生物质燃烧技术发展现状与未来趋势

目前由于我国大力倡导节能减排与保护环境等问题,越来越多的清洁能源和可再生能源出现在我们的视野中。生物质作为一种资源较为丰富,分布地区较为广泛、利用率高等优点受到众多国家以及企业的青睐。生物质在燃烧利用的过程中CO_2可以实现零排放,特别适合燃烧转化利用。故发展生物质燃烧技术一方面可以有效地缓解温室效应改善生态环境,另一方面可以充分地利用废弃的生物质能源改善农民的生活条件。与此同时生物质燃烧对现有的燃烧设备要求较低。因此利用生物质燃烧技术是利国利民的一项重要举措。     

三家生物质发电科研推广机构成立

2007年9月12日,国家电网公司生物质燃料与燃烧技术实验室、国网深圳能源发展集团公司生物质能工程技术研究中心和国能生物技术咨询有限公司等三家生物质发电科研推广机构在北京正式揭牌。作为我国生物质燃料技术方面的第一个专业实验室,生物质燃料与燃烧技术实验室将重点从事生物质原料处理加工技术等方面的研究。生物质能工程技术研究中心将重点围绕生物质能源开发利用的关键技术进行研究,为生物质资源利用产业化提供技术支撑和服务体系。国能生物技术咨询有限公司将主要从事生物质能源开发和综合利用领域的政策及市场研究、投融资和运营管理咨询等,积极发展循环经济和可再生能源产业。     

生物质成型燃料双层炉排锅炉温度场试验研究

生物质能是极具开发潜力的可再生能源。生物质直接燃烧技术的深入研究及锅炉技术的成熟和锅炉类型的多样化为更好开发生物质能源创造了条件。生物质成型燃料与原生物质及煤相比燃烧性质有较大差别，依据该燃料的特点采用双层炉排层燃锅炉。根据有限元分割成型原理布置测点，用热电偶温度计和红外测温仪测出各点温度，得出各个方向温度分布图，并对其进行分析比较，为水冷壁的合理布置、进风量选择及锅炉稳定燃烧、经济燃烧提供理论依据。     

生物质散料直燃技术在循环流化床锅炉中的应用

生物质散料作为一种可再生燃料,易于获得,燃烧后产物内含污染物少,是相对洁净的燃料.循环流化床多回料燃烧技术是一种有自身特点和发展前途的高效、低源头污染排放符合能源政策发展的燃烧技术.针对生物质散料燃烧特性和循环流化床燃烧技术优势互补的特点,通过介绍1台纯燃生物质散料锅炉的开发设计,阐述了利用循环流化床燃烧技术进行纯燃生物质散料的锅炉开发时的关键技术和详细结构,为高效环保利用生物质散料作为锅炉燃料提供有益的借鉴途径.     

联合炉排生物质锅炉过热器卸灰装置的改进

我国是一个能源消费大国,一次能源中煤炭所占比例高达70%以上。随着能源需求的不断增长以及化石能源消耗带来的环境压力的不断加剧,新能源和可再生能源的开发利用越来越受到重视。开发利用新能源和可再生能源,对于改善以煤炭为主的能源结构,缓解能源生产和使用造成的环境问题有重要意义。生物质燃烧发电是生物质能资源利用的一种重要的形式,其优势在于:①生物质具有可再生性;②燃烧后的低污染性;     

既是可再生能源又是可再生碳源

可再生能源中的理想清洁能源 贾振航指出,生物质有很多优点,一是可再生.它与风能、太阳能等同属可再生能源,可保证能源的永续利用,资源开发潜力大. 二是低污染.生物质的硫含量、氮含量和灰分较低,在利用过程中可以减少硫氧化物、氮氧化物和粉尘的排放.     

