A single phase photovoltaic inverter control for grid connected system

This paper presents a control scheme for single phase grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system operating under both grid connected and isolated grid mode. The control techniques include voltage and current control of grid-tie PV inverter. During grid connected mode, grid controls the amplitude and frequency of the PV inverter output voltage, and the inverter operates in a current controlled mode. The current controller for grid connected mode fulfills two requirements – namely, (i) during light load condition the excess energy generated from the PV inverter is fed to the grid and (ii) during an overload condition or in case of unfavorable atmospheric conditions the load demand is met by both PV inverter and the grid. In order to synchronize the PV inverter with the grid a dual transport delay based phase locked loop (PLL) is used. On the other hand, during isolated grid operation the PV inverter operates in voltage-controlled mode to maintain a constant amplitude and frequency of the voltage across the load. For the optimum use of the PV module, a modified P&O based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is used which enables the maximum power extraction under varying irradiation and temperature conditions. The validity of the proposed system is verified through simulation as well as hardware implementation.     

一种智能型光伏发电逆变器设计

研制了一种智能的光伏发电逆变器,它既可以与电网并网又可以独立运行.当它与大电网并网时,采用电压电流双闭环的控制策略,以电流源的形式输出电能;当大电网断开出现孤岛时,它采用电压有效值外环瞬时值内环的闭环控制并进行模糊自调整PI参数,以电压源的形式输出电能.最后在光伏发电实验平台上验证了该方法的有效性.     

Soft-switching flyback inverter with enhanced power decoupling for photovoltaic applications

A novel single-phase flyback inverter for photovoltaic applications is proposed to achieve low-frequency ripple current reduction on the DC busbar and to draw sinusoidal current into the AC grid. Based on capacitive idling techniques, the proposed circuit topology is derived from a single-ended primary-inductance converter and two-switch flyback inverter to obtain soft-switching operation for all of the active switches. Compared with a buck-boost inverter and other flyback inverter topologies for AC photovoltaic module systems, no extra active switches are used in the proposed inverter to realise both soft-switching and enhanced power decoupling with only four active switches. Peak-current mode control method is employed in the control schemes to ensure pure sinusoidal current with unity power factor on the AC grid. Laboratory experimental results based on a 500 W prototype are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed inverter     

基于状态空间的PWM逆变器数字PI双环控制技术研究

主要研究了数字控制的实际应用情况以及脉宽调制(PWM)正弦波逆变器的特点,包括电流内环电压外环的双闭环控制。在建立逆变器控制系统状态空间模型的基础上,详细分析了外环为输出电压,内环为电感电流加负载电流前馈控制对应的控制策略的稳定性和动态响应。先对控制系统直接离散化,再利用极点配置的方法进行系统参数设计。从响应速度、外特性、稳定性方面进行了具体分析,结果说明在离散域里双环控制逆变器具有较好的动态响应速度和输出外特性。最后通过实验验证和仿真波形分析,证明这种双环控制技术能满足各项性能指标要求。     

Fuel cell power conditioning for electric power applications: a summary

Fuel cells are considered to be one of the most promising sources of distributed energy because of their high efficiency, low environmental impact and scalability. Unfortunately, multiple complications exist in fuel cell operation. Fuel cells cannot accept current in the reverse direction, do not perform well with ripple current, have a low output voltage that varies with age and current, respond sluggishly to step changes in load and are limited in overload capabilities. For these reasons, power converters are often necessary to boost and regulate the voltage as a means to provide a stiff applicable DC power source. Furthermore, the addition of an inverter allows for the conversion of DC power to AC for an utility interface or for the application of an AC motor. To help motivate the use of power conditioning for the fuel cell, a brief introduction of the different types, applications and typical electrical characteristics of fuel cells is presented. This is followed by an examination of the various topologies of DC-DC boost converters and inverters used for power conditioning of fuel cells. Several architectures to aggregate multiple fuel cells for high-voltage/high-power applications are also reviewed.     

