耦合流化床提升管流动结构及边壁层厚度的研究

在射流流化床与提升管耦合的多段分级转化流化床冷态实验装置上,采用压力传感器和PV-6型颗粒速度测量仪,对提升管流动结构和边壁层厚度进行了系统研究。结果表明,一定的操作气速下,固体循环量增加使提升管中气固流动状态从稀相气力输送过渡到快速流态化区域。当提升管处于快速流态化区域时,一定固体循环量下,表观气速增加使提升管轴向各个位置的边壁层厚度减小;一定气速下,固体循环量增加使提升管各个截面的边壁层厚度增加,且低气速时提升管各个截面的边壁层厚度随固体循环量增加的程度明显高于高气速时。拟合得到了边壁层厚度与截面平均固体浓度的关系式,较好地预测了快速流态化区域内边壁层厚度随截面平均固体浓度的变化关系,该表达式的计算值和实验值吻合较好。     

循环流化床提升管中固体颗粒停留时间的分布

在内径１４０ｍｍ，高１０ｍ的循环流化床提升管中，采用磷光颗粒示踪法对床内固体颗粒的停留时间分布进行了测定。在气速１．５～９．０ｍ／ｓ，固体循环量１０～１４０ｋｇ／ｍ２ｓ的范围内，实验测得的停留时间分布曲线均有明显的双峰分布。这种双峰分布是由于提升管中弥散颗粒和颗粒团共同作用的结果。本文提出的一维两组分扩散叠加模型可较好地描述提升管中固体的混合行为。考察了在实验条件下，操作条件对固体混合行为的影响。发现：气速及固含对颗粒的轴向Ｐｅｃｌｅｔ数影响不大，提升管中颗粒的返混主要是由于颗粒团引起的。将研究结果与近期文献报道的其他研究进行了对比     

气固循环床提升管内的局部颗粒浓度及流动发展

采用反射式光纤浓度探头对f100mm×15.1m循环床提升管8个轴向截面上11个径向位置的局部颗粒浓度进行了测量, 分析研究了颗粒浓度径向分布的不均匀性及其沿轴向的发展变化。结果表明:提升管内气固两相流的发展并不同步,而是一个由核心区向边壁区逐渐扩展,并最终达到总体充分发展的过程,该过程主要受边壁区发展过程所控制;相对于核心区,边壁区的发展不仅显著缓慢,而且受操作条件的影响也较显著。实验还发现:在颗粒加速段,无因次颗粒浓度的径向分布不具有相似性,不仅与径向位置有关,而且还与床层截面高度有关。     

提升管中气固两相流动行为的相似特性

在15.1 m高循环流化床实验装置上对提升管内的轴向压力梯度、局部颗粒浓度和颗粒速度进行了较系统的实验测试,研究了提升管中气固两相流充分发展段在不同操作条件下流动行为的相似特性.结果表明,在(G_s /ρ_p)^1.2/U^2.0_g相近的操作条件下,上行气固两相流充分发展段的颗粒浓度、下降颗粒时均速度、絮状物颗粒浓度和出现频率在空间的分布特征基本相同.对于同一提升管内的同一气固两相流系统,只要表观气速和颗粒循环速率按(G_s /ρ_p)^1.2/U^2.0_g同步变化,不同操作条件下的上行气固两相流在充分发展段就具有相似的宏观和微观流动行为.     

16m高气固提升管中的压力梯度与流动行为研究

在较宽操作条件范围对16m高提升管中气－固两相流（空气－FCC颗粒）的压力梯度进行了实验测试,进一步揭示了快速流态化和密相气力输送这两种流动形态的动力学特征及其与操作参数的关系。结果表明,在表观气速增大的过程中气固提升管中的轴向压力梯度并非总是不断趋于均匀分布;提升管高度对快速流态化到密相气力输送状态的过渡有重要影响,对于给定的表观气速,提升管高度增加将使过渡点所应的颗粒循环量和床层颗粒浓度都减小。本实验条件下所有过滤点对应的床层颗粒浓度较为一致,平均为0．0104,并由此得到过渡点操作参数Ug与Gs的关联式。本文研究表明,在以往工作基础上进一步研究提升管高度对流动行为的影响极有必要。     