生物质燃烧技术的应用

生物质作为一种可再生能源,替代矿物燃料可降低大气中ＣＯ２,ＳＯＸ物ＮＯＸ的排放。本文简述了生物质的基本概念及其燃烧过程的机理,介绍了主要的生物质燃烧技术的 实际应用情况,并重点叙述了生物质和煤的混合燃烧,生物质ＩＧＣＣ等两种先进的生物质气化技术和它们在示范电站中采用的系统设备,生物质燃料种类,运行性能     

工业锅炉生物质燃烧利用技术研究

燃煤工业锅炉燃烧过程中产生大量的污染烟气,造成严重的雾霾问题,因此,必须对燃煤工业锅炉进行清洁能源替代。生物质作为清洁绿色的可再生能源,利用生物质替代煤炭进行燃烧利用,对生物质不同燃烧技术进行分析和探讨,研究出适合我国工业锅炉中生物质燃烧利用的方式,对生物质的开发利用具有重要意义,同时也为利用生物质替代燃煤工业锅炉提供了合理化建议。     

秸秆固化成型燃料开发利用初探

0 引言 能源与环境是当今世界人类普遍关注的两大焦点,多年来,各国政府为解决能源短缺、环境恶化问题付出了极大努力。我国是一个农业大国,有着丰富的生物质资源。由于经济、技术等原因,长期以来,生物质资源在一些地区始终没能得到很好的开发和利用,如农作物秸秆的无效焚烧现象时有发生．既浪费了资源．又破坏了生态环境。我国可再生能源中长期发展规划指出,开发利用生物质资源是我国未来能源发展战略的重要内容之一。     

生物质能转化技术及资源综合开发利用研究

开发利用生物质能源,对保障国家能源安全、实现节能减排战略目标意义重大。我国生物质能的开发利用技术取得了许多优秀成果,但与发达国家相比,还存在不少差距。生物质资源可分为林业资源、农业资源、生活污水和工业有机废水、城市固体废物、禽畜粪便等,其化学组成和化学结构也差异很大。生物质能的转化技术方式主要为:直接燃烧方式,物化转换方式,生化转化技术,化学转化方式。面对传统能源的市场竞争,我国生物质能源开发只有依靠科技进步,将生物质能资源进行精细化工产品的深度利用,综合开发,使之增值,反哺生物柴油、燃料乙醇及生物质燃气等能源产品的开发;利用现代转基因技术培育能源植物新品种,提高出油率,降低原料成本;创新生物质能转化技术,提高生物质能产品产量、降低生产成本。运用精细化工技术平台开发生物质资源,已成为生物质资源综合利用领域的研发热点。在生产生物质能源产品的同时,综合开发利用生物质资源,将成为未来世界新的经济增长点。     

Potential applications of renewable energy sources,biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues

This paper describes the potential applications of renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuel combustion as the prime energy sources in various countries, and discusses problems associated with biomass combustion in boiler power systems. Here, the term biomass includes organic matter produced as a result of photosynthesis as well as municipal, industrial and animal waste material. Brief summaries of the basic concepts involved in the combustion of biomass fuels are presented. Renewable energy sources (RES) supply 14% of the total world energy demand. RES are biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind and marine energies. The renewables are the primary, domestic and clean or inexhaustible energy resources. The percentage share of biomass was 62.1% of total renewable energy sources in 1995. Experimental results for a large variety of biomass fuels and conditions are presented. Numerical studies are also discussed. Biomass is an attractive renewable fuel in utility boilers. The compositions of biomass among fuel types are variable. Ash composition for the biomass is fundamentally different from ash composition for the coal. Especially inorganic constituents cause to critical problems of toxic emissions, fouling and slagging. Metals in ash, in combination with other fuel elements such as silica and sulfur, and facilitated by the presence of chlorine, are responsible for many undesirable reactions in combustion furnaces and power boilers. Elements including K, Na, S, Cl, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Si are involved in reactions leading to ash fouling and slagging in biomass combustors. Chlorine in the biomass may affect operation by corrosion. Ash deposits reduce heat transfer and may also result in severe corrosion at high temperatures. Other influences of biomass composition are observed for the rates of combustion and pollutant emissions. Biomass combustion systems are non-polluting and offer significant protection of the environment. The reduction of greenhouse gases pollution is the main advantage of utilizing biomass energy.     