A Modified-Simplified MPPT Technique for Three-Phase Single-State Grid-Connected PV Systems

Nowadays, the single state inverter for the grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems is becoming more and more popular as they can reduce circuit complexity resulting in less power losses of the inverter. This paper focuses on the use of model predictive control (MPC) to control a 3-phase and 2-level single-state grid-connected inverter in order to regulate the PV maximum power point (MPP). The algorithm of MPC scheme was done to measure the simultaneous current signal including predicting the next sampling current flow. The reference current (I_d*) was used to control the distribution of electrical power from the solar cell to the grid. To be able to control the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) when the sunlight suddenly changes, so that a developing MPPT based on estimation current perturbation and observation (ECP&O-MPPT) technique was used to control the reference current. This concept was experimented by using MATLAB/Simulink software package. The proposed technique was tested and compared with the old technique. The simulation results showed that the developed MPPT technique can track the MPP faster when the light changes rapidly under 1,000 W/m², 25°C standard climatic conditions. The MPPT time was 0.015 s. The total harmonic distortion (THD) was 2.17% and the power factor was 1.     

Control of a converter system for an asymmetrical parameter type two-phase induction motor drive operating in motoring and generating modes

The control of a converter system is presented and discussed for an asymmetrical parameter type two-phase induction machine drive that is operating in motoring and generating modes. The proposed system consists of back-to-back voltage source converters. For a machine side, a three-leg voltage source converter provides both unbalanced and balanced two-phase output voltages with a scalar V/F control based on a carrier space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique. For a front end, a single-phase AC/DC doubled voltage converter with hysteresis current control is used to keep DC-link voltage constant, thus resulting in a bi-directional power flow operation for the motoring and generating modes. A closed-loop design for the DC-link voltage is fully given and also included is a review of carrier-based SVPWM for two-phase three-leg VSI. The proposed drive system was both simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and implemented on digital microcontrollers. The comparative performance evaluation of the whole system between balanced and unbalanced two-phase voltages for the machine is given. The simulation and experimental results show that the unbalanced phase voltage offers better performance for the whole system.     

敏感用户高品质交-直流级联供电方案研究

工业过程中大量使用的变频器(variable frequency drive,VFD)在采用传统交流供电时易受到电压暂降影响,传统治理方式存在检测延时、控制复杂等问题。为此,该文从敏感负荷变频器在电网扰动工况下的供电需求量化出发,围绕供电拓扑设计、DC/DC变换器的控制策略及储能单元容量配置等方面,构建一种实用化工业用交-直流级联供电方案。该文利用电压暂降过程中直流供电回路与敏感负荷间的压差自感应控制,实现交-直流供电回路无扰动切换,提高电压暂降治理响应的快速性;采用两相交错并联DC/DC变换器接入集中式储能,减少储能系统纹波系数,并给出两相均流控制方法。最后,通过Matlab/Simulink中的建模仿真与样机的实验测试,验证所提方案能够在交流系统发生不同严重程度电压暂降过程中为各类敏感负荷提供稳定的连续供电,为解决工业敏感用户高品质供电问题提供可实用的新思路。     

High-efficient three-phase on-line UPS by using T-source inverter with third harmonic injected maximum constant boost PWM control

This paper presents the analysis of three-phase on-line uninterruptible power supply (UPS) by employing T-source inverter (TSI) with third harmonic injected maximum constant boost PWM control and the results are compared with traditional UPS. Traditional UPS consists of step-up transformer or DC–DC booster along with voltage source inverter which decreases the efficiency and increases energy conversion cost. The proposed three-phase UPS using TSI has high-voltage boost capability through shoot-through zero state which is not present in traditional voltage source inverter (VSI) and current source inverter. This proposed UPS with TSI increases the efficiency with fewer components, reduces the harmonics, increases the voltage gain, and reduces the voltage stress. The performance of three-phase on-line UPS based on TSI is analyzed and evaluated in MATLAB/SIMULINK software and the results are compared with Z-source inverter-fed UPS and VSI-fed UPS. Experimental results are presented for the validation of the simulation and theoretical analysis.     

Design and implementation of PV-based three-phase four-wire series hybrid active power filter for power quality improvement

This paper proposes a Photovoltaic (PV)-based three-phase four-wire Series Hybrid Active Power Filter (SHAPF), it comprises of a Series Active Power Filter (SAPF) and an LC shunt passive filter. The proposed system eliminates both the current and voltage harmonics and compensates reactive power, neutral current and voltage interruption. A SAPF demands a source of energy for compensating the voltage sag/swell. This system found a new topology for SHAPF which utilizes the PV with DC–DC boost converter as a source of DC power for the series active filter. The compensation current reference evaluation is based on the twin formulation of the vectorial theory of electrical power theorem with Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). The PV array/battery managed DC–DC boost converter is employed to step up the voltage to meet the DC bus voltage requirement of the three-leg Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). The foremost benefit of the proposed system is that, it will provide uninterrupted compensation for the whole day. This system utilizes the renewable energy; accordingly saves the energy and provides the uninterruptable power supply to critical/sensitive load, through the PV array/battery bank during both day time and night time. An experimental model was established and results were obtained, which indicated the capability of the proposed control scheme.     

