the intermetallic matrix, so the content of both elements should be optimised to preserve their beneficial influence on the ductility of the γ′-Ni₃Al phase.     

Ni-Al基涂层制备工艺及其抗氧化性能

通过调整固体粉末渗铝法工艺在镍基高温合金DZ417G基体上制备了Ni-Al二元成分区间内组织可控的γ′-Ni3Al、γ′-Ni3Al+β-NiAl、β-NiAl、β-NiAl+δ-Ni2Al3和δ-Ni2Al3涂层,采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜对涂层的结构、断面形貌以及高温氧化后的表面形貌进行观察和分析。900℃和1 100℃空气恒温氧化实验结果表明:涂层能显著提高材料的抗氧化性能,在涂层厚度相同的情况下,NiAl涂层抗氧化性能最好。     

Diffusion barrier behaviors of (Ru,Ni)Al/NiAl coatings on Ni-based superalloy substrate

For Ni-based single crystalline superalloy with high temperature protective coatings, the formation of detrimental phases in the superalloy substrate resulting from interdiffusion between the coatings and the substrate significantly degrades the mechanical properties of the substrate. In this paper, a novel (Ru,Ni)Al/NiAl diffusion barrier coating was produced by electrodeposition of Ru together with electron beam-physical vapor deposition of Ni–Al layer. The microstructure and diffusion barrier behavior of the (Ru,Ni)Al/NiAl coating was investigated by scanning electron micrograph (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). SRZ mainly consisting of P phase and other TCP phases were presented beneath the NiAl coating due to the interdiffusion between the coating and Ni-based superalloy. The (Ru,Ni)Al layer effectively slowed down inward diffusion of Al from the coating and outward diffusion of alloying elements such as W and Mo, therefore suppressed the formation of TCP phases and SRZ.     

三维原子探针对10Ni3MnCuAl钢中NiAl和Cu析出位置关系的研究

将析出硬化钢10Ni3MnCuAl在900℃固溶处理2 h,500℃时效处理4 h或100 h后,用三维原子探针(3DAP)研究钢中NiAl和Cu的析出位置关系。结果表明,固溶样品中Ni、Al和Cu三种元素分布均匀。500℃时效4 h的样品中发现金属间化合物NiAl和富Cu相在相同位置析出,随着时效时间增加到100 h,NiAl相和富Cu相有逐渐分离的趋势,这是因为NiAl相为体心立方的B2结构,而富Cu相此时已趋于向面心立方的ε-Cu转变。     

Existence patterns of Dy in β-NiAl from first-principles calculations

Intermetallic compound β-NiAl is a promising material in high temperature applications due to its high melting temperature,high strength,low density,and good oxidation resistance.However,its application remains limited because of its relatively poor cyclic oxidation resistance.Addition of reactive element(RE)Dy can improve the cyclic oxidation of NiAl alloys significantly.However,the mechanism of Dy addition is not clear.Even the existence pattern of Dy in NiAl is unspecified.Therefore,in the present study,the impurity formation energies of Dy in stoichiometric NiAl,Ni-rich,and Al-rich NiAl for the substitution cases were studied by first-principles density functional theory.The results show that Dy could hardly substitute for either Ni or Al atoms in NiAl.However,calculations for dissolution energies show that Dy could be easily dissolved in Al vacancies in all three types of NiAl,which provides a new existence pattern of Dy in NiAl beyond experimental detection.