Potential of renewable hydrogen production for energy supply in Hong Kong

Hong Kong is highly vulnerable to energy and economic security due to the heavy dependence on imported fossil fuels. The combustion of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important to explore the opportunities for clean renewable energy for long-term energy supply. Hong Kong has the potential to develop clean renewable hydrogen energy to improve the environmental performance. This paper reviews the recent development of hydrogen production technologies, followed by an overview of the renewable energy sources and a discussion about potential applications for renewable hydrogen production in Hong Kong. The results show that although renewable energy resources cannot entirely satisfy the energy demand in Hong Kong, solar energy, wind power, and biomass are available renewable sources for significant hydrogen production. A system consisting of wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) panels coupled with electrolyzers is a promising design to produce hydrogen. Biomass, especially organic waste, offers an economical, environmental-friendly way for renewable hydrogen production. The achievable hydrogen energy output would be as much as 40% of the total energy consumption in transportation.     

Renewable energy resources and technologies applicable to Ireland

The energy consumed in Ireland is primarily achieved by the combustion of fossil fuels. Ireland's only indigenous fossil fuel is peat; all other fossil fuels are imported. As fossil fuels continually become more expensive, their use as an energy source also has a negative impact on the environment. Ireland's energy consumption can be separated into three divisions: transportation, electricity generation and heat energy. Ireland however has a vast range of high quality renewable energy resources. Ireland has set a target that 33% of its electricity will be generated from renewable sources by 2020 [I. Government. Delivering a Sustainable Energy Future for Ireland; 2007.]. The use of biomass, wind and ocean energy technologies is expected to play a major part in meeting this target. The use of renewable energy technologies will assist sustainable development as well as being a solution to several energy related environmental problems. This paper presents the current state of renewable energy technologies and potential resources available in Ireland. Considering Ireland's present energy state, a future energy mix is proposed.     

连续蓄热式生物质气化/燃烧供热系统

生物质能源是一种环境友好的可再生能源,但也存在能量密度低、含水率高、碱金属含量高等缺点,导致其在热利用的过程中存在易结渣、堵灰及腐蚀、热效率不高等问题。本文结合生物质气化、炉内碱金属/硫固定、两级焦油裂解、蓄热式燃烧,以及冷凝热回收等多项先进技术,设计并搭建了连续蓄热式生物质气化/燃烧供热系统。以海洋贝壳类废弃物作为生物质成型燃料的添加剂和生物质焦油裂解过程的催化剂,在实现海洋废弃资源高值化利用的同时,克服了生物质热利用过程中的多项障碍,能够显著提高生物质能热利用效率,同时大幅度降低当前工业及民用供热过程中CO₂、SO_x、NO_x及烟尘的排放,具有良好的经济性与环保性。     

Life cycle assessment of electricity generation using fast pyrolysis bio-oil

Biomass is expected to become an important energy source in U.S. electricity generation under state-lead renewable portfolio standards. This paper investigated the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for energy generated from forest resources through pyrolysis-based processing. The GHG emissions of producing pyrolysis bio-oil (pyrolysis oil) from different forest resources were first investigated; logging residues collected from natural regeneration mixed hardwood stands, hybrid poplar cultivated and harvested from abandoned agricultural lands, short rotation forestry (SRF) willow plantations and waste wood available at the site of the pyrolysis plant. Effects of biomass transportation were investigated through a range of distances to a central pyrolysis facility through road transport by semi-truck. Pyrolysis oil is assumed to be converted to electrical power through co-combustion in conventional fossil fuels power plants, gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) and diesel generators. Life cycle GHG emissions were compared with power generated using fossil fuels and power generated using biomass direct combustion in a conventional Rankine power plant. Life cycle GHG savings of 77%–99% were estimated for power generation from pyrolysis oil combustion relative to fossil fuels combustion, depending on the biomass feedstock and combustion technologies used. Several scenario analyses were conducted to determine effects of pyrolysis oil transportation distance, N-fertilizer inputs to energy crop plantations, and assumed electricity mixes for pyrolysis oil production.     

