Behavior of corrosion-damaged RC columns wrapped with FRP under combined flexural and axial loading

This paper presents the results of a research program aimed at investigating the effectiveness of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) to upgrade corrosion-damaged eccentrically loaded reinforced concrete (RC) columns. A total of 16 square RC columns with end corbels were constructed. Test specimen had an overall length of 1200 mm whereas each end corbel had a cross section of and a length of 350 mm. The specimen in the test region was having longitudinal steel ratio of 1.9%. The damaged specimens were exposed to 30 days of accelerated corrosion that corresponded to a steel mass loss of about 4.25%. The main test parameters were the CFRP repair scheme (no wrapping, full-wrapping, and partial-wrapping) and the eccentricity-to-section height (e/h) ratio (0.3, 0.43, 0.57, and 0.86). The strength of the damaged columns fully wrapped with CFRP was up to 40% higher than that of the control undamaged columns. The strength gain was inversely proportional to the eccentricity ratio. Partial CFRP-wrapping was 8% less effective than full CFRP-wrapping at nominal e/h of 0.3. At higher e/h values, the confinement level had a negligible effect on the columns’ strength. An analytical model was then proposed to predict the columns’ strength under eccentric loading. A comparative analysis between predicted and experimental results demonstrated the model’s accuracy and reliability.     

Concrete columns confined by fiber composite wraps under combined axial and cyclic lateral loads

This paper presents nonlinear finite element analysis of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketed reinforced concrete columns under combined axial and cyclic lateral loadings. Large-scale control and FRP-wrapped reinforced concrete columns (762 mm in diameter and 4978 mm in height) were modeled using the nonlinear finite element analysis software MARC™. The models were capable of allowing for the degradation of the stiffness under cyclic loading. The finite element analysis results indicated that reinforced concrete columns externally wrapped with the FRP fabric in the potential plastic hinge location at the bottom of the column showed significant improvement in both strength and ductility capacities, and the FRP jacket could be used to delay the degradation of the stiffness of reinforced concrete columns.     

Optimization of clamped columns under distributed axial load and subject to stress constraints

The optimum designs are given for clamped-clamped columns under concentrated and distributed axial loads. The design objective is the maximization of the buckling load subject to volume and maximum stress constraints. The results for a minimum area constraint are also obtained for comparison. In the case of a stress constraint, the minimum thickness of an optimal column is not known a priori, since it depends on the maximum buckling load, which in turn depends on the minimum thickness necessitating an iterative solution. An iterative solution method is developed based on finite elements, and the results are obtained for n=1, 2, 3 defined as I=α _n A ⁿ , with I being the moment of inertia, and A the cross-sectional area. The iterations start using the unimodal optimality condition and continue with the bimodal optimality condition if the second buckling load becomes less than or equal to the first one. Numerical results show that the optimal columns become larger in the direction of the distributed load due to the increase in the stress in this direction. Even though the optimal columns are symmetrical with respect to their mid-points when the compressive load is concentrated at the end-points, in the case of the columns subject to distributed axial loads the optimal shapes are unsymmetrical.     

Numerical simulation of axially loaded concrete columns under transverse impact and vulnerability assessment

With a view to assessing the vulnerability of columns to low elevation vehicular impacts, a non-linear explicit numerical model has been developed and validated using existing experimental results. The numerical model accounts for the effects of strain rate and confinement of the reinforced concrete, which are fundamental to the successful prediction of the impact response. The sensitivity of the material model parameters used for the validation is also scrutinised and numerical tests are performed to examine their suitability to simulate the shear failure conditions. Conflicting views on the strain gradient effects are discussed and the validation process is extended to investigate the ability of the equations developed under concentric loading conditions to simulate flexural failure events. Experimental data on impact force–time histories, mid span and residual deflections and support reactions have been verified against corresponding numerical results. A universal technique which can be applied to determine the vulnerability of the impacted columns against collisions with new generation vehicles under the most common impact modes is proposed. Additionally, the observed failure characteristics of the impacted columns are explained using extended outcomes. Based on the overall results, an analytical method is suggested to quantify the vulnerability of the columns.     