Recurrent wavelet neural network controller with improved particle swarm optimisation for induction generator system

A recurrent wavelet neural network (RWNN) controller with improved particle swarm optimisation (IPSO) is proposed to control a three-phase induction generator (IG) system for stand-alone power application. First, the indirect field-oriented mechanism is implemented for the control of the IG. Then, an AC/DC power converter and a DC/AC power inverter are developed to convert the electric power generated by a three-phase IG from variable frequency and variable voltage to constant frequency and constant voltage. Moreover, two online trained RWNNs using backpropagation learning algorithm are introduced as the regulating controllers for both the DC-link voltage of the AC/DC power converter and the AC line voltage of the DC/AC power inverter. Furthermore, an IPSO is adopted to adjust the learning rates to further improve the online learning capability of the RWNN. Finally, some experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed IG system.     

Harmonics reduction in standalone DFIG-DC system by shunt active filter controlled in stator flux reference frame

The presence of diode rectifier in standalone Doubly Fed Induction Generator-Direct Current (DFIG-DC) system leads to considerable current, voltage and torque harmonics and requires reactive power from the machine. A unique shunt active filter arrangement is proposed for addressing these requirements. The DC Link of DFIG-DC itself acts as input to shunt active filter and there is no requirement of creating and regulating a separate one. Since the stator flux reference frame is known in FOC of DFIG-DC system; the same can be used as PLL for the generation of current references for harmonics and reactive compensation in active filter control scheme. Hence, the AC voltage sensing is not needed in the proposed active filter control. In this paper, it is shown that current, voltage and torque harmonics are reduced with the help of shunt active filter, which have lower rating compared to the rotor side converter. The proposed scheme is verified by detailed experiments on a 5.5 kW slip-ring induction machine.     

Offshore wind farm with centralised power conversion and DC interconnection

The study of a hypothetical large offshore wind farm based on centralised power conversion and interconnected to the grid using a multiterminal parallel high voltage direct current (HVDC) link is presented. The 300 MW wind farm consists of 60 squirrel-cage based 5 MW generators connected to a common DC bus using ten voltage source converters (VSCs). The transmission system converters provide variable speed generator control, and therefore individual converters are not required for each wind generator, implying savings in wind farm costs. The paper studies the technical and economical benefits of the proposed topology, as well as the selection of the main components. A detailed analysis of the control circuits for both generator and grid facing converters, with respect to primary control functions, is also given. PSCAD/EMTDC simulation of the proposed concept is presented for realistic wind signals. The results confirm operation at an average optimum coefficient of performance at each respective generator group, as well as satisfactory stability even for severe wind speed changes. The proposed concept reduces the costs associated with DC interconnection and may simplify integration of large offshore wind farms at substantial distances.     

基于光伏直驱变频式离心机系统的三元换流控制方法

针对目前市面上缺乏可应用于光伏中央空调系统的DC/DC稳压设备,以及常规光伏空调存在的能量损耗较大、能量不能实时上网等问题,提出一种无DC/DC和DC/AC等传统变流环节的光伏直驱变频式离心机系统;在系统及其3个独立单元之间建立能量平衡关系,采用三元换流控制方法对3个独立单元进行联动控制,实现能量的双向流动及实时切换。通过仿真建模及系统试验,证明该系统方案的可行性以及控制方法的合理性。     

Control of AC–DC grid side converter with single AC current sensor

Conventionally, two AC side current sensors are needed in vector control of grid side converter for AC–DC bidirectional power conversion. The present paper proposes a technique where the control can be achieved with the use of only one AC side current sensor. The control principle utilises the information of un-sensed second current sensor for its estimation, which is embedded and readily available in conventional control technique itself. In the proposed method, the grid side d–q axis reference currents of the current controllers are used for estimation of β-axis component of grid current, while the α-axis component of grid current is calculated by one AC side current sensor. Effect of voltage unbalance on the control is also studied in this paper. The proposed control is validated with detailed simulation and experimental observations for both steady-state and transient conditions. The proposed control gives satisfactory performance.     

