Simultaneous Measurements of Geometric and Viscoelastic Properties of Hydrogel Microbeads Using Continuous‐Flow Microfluidics with Embedded Electrodes

Geometric and mechanical characterizations of hydrogel materials at the microscale are attracting increasing attention due to their importance in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery applications. Contemporary approaches for measuring the these properties of hydrogel microbeads suffer from low‐throughput, complex system configuration, and measurement inaccuracy. In this work, a continuous‐flow device is developed to measure geometric and viscoelastic properties of hydrogel microbeads by flowing the microbeads through a tapered microchannel with an array of interdigitated microelectrodes patterned underneath the channel. The viscoelastic properties are derived from the trajectories of microbeads using a quasi‐linear viscoelastic model. The measurement is independent of the applied volumetric flow rate. The results show that the geometric and viscoelastic properties of Ca‐alginate hydrogel microbeads can be determined independently and simultaneously. The bulky high‐speed optical systems are eliminated, simplifying the system configuration and making it a truly miniaturized device. A throughput of up to 394 microbeads min^?1 is achieved. This study may provide a powerful tool for mechanical profiling of hydrogel microbeads to support their wide applications.     

Characterization of a low frequency magnetic noise from a two-stage pulse tube cryocooler

Magnetic noise of a two-stage pulse tube cryocooler (PT) was measured by a fundamental mode orthogonal fluxgate magnetometer and by a LTS Double Relaxation Oscillation SQUID (DROS) first-order planar gradiometer. The magnetometer was installed in a dewar made of aluminum at 12 cm distance from a section containing magnetic regenerative materials of the second pulse tube. The magnetic noise spectrum showed a clear peak at 1.8 Hz, which is the fundamental frequency of the He gas pumping rate. The 1.8 Hz magnetic noise registered a peak, during the cooling down process, when the second cold-stage temperature was around 12 K, which is well correlated with the 1.8 Hz variation of the temperature of the second cold stage. Hence, we attributed the main source of this magnetic noise to the temperature variation of the magnetic moments resulting from magnetic regenerative materials, Er₃Ni and HoCu₂, in the presence of background static magnetic fields. We have also pointed out that the superconducting magnetic shield of lead sheets reduced the low frequency magnetic noise generated from the magnetic regenerative materials. With this arrangement, the magnetic noise amplitude measured with the LTS DROS gradiometer, mounted at 7 cm horizontal distance from the magnetic regenerative materials, in the optimum condition, was lower than 500 pT peak-to-peak, whereas the noise level without lead shielding was higher than the dynamic range of DROS instrumentations which was around .     

Forced vibrations in the medium frequency range solved by a partition of unity method with local information

A new approach for the computation of the forced vibrations up to the medium frequency range is formulated for thin plates. It is based on the partition of unity method (PUM), first proposed by Babu?ka, and used here to solve the elastodynamic problem. The paper focuses on the introduction of local information in the basis of the PUM coming from previous approximations, in order to enhance the accuracy of the solution. The method may be iterative and generates a PUM approximation leading to smaller models compared with the finite element ones required for a same accuracy level. It shows very promising results, in terms of frequency range, accuracy and computational time. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同频率比时立管两向涡激振动及疲劳分析

考虑四种不同频率比(流向荷载频率/横向荷载频率)情况下,立管两向涡激振动的幅值和疲劳的变化。结果表明：较低频率比且低约化速度条件下,流向自由度对横向振动具有一定的抑制作用;当6.3<约化速度<8.0时,考虑顺流向振动时横向振动幅值明显增加。随着频率比的增加,顺流向振动对横向振动的影响逐渐减弱。横向振动对顺流向振动的影响在四种情况下均较为显著,考虑横向振动时顺流向振动幅值急剧增大。两向自由度涡激振动的疲劳在低频率比时明显高于单自由度时的疲劳;顺流向振动疲劳随着频率比的增大受横向振动的影响越来越明显。     