Behavior and modeling of high-strength concrete tied columns under axial compression

This article presents experimental and analytical results of 21 high-strength concrete tied columns under axial compression. Each 1500-mm-tall column had a 500 by 500 mm section reinforced with 12 D25 longitudinal bars enclosed by perimeter hoops only, or perimeter hoops plus typical crossties, or perimeter and intermediate hoops. The concrete strengths of cylinder tests ranged between 55 and 99 MPa. The column compression tests showed that the longitudinal bars could be laterally supported by hoop corners or 135-degree seismic hooks of crossties, but not restrained by 90-degree hooks, which lost effectiveness after spalling of cover concrete. The proposed analytical approach used the existing Mander model and the Euler equation to determine the confined concrete strength and the buckling strength of longitudinal bars, respectively. With rational assumptions of confinement effectiveness and unsupported lengths, the proposed analytical approach can well predict the complete load-deformation response of test columns.     

Interlaminar stresses in thick rectangular laminated plates with arbitrary laminations and boundary conditions under transverse loads

In the present study, interlaminar stresses resulting from bending of thick rectangular laminated plates with arbitrary laminations and boundary conditions are analyzed analytically based on a three-dimensional multi-term extended Kantorovich method (3DMTEKM). Using the principle of minimum total potential energy, three systems of coupled ordinary differential equations with non-homogeneous boundary conditions are obtained. Then an iterative procedure is established to achieve analytical solution. The results obtained from this theory are compared with those of analytical solutions existing in the literature. It is found that the present results have excellent agreements with those obtained by layerwise theory. The results show that the multi-term EKM converges within only three terms of trial functions and the single-term EKM is not able to estimate the local interlaminar stresses near the boundaries of laminates. Finally, the power of the present approach in obtaining the interlaminar stresses in thick rectangular laminated plates with general types of boundary conditions and lay-ups is examined.     

Behavior of conventional reinforcement and a steel-polypropylene fiber blend in slabs-on-grade

Results from a controlled slab-on-grade experiment relating drying shrinkage, curling and joint opening are presented. The experimental program involved instrumented slab strips maintained in a controlled environment for 1 year. The data includes standard materials characterization tests, flexural creep tests, curling profiles, joint opening, internal strain, and moisture measurements. The experimental findings indicate that the restraint provided by conventional reinforcement can cause mid-panel cracks to develop and that the performance of the steel-polypropylene fiber blend compares favorably with the performance of welded wire fabric. Use of a shrinkage-reducing admixture enhances resistance to cracking and reduces moisture vapor emission rates.     

Behavior of square and rectangular ultra high-strength concrete-filled FRP tubes under axial compression

This paper presents results of an experimental program undertaken to investigate the behavior of square and rectangular ultra high-strength concrete (UHSC)-filled fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes (UHSCFFTs) under axial compression. The effects of the amount of confinement, cross-sectional aspect ratio and corner radius were investigated experimentally through the tests of 24 concrete-filled FRP tubes (CFFTs) that were manufactured using unidirectional carbon fiber sheets and UHSC with 108 MPa average compressive strength. As the first experimental investigation on the axial compressive behavior of square and rectangular UHSCFFTs, the results of the study reported in this paper allows a number of significant conclusions to be drawn. Of primary importance, test results indicate that sufficiently confined square and rectangular UHSCFFTs can exhibit highly ductile behavior. The results also indicate that confinement effectiveness of FRP tubes increases with an increase in corner radius and as sectional aspect ratio approaches unity. It is found that UHSCFFTs having tubes of low confinement effectiveness may experience significant strength loss along the initial portions of the second branches on their stress–strain curves. Furthermore, it is observed that the behavior of UHSCFFTs at this region differs from their normal-strength concrete counterparts and is more sensitive to the effectiveness of confining tube. The second half of the paper presents the performance assessment of the existing FRP-confined concrete models in predicting the ultimate conditions of the HSC and UHSCFFTs. The results of this assessment demonstrate that the existing models provide unconservative estimates for specimens with higher concrete strengths. To address this, a new model that was developed on the basis of a comprehensive experimental test database and is applicable to both NSC and HSC of strengths up to 120 MPa is proposed. The model comparisons demonstrate that the proposed model provides significantly improved predictions of the ultimate conditions of FRP-confined HSC compared to the existing models.     