提升管内气固流动行为的数值模拟

应用计算流体力学软件Fluent,对空气为连续相、固相为催化裂化反应催化剂的循环流化床提升管内的气固流动行为进行模拟。采用用户自定义函数引入颗粒与壁面的恢复系数和颗粒的镜面反射系数,对颗粒在边壁处的部分滑移运动进行描述。采用不同的计算动力学模型及参数,数值模拟了径向颗粒浓度、轴向床层压降的空间分布,以及用以描述颗粒脉动动能的颗粒温度与固含率的关系,并与文献报道的实验和数值模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明,选取的颗粒动力学理论模型及参数、颗粒部分滑移边界条件及气固曳力模型,可计算得到合理的颗粒轴向及径向分布,验证了提升管中存在典型的径向环核流动结构和轴向压降分布。进一步分析表明固含率显著影响颗粒温度,当固含率为0.05~0.1,颗粒温度存在转折区。     

气固循环流化床提升管环核区颗粒质量传递系数的估计

Based on analysis of energy dissipation in the core region of gas-solid fluidized bed risers,a simplified model for determination of core-annulus solids mass transfer coefficient was developed according to turbulent diffu- sion mechanism of particles.The simulation results are consistent with published experimental data.Core-annulus solids mass transfer coefficient decreases with increasing particle size,particle density and solids circulation rate, but generally increases with increasing superficial gas velocity and riser diameter.In the upper dilute region of gas-solid fiuidized bed risers,core-annulus solids mass transfer coefficient was found to change little with the axial coordinate in the bed.     

流化床-提升管耦合反应器内沥青颗粒的流动特性

针对重油残渣(沥青颗粒)气化制氢工艺,在流化床-提升管耦合反应器大型冷模实验装置上,考察了不同操作条件下沥青颗粒体系在耦合反应器内截面平均密度的轴向分布. 结果表明,对单组分沥青颗粒体系,耦合反应器适宜的操作条件为：提升管表观气速ug,r=0.70~1.76 m/s;与A类颗粒相比,沥青颗粒在耦合反应器内的流动特性呈现不同的特点,整个反应器沿轴向可分为底部流化床密相区、提升管底部低密度区、提升管颗粒密度重整区、提升管加速区、充分发展区和出口约束区6个区域;反应器内截面平均密度随颗粒质量流率增大而增大,随表观气速增大而减小;确定了耦合反应器内提升管区域截面平均固含率的影响参数为ep', Fr及H/Dr,并利用实验数据回归了平均固含率的轴向分布经验模型,其计算值与实验值吻合较好.     

基于混沌和人工神经网络方法建立计算气固循环流化床局部颗粒浓度时间序列的非线性模型

基于气固循环流化床是一混沌动力学系统,故采用了耦合混沌理论中的重构相空间方法与人工神经网络的非线性映射功能,建立起提取气固循环流化床颗粒浓度时间序列的非线性模型,并将此模型应用到f100mm×16m,FCC固体颗粒的上行气固循环流化床系统。 由模型产生的局部颗粒浓度时间序列与实验测得局部颗粒浓度时间序列的统计特性、功率谱及非线性动力学特征吻合较好。     

多段分级转化流化床提升管速度场的研究

针对流化床煤气化过程中需要长气固接触时间和高固体浓度,开发了耦合灰熔聚流化床和提升管的多段分级转化流化床。为了研究多段分级转化流化床提升管中局部颗粒速度的径向、轴向分布,在不同的操作条件下,采用PV-6型颗粒速度测量仪在冷态实验装置中系统测定提升管内局部颗粒速度。实验结果表明:提升管中任何径向、轴向位置的颗粒速度随着操作气速的增大而增大,随循环量的增加而减小。操作条件对中心区颗粒速度变化的影响明显高于边壁区。颗粒的加速首先发生在提升管中心区域,然后向边壁区域扩展。颗粒速度径向分布的不均匀性沿轴向逐渐增大,并且受操作气速影响比较大。     

