离子迁移谱-质谱技术及其在蛋白质糖基化研究中的应用

糖基化是生物体内重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰（PTM）。基于质谱的检测技术,特别是液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）联用技术是糖基化研究的常规手段。然而,由于糖基化存在复杂的异构现象,大多数基于质谱的分析技术在区分其异构体时存在困难。离子迁移谱（IM）是一种基于离子在气相中的形状和电荷进行分离的技术,能够为质谱分析提供新的分离维度。离子迁移谱-质谱（IM-MS）技术具有较强的区分异构体的能力,在蛋白质糖基化研究中的潜力越来越受到重视。本文总结了IM-MS技术的类型和基本原理,及其在蛋白质糖基化研究中的进展,如对完整糖蛋白、完整糖肽和聚糖的研究,并展望了其应用前景。     

Comparative studies of Protein Glycosylation Using Isotope Labeling and Electrospray Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry

In the analysis of glycoprotein, glycoprotein was often digested with trypsin before MS analysis. Several causes including glycoprotein concentration, glycosylation site occupancy and glycan profile may account for the difference if the signal of a specific glycopeptide was found to be different. A strategy was proposed for comparative analyses of glycoprotein in which the change of glycoprotein concentration, the change of glycosylation site occupancy and the change of glycan profile could be differentiated. Comparative analysis was performed by stable isotope labeling using formaldehyde-d0 and formaldehyde-d2 along with cellulose microcrystalline enrichment and mass spectrometry analysis. The utility of the proposed strategy was demonstrated with ribonuclease B. The change of glycoprotein concentration was studied using samples prepared with different quantity of ribonuclease B. Level of glycosylation site occupancy was studied by mixing different ratios of ribonuclease B and ribonuclease A. The change of the site-specific glycan profile was studied by mixing ribonuclease B treated with α-mannosidase and intact ribonuclease B. ESI-MS analysis of glycopeptides was performed on a linear ion trap mass spectrometer. With the capability of MS2 and MS3 of the instrument, the site of glycosylation and the glycan sequence may also be obtained.     

Recent trends of capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry in proteomics research

Progress in proteomics research has led to a demand for powerful analytical tools with high separation efficiency and sensitivity for confident identification and quantification of proteins, posttranslational modifications, and protein complexes expressed in cells and tissues. This demand has significantly increased interest in capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) in the past few years. This review provides highlights of recent advances in CE‐MS for proteomics research, including a short introduction to top‐down mass spectrometry and native mass spectrometry (native MS), as well as a detailed overview of CE methods. Both the potential and limitations of these methods for the analysis of proteins and peptides in synthetic and biological samples and the challenges of CE methods are discussed, along with perspectives about the future direction of CE‐MS. @ 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 00:1–16, 2019.     

Glycoprotein analysis using protein microarrays and mass spectrometry

Protein glycosylation plays an important role in a multitude of biological processes such as cell–cell recognition, growth, differentiation, and cell death. It has been shown that specific glycosylation changes are key in disease progression and can have diagnostic value for a variety of disease types such as cancer and inflammation. The complexity of carbohydrate structures and their derivatives makes their study a real challenge. Improving the isolation, separation, and characterization of carbohydrates and their glycoproteins is a subject of increasing scientific interest. With the development of new stationary phases and molecules that have affinity properties for glycoproteins, the isolation and separation of these compounds have advanced significantly. In addition to detection with mass spectrometry, the microarray platform has become an essential tool to characterize glycan structure and to study glycosylation‐related biological interactions, by using probes as a means to interrogate the spotted or captured glycosylated molecules on the arrays. Furthermore, the high‐throughput and reproducible nature of microarray platforms have been highlighted by its extensive applications in the field of biomarker validation, where a large number of samples must be analyzed multiple times. This review covers a brief survey of the other experimental methodologies that are currently being developed and used to study glycosylation and emphasizes methodologies that involve the use of microarray platforms. This review describes recent advances in several options of microarray platforms used in glycoprotein analysis, including glycoprotein arrays, glycan arrays, lectin arrays, and antibody/lectin arrays. The translational use of these arrays in applications related to characterization of cells and biomarker discovery is also included. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 29:830–844, 2010     

