FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM SHORT INCLINED CIRCULAR CYLINDERS

Free and forced convective heat transfer rates from circular cylinders whose length to diameter ratio is small have been experimentally measured. The cylinders were arranged with their axes in a vertical plane and tests were conducted with the axes set at angles of between 0° and 90° to the horizontal. In the forced convective tests the cylinders were exposed to a horizontal air stream. The majority of the tests were undertaken with models having diameters of 19 mm and 25 mm with length to diameter ratios of between 1.5 and 16. The heat transfer rates were determined by the transient method i.e. by using solid aluminum models, heating them and measuring their temperature-time variation while they cooled. Significant differences between the present results and those observed in previous studies with models having large length to diameter ratio have been found. Methods of correlating both the free convective results and the forced convective results have been derived.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAT TRANSFER FROM A SPHERICAL SOLID BODY UNDER PULSATING FORCED CONVECTION

Heat transfer from a solid sphere having a Biot number Bi ? 0.1 to a flow medium in a cooling process under pulsating forced convection is experimentally examined. In the experiment, two kinds of pulse modes, which are the type of pulsating forced convection with continuous feed and the feed type mixing forced and natural convection, are considered as a pulse feed technique. Initially, the evaluation method of the Nusselt number Nu is derived in the cooling process and the validity of that method is verified by comparison with the experimental results. With regard to the effect of pulsating feed, it is shown that the pulsating feed conditions have a great influence on the characteristics of the heat transfer. The enhancement of heat transfer under the condition of the forced convection pulsatively fed with continuous feed is recognized, and the characteristics of heat transfer for the pulsating feed including natural convective heat transfer region are aggravated. Besides, it is clear that the decrease in the heat transfer characteristics is dependent on the duration of the natural convective heat transfer. Furthermore, Ranz-Marshall correlations for each pulsating feed condition are presented.     

FREE CONVECTION MASS TRANSFER AT HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS

Natural convection mass transfer at horizontal cylinders was studied using an electrochemical technique involving the deposition of copper from acidified copper sulphate solution. Cylinder diameter and copper sulphate concentrations were varied to provide a range of Sc. Gr from 1.55 × 10¹⁰ to 2 × 10¹². Under these conditions, the data were correlated by the equation:

Measurement of mass transfer distribution revealed the fact that mass is transferred at the lower hemicylinder by a laminar flow mechanism and at the upper hemicylinder by a turbulent flow mechanism.     

COMBINED HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN FREE CONVECTION ALONG A ROTATING PLATE UNDER UNIFORM HEAT AND UNIFORM MASS FLUXES

The problem of combined heat and mass transfer in laminar free convection along a vertically rotating plate subjected to a uniform heat flux and/or a uniform mass flux is studied analytically. The governing non-dimensional nonlinear coupled partial differential equations are solved by local similarity and local nonsimilarity approach. Numerical results for the local Nusselt number, the local Sherwood number and the local wall shear stress for the convective-diffusion of hydrogen, water vapor and naphthalene into the air are presented in tabular forms. The analysis extends the range both when the concentration buoyancy force assists as well as opposes the thermal buoyancy force.     

COMBINED HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN FREE CONVECTION ALONG A ROTATING PLATE UNDER UNIFORM HEAT AND UNIFORM MASS FLUXES

The problem of combined heat and mass transfer in laminar free convection along a vertically rotating plate subjected to a uniform heat flux and/or a uniform mass flux is studied analytically. The governing non-dimensional nonlinear coupled partial differential equations are solved by local similarity and local nonsimilarity approach. Numerical results for the local Nusselt number, the local Sherwood number and the local wall shear stress for the convective-diffusion of hydrogen, water vapor and naphthalene into the air are presented in tabular forms. The analysis extends the range both when the concentration buoyancy force assists as well as opposes the thermal buoyancy force.     

倾斜管内热进口段自然强制复合对流传热

用数值分析方法研究了倾斜管内热进口段自然强制同向复合对流传热 ,分析了浮力、倾斜角及轴向导热对流动和传热特性的影响 ,得到了速度、温度、壁面剪切应力、局部及平均Nusselt数的分布和变化 研究结果显示Pe=71时平均Nusselt数的最大值位于 2 5°～ 45°之间 ,Pe=2 5时则在 90°处出现 .     

离心流化床中强制对流换热的实验研究

对离心流化床干燥器中气体与被干燥颗粒物料之间的强制对流换热进行了实验研究,获得了各主要运行参数对气固换热系数的影响规律,并利用场协同原理分析了对流换热强化的机理. 实验证明,在一定转速范围内,在气流速度方向和热流方向（温度梯度方向）一致时,换热的准则关联式具有Nu＝CRePr的形式. 获得了满足Nu～RePr呈直线关系的Pe(Pe=RePr)数变化范围和临界Pe数,当Pe数大于临界值后,离心流化床中对流换热强度随Pe数增加而增大的趋势会明显减缓并偏离线性区.     