上行气固两相流充分发展段的颗粒浓度

在Ф100mm× 16m循环床提升管实验装置上测试了134组操作条件下提升管 12个截面位置的平均颗粒浓度 ,其中 113组操作条件下提升管中的气固两相流展现出明确的充分发展段 .结果表明 ,充分发展段的颗粒浓度εs 随颗粒循环量G_s 的增加而增大且具有显著的线性关系 ,ε_s 随表观气速U_g 的增加以幂函数关系减小 .所提出的实验关联式不仅较好地拟合了本文所获得的充分发展段的平均颗粒浓度数据 ,而且诠释了以往有关提升管稀相段出口颗粒浓度预测结果之间的差异 ,更明确地反映了充分发展段颗粒浓度与操作参数之间的定量关系     

循环流化床壁面的几何结构对床层气固流动特性的影响

采用反射式光导纤维探头对平壁和膜式壁面的循环流化床内的局部瞬态颗粒浓度进行测量,并应用时间序列分析方法对两种不同壁面几何结构的床内的动态特性进行分析.研究结果表明,循环流化床内存在明显的时空结构不均匀性,壁面的几何形状对壁面附近的气固流动特性存在显著的影响．     

提升管三相流化床内流动特性研究

在以牛顿和非牛顿流体为液相的提升管三相流化床内研究了粒子循环条件、床层气含率和液体循环速率等变化规律.考察了中心管和环隙气含率的差别及其对液相循环的影响,并引入广义雷诺数,得出计算气含率的关联式.     

PARTICLE FLOW PATTERNS IN THE RISER AND DOWNER OF CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

This paper presents an experimental study on the flow patterns of FCC particles in a 140 mm ID Circulating Fluidized Bed with concurrent upflow and downflow gas-solid suspension. Based on the distribution of local particle velocity and particle concentration measured by a Fiber-Optical Probe Laser Doppler Velocimeter and a Fiber Optical Probe System respectively, the different flow patterns of local particls concentration, local particle velocity, local particle fluctuating velocity and sectionally average particle velocity in concurrent upflow and downflow gas-solid system have been investigated. It is found that the particle flow in the concurrent downflow is much more uniform radially than that in the concurrent upflow riser. The investigation of flow patterns in different flow systems is of significance to the development of a new gas-solid reactor.     

EFFECTS OF SECONDARY AIR INJECTION ON GAS-SOLID FLOW BEHAVIOR IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS

Effects of secondary air injection on the hydrodynamics such as solid holdup and gas-solid flow behavior were investigated in a circulating fluidized bed. The gas velocity in the riser, the ratio of secondary air velocity to that of primary air, and the solid circulating rate were chosen as operating variables. Fluid cracking catalyst(FCC) with a density of 1840 kg/m³ and a mean diameter of 74 um was employed as the solid phase. The secondary air was fed to the riser radially or tangentially at the wall of the column. Pressure drop fluctuations in the riser were measured and analyzed by adopting the stochastic method to characterize the effects of secondary air injection on the gas-solid flow behavior in the bed.

It has been found that the injection of secondary air into the riser can increase the solid holdup in the riser considerably, and that the tangential injection of secondary air is more effective for the increasing the solid holdup than the radial injection. However, the gas-solid flow behavior has been found to become less persistent with the injection of secondary air; the resultant flow behavior is more complex when the air is injected tangentially than radially. The solid holdups in the primary as well as secondary zones of the riser have been well correlated in terms of not only operating variables but also fractal dimension of the pressure fluctuations.     

EFFECTS OF SECONDARY AIR INJECTION ON GAS-SOLID FLOW BEHAVIOR IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS

Effects of secondary air injection on the hydrodynamics such as solid holdup and gas-solid flow behavior were investigated in a circulating fluidized bed. The gas velocity in the riser, the ratio of secondary air velocity to that of primary air, and the solid circulating rate were chosen as operating variables. Fluid cracking catalyst(FCC) with a density of 1840 kg/m³ and a mean diameter of 74 um was employed as the solid phase. The secondary air was fed to the riser radially or tangentially at the wall of the column. Pressure drop fluctuations in the riser were measured and analyzed by adopting the stochastic method to characterize the effects of secondary air injection on the gas-solid flow behavior in the bed.