A Site-Specific Proteomic Approach for Studying Protein S-nitrosylation

In the analysis of glycoprotein, glycoprotein was often digested with trypsin before MS analysis. Several causes including glycoprotein concentration, glycosylation site occupancy and glycan profile may account for the difference if the signal of a specific glycopeptide was found to be different. A strategy was proposed for comparative analyses of glycoprotein in which the change of glycoprotein concentration, the change of glycosylation site occupancy and the change of glycan profile could be differentiated. Comparative analysis was performed by stable isotope labeling using formaldehyde-d₀ and formaldehyde-d₂ along with cellulose microcrystalline enrichment and mass spectrometry analysis. The utility of the proposed strategy was demonstrated with ribonuclease B. The change of glycoprotein concentration was studied using samples prepared with different quantity of ribonuclease B. Level of glycosylation site occupancy was studied by mixing different ratios of ribonuclease B and ribonuclease A. The change of the site-specific glycan profile was studied by mixing ribonuclease B treated with α-mannosidase and intact ribonuclease B. ESI-MS analysis of glycopeptides was performed on a linear ion trap mass spectrometer. With the capability of MS² and MS³ of the instrument, the site of glycosylation and the glycan sequence may also be obtained.     

Mass spectrometric glycan rearrangements

Mass spectrometric rearrangement reactions have been reported for a large variety of compounds such as peptides, lipids, and carbohydrates. In the case of carbohydrates this phenomenon has been described as internal residue loss. Resulting fragment ions may be misinterpreted as fragments arising from conventional glycosidic bond cleavages, which may result in incorrect structural assignment. Therefore, awareness of the occurrence of glycan rearrangements is important for avoiding misinterpretation of tandem mass spectra. In this review mass spectrometric rearrangements of both derivatized and underivatized (native) oligosaccharide structures are discussed. Similar phenomena have been reported for glycopeptides, labeled glycan structures and other biomolecules containing a carbohydrate part. Rearrangements in oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates have been observed with different types of mass spectrometers. Most of the observed carbohydrate rearrangement reactions appear to be linked to the presence of a proton. Hence, tandem mass spectrometric analysis of alkali adducts or deprotonated ions often prevents rearrangement reactions, while they may happen with high efficacy with protonated glycoconjugates.     

重组人促红细胞生成素的CE和CE-MS检测方法研究进展

促红细胞生成素（erythropoietin,EPO）是调控红血球细胞量的糖蛋白激素,近年来被滥用在一些耐力性比赛项目中。由于EPO在尿样或血样中的浓度低,代榭快以及结构复杂多变给检测带来了很大的难度。该文从毛细管电泳（capillary electrophoresis,CE）和毛细管电泳-质谱（CE-mass spectrometry,CE-MS）角度综述了近几年来兴奋剂重组人促红细胞生成素（recombinant human EPO,rhEPO）检测的研究进展。     

Application of capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry to the characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a high-resolution technique for the separation of complex biological mixtures and has been widely applied to biological analyses. The coupling of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry (MS) provides a powerful approach for rapid identification of target analytes present at trace levels in biological matrices, and for structural characterization of complex biomolecules. Here we review the analytical potential of combined capillary electrophoresis electrospray mass spectrometry (CE-MS) for the analysis of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). This hyphened methodology facilitates the determination of closely related LPS glycoform and isoform families by exploiting differences in their unique molecular conformations and ionic charge distributions by electrophoretic separation. On-line CE-MS also provides an additional avenue to improve detection limits, which has been successfully applied to directly probe oligosaccharide LPS glycoform populations of bacteria isolated from infected animal models without the need for further passage.     