A GENERALIZED DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORM METHOD FOR COMBINED FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION FLOW ABOUT INCLINED SURFACES IN POROUS MEDIA

In this article, we apply the differential transform method (DTM) to obtain approximate analytical solutions of combined free and forced (mixed) convection about inclined surfaces (or wedges) in a saturated porous medium. Both aiding and opposing flows are considered. It is found that the parameter mixed convection from inclined surfaces in porous media is Gr/Re, where Gr is the local Grashof number and Re is the local Reynolds number. DTM solutions are obtained for mixed convection from an isothermal vertical flat plate as well as an inclined plate with constant heat flux having an inclination of 45°. Temperature and velocity profiles for these two cases at different values of Gr/Re are presented. The similarity transformations are applied to reduce the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) to a set of nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in dimensionless form. DTM is used to solve the nonlinear differential equations governing the problem in the form of series with easily computable terms. Thereafter a Padé approximant is applied to the solutions to increase the convergence of the given series. Excellent correlation between DTM-Padé and numerical quadrature (shooting) solutions is achieved. The DTM-Padé simulation is shown to be a robust benchmarking tool providing an excellent means of validation of numerical methods. The study has applications in geothermal energy systems, chemical engineering filtration systems, and packed beds.     

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER CORRELATIONS USING MICRO- AND MACRO-SCALES

A new kind of dimensional analysis, which uses two kinds of scales, provides a powerful tool for analyzing heat and mass transfer correlations as has been demonstrated by Ruckenstein (1986) in the case of forced convection of Newtonian fluids. In this work, the approach based on micro- and macro-scales is extended to free convection of Newtonian fluids, as well as to forced and free convection of power-law fluids.

As the micro-participation and macro-participation dominate in laminar and turbulent flow respectively, bounds on the exponents of the Reynolds number Re and the Grashof number Gr can be established in the case of forced and free convection respectively. An upper bound is obtained for laminar flow and a lower bound for turbulent flow. Thus, for free convection in Newtonian fluids, it is demonstrated that the bounds on the exponent of Gr for laminar and turbulent flow are 0.25 and 0.375 respectively.     

HOMOTOPY ANALYSIS OF FREE CONVECTION BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW WITH HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

A steady two-dimensional laminar boundary layer flow of an incompressible viscous fluid over a semi-infinite surface is considered to investigate the accuracy of the homotopy analysis method. The governing coupled nonlinear system of differential equations is solved by means of the HAM approach. Explicit analytical series solutions are obtained and compared with numerical solutions. Good agreement is observed between the numerical results and HAM analytical solutions.     

COMBINED LAMINAR FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION FROM A VERTICAL PLATE TO POWER LAW FLUIDS

The boundary layer heat transfer for the steady two-dimensional incompressible combined laminar free and forced convection from a vertically static or moving plate to a power-law non-Newtonian fluid is analyzed by local similarity method. The effects of the flow index, buoyancy parameter, modified Prandtl number and streamwise distance on the heat transfer rate are discussed for the prescribed surface temperature and prescribed wall heat flux cases.     

RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTIONS FOR FREE CONVECTION IN PACKED BEDS

Experimental tracer pulse responses were recorded for a laboratory simulation of a fixed-bed reactor. The simulation consisted of a packed bed fitted with an electrical heater and supplied with a gas throughflow. Radically different responses were observed depending on whether the bed was undergoing free convection or not as inferred from the calculated Rayleigh number. For the free-convection cases, the response was characterized by a large early peak followed by a second smaller peak in contrast to the single broad peak characteristic of dispersed plug flow. Interpretation of the experimental results was obtained from numerical calculations of the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) and resulting plots of steady state stream function and concentration contours for different times after injection of the pulse. The successive peaks were seen to arise from the rotation of a high-concentration zone around a convection cell. The time between peaks is thus the mean circulation time of the convection cell.

The method is rapid to use and allows immediate determination of the convecting state of a packed bed. It should be possible to use it for the verification of theoretical results, particularly for stability limits.     

COMBINED LAMINAR FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION FROM A VERTICAL PLATE TO POWER LAW FLUIDS

The boundary layer heat transfer for the steady two-dimensional incompressible combined laminar free and forced convection from a vertically static or moving plate to a power-law non-Newtonian fluid is analyzed by local similarity method. The effects of the flow index, buoyancy parameter, modified Prandtl number and streamwise distance on the heat transfer rate are discussed for the prescribed surface temperature and prescribed wall heat flux cases.     