A simplified time-domain design and implementation of cascaded PI-sliding mode controller for dc–dc converters used in off-grid photovoltaic applications with field test results

A time-domain design methodology for voltage regulation control of dc–dc boost and buck-boost converters based on a multi-loop controller with PI regulator for the outer loop and an inner loop with sliding mode current controller has been developed for renewable energy applications such as photovoltaic (PV)-fed dc–dc converters. This paper proposes a new method for the design of PI regulators in such multi-loop control scheme. The proposed design presents a simple analytical method for selecting controller gains and has been validated by simulation as well as hardware implementation. Also, this paper presents an illustrative example based on the proposed design for the voltage regulation control of PV-fed boost converters for off-grid applications. The simulation results for varying irradiation, temperature and load along with stability analysis have been presented in this paper. The proposed controller is implemented in hardware for a 1.1 kW PV-array-fed boost converter. Performance analysis based on field test results using real-time weather data validates the proposed design. Therefore the proposed controller could be considered as an attractive solution for off-grid renewable energy applications like PV- or fuel-cell-fed dc–dc converter, where the variations are stochastic in nature.     

Simulation and performance evaluation of shunt hybrid power filter using fuzzy logic based non-linear control for power quality improvement

This paper deals with design and simulation of a three-phase shunt hybrid power filter consisting of a pair of 5th and 7th selective harmonic elimination passive power filters connected in series with a conventional active power filter with reduced kVA rating. The objective is to enhance the power quality in a distribution network feeding variety of non-linear, time-varying and unbalanced loads. The theory and modelling of the entire power circuit in terms of synchronously rotating reference frame and leading to a non-linear control scheme is presented. This work involves introduction of individual fuzzy logic controllers for d and q axis current control and for voltage regulation of the DC link capacitor. The simulation schematic covering the power and control circuits have been developed taking into account severe harmonic distortion caused by non-linear and unbalanced loads. The effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller for the compensation of harmonics and reactive power has been verified by successive simulation runs and analysis of the results. The proposed controller is also able to compensate the distortion generated by the voltage- and current-fed non-linear loads, unbalanced and dynamically varying loads. Further, excellent regulation of the DC link voltage is accomplished, which significantly contributes to improvement of power quality.     

A generalised instantaneous non-active power theory for STATCOM

A generalised instantaneous non-active power theory is presented. Comprehensive definitions of instantaneous active and non-active currents, as well as instantaneous, average and apparent powers, are proposed. These definitions have flexible forms that are applicable to different power systems, such as single-phase or multi-phase, periodic or non-periodic and balanced or unbalanced systems. By changing the averaging interval and the reference voltage, various non-active power theories can be derived from this theory. The definitions of instantaneous active and non- active currents provide an algorithm for a STATCOM to calculate the non-active current in the load current. The theory is implemented by the STATCOM, and four cases (three-phase balanced RL load, three-phase unbalanced RL load, diode rectifier load and single-phase load) are tested. The experimental results show that the STATCOM can perform instantaneous non-active power compensation, and both the fundamental non-active component and the harmonics are eliminated from the utility so that nearly unity power factor can be achieved. The STATCOM also has a fast dynamic response for transients.     

一种五相Boost矩阵变换器研究

研究了矩阵变换器的控制方法,针对传统矩阵变换器"虚拟逆变部分"拓扑大多是推挽式、半桥式和全桥式结构,因而电压传输比较低的情况,提出了一种五相Boost矩阵变换器的结构。该结构整流侧采用传统的矩阵整流电路,其控制策略采用无零空间矢量调制,虚拟逆变部分则采用Boost逆变电路,该逆变电路具有升压特性,能提高矩阵变换器的电压传输比,其电压传输比可以达到1.0甚至更高。对该矩阵变换器的滑模变结构控制策略进行了研究,而且通过仿真和样机实验验证了其理论的正确性,为矩阵变换器的工业应用提供了一定的理论基础。     

VRV系统并联型压缩机油平衡策略研究

针对直流变频变容量VRV空调系统中并联压缩机间润滑油平衡问题,概述了不同厂家并联型压缩机润滑油平衡策略。并根据不同的压缩机,设计了并联压缩机之间的油平衡系统。