两级同轴型脉管制冷机回热器与脉管壁换热影响的模拟与实验

针对同轴型结构的两级脉管制冷机,采用热力学方法分析了回热器与脉管壁间换热作用对制冷机性能的影响。发现当脉管内热量通过壁面传向回热器时,脉管冷端焓流将增大,进而提升脉管冷指的制冷量。对设计的一台两级同轴型高频脉管冷指进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明相同结构参数及输入下,引入回热器与脉管壁间的径向换热作用,低温级制冷量由原先的0.55 W@30 K提升至1.39 W@30 K,而对高温级的影响却小到可以忽略。     

Computation of Stokes Flow due to the Motion or Presence of a Particle in a Tube

The computation of Stokes flow due to the motion or presence of a rigid particle in a fluid-filled tube with arbitrary geometry is discussed with emphasis on the induced upstream to downstream pressure change. It is proposed that expressing the pressure change as an integral over the particle surface involving (a) the a priori unknown traction, and (b) the velocity of the pure-fluid pressure-driven flow, simplifies the numerical implementation and ameliorates the effect of domain truncation. Numerical computations are performed based on the integral formulation in conjunction with a boundary-element method for a particle translating and rotating inside a cylindrical tube with a circular cross-section. The numerical results are consistent with previous asymptotic solutions for small particles, and complement available numerical solutions for particular types of motion     

Using Krylov‐Padé model order reduction for accelerating design optimization of structures and vibrations in the frequency domain

In many engineering problems, the behavior of dynamical systems depends on physical parameters. In design optimization, these parameters are determined so that an objective function is minimized. For applications in vibrations and structures, the objective function depends on the frequency response function over a given frequency range, and we optimize it in the parameter space. Because of the large size of the system, numerical optimization is expensive. In this paper, we propose the combination of Quasi‐Newton type line search optimization methods and Krylov‐Padé type algebraic model order reduction techniques to speed up numerical optimization of dynamical systems. We prove that Krylov‐Padé type model order reduction allows for fast evaluation of the objective function and its gradient, thanks to the moment matching property for both the objective function and the derivatives towards the parameters. We show that reduced models for the frequency alone lead to significant speed ups. In addition, we show that reduced models valid for both the frequency range and a line in the parameter space can further reduce the optimization time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Calculation of natural and forced vibrations of a piping system. Part 1. Analysis of vibrations of a 3D beam system

Dynamic behavior of piping as a beam system has been analyzed with the use of the dynamic stiffness method. According to this method, the equations describing the relation between unknown parameters are written by the method of initial parameters, therefore, the solution procedure is similar to that for a static problem. It is shown that for curvilinear beams it is simpler and more efficient to apply a model that consists of straight segments and inertia-free rotation elements. To determine natural frequencies of 3D beam systems, it is proposed to use a method of disconnection of displacements, which makes it possible to discern the frequencies corresponding to different vibration modes (transverse, longitudinal, etc.). The approach allows a correct simulation of the system behavior under forced vibrations induced by a harmonic exciting force. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 1, pp. 79–93, January–February, 2007.     

一种高频热驱动脉冲管制冷机不稳定现象的研究

报道了一种高频驻波热声发动机驱动脉冲管制冷机的热声不稳定现象.通过实验对此种热声不稳定现象的产生原因进行了探讨,发现增加加热功率或缩短声压放大器可以抑制此种不稳定现象;理论方面主要通过快速傅立叶变换对不稳定的压力波形进行分析,对其产生原因进行了初步分析.     