非变性离子淌度质谱在蛋白质结构及构象疾病研究方面的应用

离子淌度质谱技术可以分离空间尺寸或构象不同的离子,能够在近似生理条件下表征蛋白质及其复合物的构象,可提供蛋白质及其复合物的构象稳定性及异质性、化学计量比等多重信息,已成为蛋白质构象及蛋白质-配体相互作用研究的重要手段。非变性离子淌度质谱还具有灵敏捕获蛋白质构象动态转变的特点,适用于低浓度、高异质性的蛋白混合物分析。本文综述了离子淌度质谱的基本原理、获取数据及信息形式、以及在蛋白质构象及蛋白质-配体相互作用研究领域的应用进展,重点关注其在蛋白质错误折叠、聚集动力学及与配体相互作用的应用研究。     

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Structural characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides with mass spectrometry and on‐ and off‐line separation techniques

The focus of this review is the application of mass spectrometry to the structural characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), also referred to as “endotoxins,” because they elicit the strong immune response in infected organisms. Recently, a wide variety of MS‐based applications have been implemented to the structure elucidation of LPS. Methodological improvements, as well as on‐ and off‐line separation procedures, proved the versatility of mass spectrometry to study complex LPS mixtures. Special attention is given in the review to the tandem mass spectrometric methods and protocols for the analyses of lipid A, the endotoxic principle of LPS. We compare and evaluate the different ionization techniques (MALDI, ESI) in view of their use in intact R‐ and S‐type LPS and lipid A studies. Methods for sample preparation of LPS prior to mass spectrometric analysis are also described. The direct identification of intrinsic heterogeneities of most intact LPS and lipid A preparations is a particular challenge, for which separation techniques (e.g., TLC, slab‐PAGE, CE, GC, HPLC) combined with mass spectrometry are often necessary. A brief summary of these combined methodologies to profile LPS molecular species is provided. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 32:90–117, 2013     

非变性质谱相关技术的研究进展

蛋白质与其他分子的相互作用几乎在所有的生命活动中起着核心调控作用,这些相互作用力和形成的蛋白质复合物是现代生命科学的研究重点。由于传统的生物物理技术对蛋白质复合物和相互作用的研究存在样品纯度要求高的限制,因此迫切需要新技术的出现,为结构生物学和相互作用组学的研究提供补充。质谱技术可以从原理上对混合样品进行检测,降低对样品纯度的要求,其中非变性质谱展现出强大的连接与互补作用。本文从样品制备、离子源、质量分析器、质谱联用技术等4方面介绍非变性质谱相关技术及近年来的研究进展,并总结分析未来面临的挑战以及发展方向。     

利用二级质谱自动进行聚糖结构解析的从头开始算法

关于不借助数据库,根据质谱自动地从头开始解析聚糖结构（包括单糖组成、排列信息和单糖之间的连接信息）已有多年研究,然而,如何快速准确地得到结果仍然面临诸多挑战。为了降低时间复杂度,现有的方法要么采用贪心法或者启发式算法,这些算法本身就是不精确的,难以保证得到结果的准确性;要么采用剪枝法或者动态规划之类的精确算法,但是这类算法不仅时间复杂度较高,而且其中大量使用的假设和理想化模型忽视了许多对结果有影响的实验细节。诸如打分函数中对不同候选结构重复使用相同谱峰进行评分的问题,先前的精确算法常常选择回避和无视,这些被忽视的细节最终导致结果的不准确。本工作提出了基于迭代增长的方法“自底向上”地利用谱图解析聚糖结构的算法。与以往迭代方法不同,该算法中增长的单位不再是单糖,而是在算法中产生的子结构,这使得算法的运行速度大大加快。在将各种实验细节纳入算法流程的基础上,通过对20种聚糖的二级质谱图解析以及与先前算法的比较,证实了该算法具有较高的准确性（75%聚糖的正确结构被算法解析为第一）。     

应用非变性质谱-行波式离子淌度谱表征完整糖蛋白复合物的稳定性及小规模结构差异

在完整复合物层面表征糖蛋白复合物的高级结构和动态学,对于研究蛋白质功能具有重要意义。行波式离子淌度与非变性质谱结合不仅可提供额外的正交分离维度,还可通过测定碰撞截面积(CCS)获取分析物的几何特征信息,助力结构表征。本工作针对糖蛋白复合物稳定性及小规模结构差异的表征需求,选取由不同物种表达的亲和素作为糖蛋白模式复合物,探究离子淌度在非变性质谱分析中可提供的结构信息。结果表明,离子淌度可在完整复合物水平上分离蛋白型亚群分布,能够反映高阶复合物的几何特征,以及蛋白在气相解离条件、电荷调控条件和经电荷调控的气相解离条件下的构象变化程度,可应用于糖蛋白复合物体系的稳定性评价。     