Planning woody biomass logistics for energy production: A strategic decision model

One of the key factors on which the sustainable development of modern society should be based is the possibility to take advantage of renewable energies. Biomass resources are one of the most common and widespread resources in the world. Their use to produce energy has many advantages, such as the reduction of greenhouse emissions. This paper describes a GIS-based Environmental Decision Support System (EDSS) to define planning and management strategies for the optimal logistics for energy production from woody biomass, such as forest biomass, agricultural scraps and industrial and urban untreated wood residues. The EDSS is characterized by three main levels: the GIS, the database, and the optimization. The optimization module is divided in three sub-modules to face different kinds of decision problems: strategic planning, tactical planning, and operational management. The aim of this article is to describe the strategic planning level in detail. The decision variables are represented by plant capacity and harvested biomass in a specific forest parcel for each slope class, while the objective function is the sum of the costs related to plant installation and maintenance, biomass transportation and collection, minus the benefits coming from the energy sales at the current market price, including the renewable energy certificates. Moreover, the optimization problem is structured through a set of parameters and equations that are able to encompass different energy conversion technologies (pyrolysis, gasification or combustion) in the system. A case study on the Liguria Region (Savona Province) is presented and results are discussed.     

Five years left – How are the EU member states contributing to the 20% target for EU's renewable energy consumption; the role of woody biomass

The European Union has set ambitious targets of raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources from 20% by 2020 to 27% by 2030. The aim of this paper is to assess the role of woody biomass in renewable energy as gross final energy consumption in the European Union (the EU-28). The paper identifies leading and lagging countries in biomass development by focusing on their current biomass use and forecasts future perspectives. The research compares and evaluates the role of biomass in renewable energy in the EU-28 focusing on countries' potential resources and policy support. The study shows that all countries are making efforts to reach the 20% target in 2020 and exhibit a trend of increasing renewable energy as gross final energy consumption towards the new target of 2030. Solid biomass plays an important role in reaching the EU's renewable energy targets. The majority of the EU-28 countries are close to reaching their national renewable energy targets and show a very attractive biomass development. Unless energy consumption decreases however, some member states will face serious problems in reaching their renewable energy target in 2020. Following our analysis, the largest problems occur in those MS having a relative high-energy consumption pattern: France, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is unlikely that they can comply with expected renewable energy demand, unless they mobilize more woody biomass from their available domestic potential (France, Germany) or considerably increase their woody biomass imports (mostly wood pellets) from elsewhere (United Kingdom).     

State of the art of biofuels from pure plant oil

The pollution caused by fuel combustion either for mechanical or electrical energy generation purposes is nowadays one of the most important environmental issues. It has been proven that combustion emissions, particularly those from cars and trucks, are linked with severe damages to the environment and human health. Along with the environmental problems, is necessary to consider that fossil resources are declining and their exploitation is getting more and more expensive. Bioenergy represent a sustainable solution for energy generation. Bioenergy is renewable energy made from plant-derived organic matter, collectively termed “biomass”. Biomass-based energy sources are potentially carbon dioxide neutral and recycle the same carbon atoms. Life cycle assessments are reported to evaluate the net environmental impacts of biofuels. The term biofuel refers to liquid or gaseous fuels for the internal combustion engines that are predominantly produced from biomass. Biofuel policy might capitalize on the production of biofuels supporting rural economic development and sustainable agriculture. Amongst biofuels pure plant oil (PPO) has been investigated. This paper sets out to review the state of the art for PPO use as fuel in diesel engines, based on a wide literature review.