Failure and fatigue life estimate of a pre-stressed Aircraft seat support tube

There have been increasing reports of annoyance, fatigue, and even neck and back pain during prolonged operation of troop propeller aircraft, where persistent multi-axis vibration occurs at higher frequencies. A claim from failure of the 2024-T3 aluminum tube used as a seat support tube (SST) for troop seat – wall style – construction. A failure occurs after about 85 flight hours. A numerical static analysis model for the tube with its holders shows that it is safe, even with impact loading. In the present work, a random vibration analysis is conducted to calculate the lifetime of the SST. First, a static analysis is performed using a pressure load on part of the tube that represents the seating location, followed by random vibration analysis. A contact algorithm is added in order to transfer the support’s movement to the tube. Dirlik method is used for the analysis of lifetime as it is proven to provide accurate results for large number of applications, both in automotive and aerospace industry. The predicted service life is in a good agreement with the real actual life.     

Flow‐induced vibrations of non‐linear cables. Part 1: Models and algorithms

In this paper, we develop governing equations for non‐linear cables as well as a formulation for the coupled flow‐structure problem. The structure is discretized with second‐order accuracy while the flow is discretized using spectral/hp elements in the context of the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation (ALE). Several benchmark problems are considered and the computational implementation is detailed. In the second part of this work large‐scale simulation examples are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1060 MW燃煤机组烟道流场性能诊断与优化

燃煤机组烟道结构和布置形式不仅决定了烟风系统阻力的大小,而且影响相关设备的运行状态。某2×1060 MW机组引风机至脱硫塔之间的烟道设计不合理,使两台并联引风机中的一台振动严重,致机壳开裂,导致机组长期低负荷运行,影响机组的可靠性和经济性。该文采用流体动力学计算软件对该部分烟道的流场进行数值模拟,分析烟道设计结构中存在的主要问题,结合现场条件提出最优改造方案。改造实施后,该部分烟道的整体阻力降低为300 Pa,并联引风机出口静压偏差低于3%,将引风机振动由4.6 mm/s以上降为2.5 mm/s左右,控制在安全运行允许的范围内。该次优化解决了引风机振动问题并使烟道阻力大幅降低,为电厂创造了经济效益。     

Cellular Interactions of Liposomes and PISA Nanoparticles during Human Blood Flow in a Microvascular Network

A key concept in nanomedicine is encapsulating therapeutic or diagnostic agents inside nanoparticles to prolong blood circulation time and to enhance interactions with targeted cells. During circulation and depending on the selected application (e.g., cancer drug delivery or immune modulators), nanoparticles are required to possess low or high interactions with cells in human blood and blood vessels to minimize side effects or maximize delivery efficiency. However, analysis of cellular interactions in blood vessels is challenging and is not yet realized due to the diverse components of human blood and hemodynamic flow in blood vessels. Here, the first comprehensive method to analyze cellular interactions of both synthetic and commercially available nanoparticles under human blood flow conditions in a microvascular network is developed. Importantly, this method allows to unravel the complex interplay of size, charge, and type of nanoparticles on their cellular associations under the dynamic flow of human blood. This method offers a unique platform to study complex interactions of any type of nanoparticles in human blood flow conditions and serves as a useful guideline for the rational design of liposomes and polymer nanoparticles for diverse applications in nanomedicine.     

Calculation of natural and forced vibrations of a piping system. Part 2. Dynamic stiffness of a pipe bend

The notion of the dynamic flexibility factor of a pipe bend to be used in problems on the calculation of harmonic vibrations of pipelines is formulated. Based on the Vlasov semi-momentless theory, simplifying hypotheses are introduced that make it possible to reduce the problem statement to the solution of the quartic differential equation. Using the results of the dynamic analysis for toroidal shells, the procedure for taking into account the increased flexibility of pipe bends under dynamic loading has been developed. The expression for the flexibility factor is derived as a function of both the geometrical parameters of the bend and the vibration frequency. The efficiency of the derived expression for the flexibility factor is illustrated by a great number of examples. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 2, pp. 52–71, March–April, 2007.     