It has been found that the injection of secondary air into the riser can increase the solid holdup in the riser considerably, and that the tangential injection of secondary air is more effective for the increasing the solid holdup than the radial injection. However, the gas-solid flow behavior has been found to become less persistent with the injection of secondary air; the resultant flow behavior is more complex when the air is injected tangentially than radially. The solid holdups in the primary as well as secondary zones of the riser have been well correlated in terms of not only operating variables but also fractal dimension of the pressure fluctuations.     

提升管内密相颗粒团的运动行为

引　言对提升管中的微观流动结构及气固微观流动行为的研究将有助于对提升管反应器特性的认识 ,并可为新型、高效流化床反应器的设计提供思路 .提升管反应器中颗粒存在严重的聚集现象 ,研究者发现[1～ 4 ] ,提升管中局部位置上固含率概率密度分布呈现双峰形式 ,双峰分别对应于低固含的稀相与颗粒密集的颗粒团 ,提升管中的微观相结构为稀相与密相颗粒团共存 .文献 [5 ]中对稀相中的颗粒的运动行为进行了定量的、详细的研究 ,作者通过对颗粒速度瞬时信号的分析 ,获得了颗粒速度概率密度分布 .提升管局部位置上颗粒速度的概率密度分布也呈现双…     

CFD SIMULATION OF THE GAS-SOLID FLOW IN THE RISER OF A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED WITH SECONDARY AIR INJECTION

A comprehensive investigation was carried out to study hydrodynamics aspects of secondary air injection in circulating fluidized beds. This article presents modeling and results of computational fluid dynamics simulations of gas-solid flow in the riser section of a laboratory-scale (ID = 0.23 m, height = 7.6 m) circulating fluidized bed with a radial secondary air injector. The gas-solid flow model is based on the two-fluid (Eulerian-Eulerian) approach, where both gas and solids phases are treated as interpenetrating continua. A granular kinetic theory model is used to describe the solids phase stresses. The simulation results are compared with measured pressure drop and axial particle velocity profiles; reasonable agreement is obtained. Qualitatively, excellent agreement is obtained in predicting the increase in solids volume fraction below secondary air ports, the accumulation of solids around the center of the riser due to momentum of secondary air jets, and the absence of the solids down-flow near the wall above the secondary air injection ports, which are the prominent features of secondary air injection observed in the experiments.     

CFD SIMULATION OF THE GAS-SOLID FLOW IN THE RISER OF A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED WITH SECONDARY AIR INJECTION

A comprehensive investigation was carried out to study hydrodynamics aspects of secondary air injection in circulating fluidized beds. This article presents modeling and results of computational fluid dynamics simulations of gas-solid flow in the riser section of a laboratory-scale (ID = 0.23 m, height = 7.6 m) circulating fluidized bed with a radial secondary air injector. The gas-solid flow model is based on the two-fluid (Eulerian-Eulerian) approach, where both gas and solids phases are treated as interpenetrating continua. A granular kinetic theory model is used to describe the solids phase stresses. The simulation results are compared with measured pressure drop and axial particle velocity profiles; reasonable agreement is obtained. Qualitatively, excellent agreement is obtained in predicting the increase in solids volume fraction below secondary air ports, the accumulation of solids around the center of the riser due to momentum of secondary air jets, and the absence of the solids down-flow near the wall above the secondary air injection ports, which are the prominent features of secondary air injection observed in the experiments.     

灰熔聚流化床气化炉内气固两相流的数值模拟

应用欧拉双流体模型模拟了某化肥厂现运行的灰熔聚流化床煤气化炉(用ICC表示)内的气固两相流动行为,得出了所模拟ICC的合理流化气速与喷动气速的速度范围及匹配关系:流化气速不能太小,否则布风板区域会出现死区;流化气速也不能太大,否则将失去ICC的设计运行特点.当流化气速一定时,随喷动气速的增加,搅动混合增强,但过大的喷动气速会使床内的流动结构出现腾涌,不利于ICC的高效安全运行.