应用组合型四极杆-静电轨道阱质谱研究一种新合成二肽聚合物对糖肽的富集效果

采用高分辨和高质量精度的组合型四极杆-静电轨道阱质谱（hybrid quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometer）全面分析一种新合成的二肽聚合物对糖肽的富集效果,并由此建立一种评价材料对糖肽富集效果的方法。实验配制了一系列不同质量浓度比的牛胎球蛋白（bovine fetuin,糖蛋白）与牛血清蛋白（BSA,干扰蛋白）的混合干扰模型,先用胰蛋白酶酶解处理混合蛋白样品,再经合成的二肽聚合物富集样品中的糖肽。通过优化糖肽富集步骤和质谱分析条件,新合成的二肽聚合物可以从干扰蛋白浓度达目标蛋白100倍的样品中成功富集糖肽。与亲水性相互作用色谱（hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, HILIC）相比,该材料的富集性能远高于HILIC小柱。因此,该二肽聚合物能够提供更有效的糖肽富集,可为糖蛋白/糖肽的分离富集提供新途径。     

The role of electron capture dissociation in biomolecular analysis

The introduction of electron capture dissociation (ECD) to electrospray (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) constitutes a significant advance in the structural analysis of biomolecules. The fundamental features and benefits of ECD are discussed in this review. ECD is currently unique to FT-ICR MS and the fundamentals of that technique are outlined. The advantages and complementarity of ECD in relation to other tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques, such as infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and sustained off-resonance collision-induced dissociation (SORI-CID), are discussed. The instrumental considerations associated with implementation of ECD, including activated ion techniques and coupling to on-line separation techniques, are covered, as are the allied processes electronic excitation dissociation (EED), electron detachment dissociation (EDD), and hot electron capture (HECD). A major theme of this review is the role of ECD in proteomics, particularly for characterization of post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, glycosylation, carboxyglutamic acid, sulfation, acylation, and methionine oxidation) and the top-down approach to protein identification. The application of ECD to the analysis of polymers, peptide nucleic acids, and oligonucleotides is also discussed.     

Mass spectrometry for structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, have emerged as one of the most promising classes of therapeutics in the biopharmaceutical industry. The need for complete characterization of the quality attributes of these molecules requires sophisticated techniques. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential analytical tool for the structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies, due to its superior resolution over other analytical techniques. It has been widely used in virtually all phases of antibody development. Structural features determined by MS include amino acid sequence, disulfide linkages, carbohydrate structure and profile, and many different post-translational, in-process, and in-storage modifications. In this review, we will discuss various MS-based techniques for the structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies. These techniques are categorized as mass determination of intact antibodies, and as middle-up, bottom-up, top-down, and middle-down structural characterizations. Each of these techniques has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of structural resolution, sequence coverage, sample consumption, and effort required for analyses. The role of MS in glycan structural characterization and profiling will also be discussed.     

Structural characterization of flavonoid glycosides by multi‐stage mass spectrometry

Flavonoids are secondary plant metabolites of great structural variety and high medicinal significance. The search for new chemical entities and the quality control of flavonoid containing natural products require easy‐to‐use but reliable and robust analytical methodologies. For structural elucidation of flavonoids and their glycosides, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS) are the generally used techniques. In phytochemical analyses, however, high amounts of flavonoids are difficult to isolate for NMR, thus low sample volume requiring MS based methods are emerging. This review summarizes and compares currently available methods for structural elucidation of flavonoids by LC–MS and LC–MSⁿ, and focuses on the identification options of unknown flavonoid glycosides in complex samples (e.g., plant extracts) with the emphasis on the differentiation of isomeric compounds. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 29:1–16, 2010