Experimental investigation of forced flow boiling of nitrogen in a horizontal corrugated stainless steel tube

Experimental investigation is performed on the heat transfer characteristics of forced flow boiling of saturated liquid nitrogen (LN₂) in a horizontal corrugated stainless steel tube with a 17.6 mm maximum inner diameter. The local heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) are measured at two mass flow rates with a wide range of wall heat fluxes. The effects of the heat flux, mass flow flux and vapor quality on the two-phase heat transfer characteristics are discussed. The results reveal that the local HTCs increase with the heat flux and mass flow flux. The measured local HTCs present a strong dependence on the heat flux. The circumferential averages of the HTCs for the present corrugated tube are compared with the empirical correlations proposed for the smooth tubes, and the results show that the heat transfer is enhanced due to the area augmentation.     

复合型超声马达纵-扭振动固有频率简并研究

纵、扭振动固有频率简并是提高纵-扭复合型超声马达输出力矩的关键问题。然而同一弹性体内的纵振固有频率远高于扭振固有频率．目前对两种振动固有频率的简并缺乏深入的理论研究。纵一扭复合型超声马达振动分析模型都基于一维理论。在此提出了一种纵、扭振动固有频率简并的新方法。通过将纵一扭复合型超声马达设计成双定子对称结构．在定子上附加一个调整环改变定子的力学边界条件。实现纵、扭振动同频共振。应用Hamilton原理建立了考虑泊松效应的定子纵、扭振动理论模型，分析了定子的纵振与扭振第一阶固有频率随调整环质量和位置的变化规律，通过优化马达的几何结构参数获得了纵振与扭振的同频谐振点。     

Reliability of Measurements of the Natural Gas Flow Rate and Volume in Gas Distribution Organizations

The proposed new approach to the procedure for measuring the flow rate and volume of gas under standard conditions in gas distribution organizations increases the reliability of the measurements. It is based on identical transformations of the Clapeyron-Mendeveleev equation, with modifications, and takes into account the composition of the natural gas and the recommendations of Federal Law No. 69-FZ (article 19) of March 31, 1999, about natural gas certification by Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. Use of the modified Clapeyron–Mendeleev equation is shown to changes the form of the transformation functions of various primary measuring transducers (turbine, rotary, vortex, ultrasonic, etc.) under the conditions of actual measurements.     

法兰及材料不连续对充液壳能量流传播的影响

运用结构振动的波动方法对有限长的、采用法兰连接的材料不连续区域在充液圆柱壳中的能量流传播进行了研究。考察了法兰结构参数的影响。数值结果表明：法兰截面高度和宽度对于n＝0,1阶周向模态弯曲波的较低频成份影响不大。而对于n＝0,1阶的弯曲波在较高频区域的n≥2的弯曲波在整个频域上都有较大的影响;当存在一个不连续区域时,考察了区域的长度参数对传播能量流的影响。     

Study on the flow behavior of irregular plastic particles in a spout-fluid bed with a draft tube

This work presents an experimental investigation on the hydrodynamic performance of a draft tube spout-fluid bed with irregular particles. Nonmetal particles from waste printed circuit boards (NPCBs) were used as a spouting solid, and polypropylene (PP) particles were selected as an assistant to fluidization particles. The flow pattern, minimum spouting velocity (U_ms), and minimum spout-fluidization velocity (U_msf) were investigated under different operating conditions. The irregular cohesive particles from NPCBs showed poor flowability and channeling, which restrained stable spouting in the spout-fluid bed. The quality of fluidization and spouting improved when greater than 40?wt.% PP particles were added into the NPCB/PP mixtures. The mechanism was that the PP particles accelerated the movement of NPCB particles. Meanwhile, lower density differences between NPCB and PP particles decreased the segregation of the mixtures. The minimum spouting velocity decreased with an increase in fluidization gas velocity and the ratio of NPCB particle in the NPCB/PP mixtures. Two flow patterns, unstable spouting and unstable spouting fluidization, were observed over a large range of gas velocity. The ranges of gas velocity in these two flow patterns enlarged with the increase in mass fraction of NPCB particles within the NPCB/PP mixtures.