FORCED CONVECTION BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW AT A FORWARD STAGNATION POINT WITH NEWTONIAN HEATING

The steady forced convection boundary layer flow near the forward stagnation point of an infinite plane wall generated by Newtonian heating in which the heat transfer from the surface is proportional to the local surface temperature is investigated in this study. The governing partial differential equations are first transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations before they are solved numerically by a finite-difference scheme, namely the Keller box method. Numerical solutions are obtained for a large range of values of the Prandtl number.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF FORCED CONVECTION IN A PACKED CHANNEL WITH ASYMMETRIC HEATING

Numerical solution based on the control volume method is presented for the study of heat transfer for forced convective flow in a channel filled with a fluid saturated porous media. The solution of the conservative differential equations governing the flow is performed using the SZMPLE algorithm. The wall effects on the variation of porosity and thermal dispersion have been considered. In calculating the thermal dispersive conductivity, a general expression has been obtained taking into account the flow geometry and flow Reynolds number. The expression appears to serve well in the present investigation and also in reproducing the results of previous studies. The analysis includes predictions of temperature profiles and heat flux for the constant wall temperature condition at the wall and have been compared with available experimental data.     

多孔介质对流干燥机理及其模型

在对现有的多孔介质对流干燥传热、传质模型归类分析的基础上,从介质内部热湿迁移机制出发,建立了能较完善、较准确地描述多孔介质在恒速段及降速段热质传递规律的“三耦合-六场量”混合理论模型.同时针对干燥问题数值模拟中的移动边界问题,提出了一种迭代修正的思想,并发展了相应的数值计算方法.对砖的干燥模拟计算结果表明,本文的模型较其他模型具有更好的精确性.     

COMBINED FORCED AND FREE CONVECTION IN BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID ON A HORIZONTAL PLATE

An analysis is presented to study the effects of buoyancy-induced streamwise pressure gradients on laminar forced convection heat transfer to non-Newtonian fluids from a horizontal plate. Numerical solution of the transformed boundary layer equations has been carried out for different values of the flow behavior index and the buoyancy parameter by means of the local nonsimilarity method. A discussion is provided for the effect of the buoyancy force on the friction factor, the dimensionless heat transfer rate and the details of the velocity as well as temperature fields.     

NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN A POROUS LAYER WITH MULTIPLE PARTITIONS

Laminar natural convection heat transfer in inclined porous layers with multiple diathermal partitions is studied analytically and numerically. On the basis of the Darcy-Oberbeck-Boussinesq equations, the problem is solved analytically in the limit of a thin layer with constant flux boundary conditions. The relationship between overall heat transfer and the number of partitions N, their relative positions Nu and the angle of inclination φ of the system is determined

The critical Darcy-Rayleigh number R_c for the onset of convection in a bottom-heated horizontal system is predicted. The results are compared with limiting cases of the problem and are found to be in agreement. The influence of a thermal barrier which is sandwiched between two porous layers is also discussed. A numerical study of the same phenomenon, obtained by solving the complete system of governing equations, is conducted. A good agreement is found between the analytical predictions and the numerical simulation.     

电场强化乙酸乙酯自然对流和沸腾换热的实验研究

对沉浸于强极性有机液体工质乙酸乙酯中的平板表面上的自然对流和沸腾换热的外加电场强化进行了实验,得出了自然对流和沸腾换热的表面传热系数、强化效果与电场电压、热通量的关系.实验数据表明,外加电场对平板表面自然对流换热的强化效果好于对沸腾换热的强化效果.实验条件下,当施加外电场时,平板表面的自然对流换热的传热系数最大可达到无外电场时的6～7倍,沸腾换热的传热系数最大可达到无外电场时的4～5倍.     

水平管束沸腾传热的对流与薄层蒸发贡献

引言目前,卧式再沸器的热设计仍沿用Palen等人60年代初基于单管池沸腾传热机理所提出的方法．近十几年来,大量实验研究结果表明,在相同条件下管束的沸腾传热系数高于单管．人们逐渐认识到管束沸腾传热为核沸腾、对流和薄层蒸发传热机理所控制．由此可见,在卧式再沸器的设计中,基于单一的池沸腾传热机理所得关联式进行卧式再沸器的热设计,造成传热面积裕度偏大、设备体积庞大、浪费材料、设备效率低,显得十分保守．因此,深入研究水平管束的沸腾传热机理,进而发展更为合理的卧式再沸器的设计模型,对于改进这类设备的设计、改善设备…