Elastic properties of wood with rectangular cross section under combined static axial force and torque

It is rare for a component-member of a structure to be subjected to a simple stress state. Usually, it is subjected to a multi-axial stress state in many cases. Therefore, in order to more efficiently design a structure, it is necessary to fully understand the mechanical properties of constituent materials under such a state. In this report, the effect of combined axial force and torque loading on the elastic behavior of wood (Japanese beech and Japanese cypress) was examined. As the elastic behavior, the initial slopes of the stress-strain relationships obtained from combined loading tests are estimated. The specimen had a rectangular cross section with one of its major axes lying in the fiber (longitudinal) direction. The axial force and torque were applied in the fiber direction (along L) and about an axis lying in the L direction, respectively. Combined loading tests were performed using the proportional deformation loading method and the initial constant loading method. The results obtained were summarized as follows: (1) The effect of differences in loading methods on the relationships between shear stiffnesses and the states of combined stresses was confirmed, in particular, for Japanese cypress. (2) Differences in axial stiffness were observed between the two species under compression-shear combined stress state. While the axial stiffness of Japanese beech was not affected under the combined stress state, that of Japanese cypress tended to increase under compression-shear combined stress state. (3) The difference in shear or axial stiffness between the two planes was considered to be almost constant; however, when the axial or shear stress component of the combined stresses became dominant, the difference between the two planes tended to show a larger variation.     

Torsional and flexural buckling of composite FRP columns with cruciform sections considering local instabilities

In this paper, a semi-analytical finite strip method is developed for the prediction of torsional and flexural buckling stresses of composite FRP columns under pure compression. Numerical finite strip results will be compared with those obtained from closed-form equations for doubly symmetric open thin-walled FRP sections. The accuracy of the proposed finite strip method in determining critical flexural and torsional stresses of FRP columns will be assessed. Among the composite FRP columns with doubly symmetric open sections, buckling behavior of stiffened and unstiffened FRP cruciform sections will be evaluated and case studies performed. The effect of material properties and longitudinal stiffeners applied at the end of the web-plate and flange-plate on buckling modes of composite FRP cruciform sections is also reviewed.     

考虑除尘器箱体墙板-立柱协同受力时立柱再横向荷载作用下的内力计算

在箱式钢结构中起主要承载作用的侧面墙板-立柱结构体系中,受墙板蒙皮支撑作用的高强钢立柱,其残余应力分布受与墙板焊接连接过程影响,与独立工作焊接H形截面构件有较大差异。为研究Q235钢墙板—Q460高强钢立柱结构体系的残余应力分布规律,采用盲孔法对6个结构体系试件和2个独立Q460高强钢焊接H形截面试件进行了试验研究。基于测量数据,得到了所有试件的全截面残余应力分布,分析了墙板与立柱焊接连接、截面尺寸等因素对残余应力分布的影响,并研究了截面各板件间残余应力的相互影响及自平衡性。结果表明：立柱与墙板的焊接在一定程度上降低了立柱后翼缘中部的最大残余拉应力,减小了后翼缘残余压应力的分布范围,对前翼缘和腹板无明显影响;残余拉应力幅值与截面尺寸无直接关系,残余压应力随着板件宽厚比的增大而减小;各板件间残余应力存在相互影响作用,前翼缘、腹板以及后翼缘与墙板组合板件这3部分分别满足自平衡。提出了适用于Q235钢墙板—Q460高强钢立柱结构体系的较为准确和安全的残余应力分布数学模型,为后续研究受墙板蒙皮支撑的高强钢立柱稳定性奠定基础。     

Postbuckling of nanotube-reinforced composite cylindrical shells under combined axial and radial mechanical loads in thermal environment

A postbuckling analysis is presented for nanocomposite cylindrical shells reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) subjected to combined axial and radial mechanical loads in thermal environment. Two types of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (CNTRC) shells, namely, uniformly distributed (UD) and functionally graded (FG) reinforcements, are considered. The material properties of FG-CNTRCs are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction, and are estimated through a micromechanical model. The governing equations are based on a higher order shear deformation shell theory with a von Kármán-type of kinematic nonlinearity. The thermal effects are also included and the material properties of CNTRCs are assumed to be temperature-dependent. A boundary layer theory and associated singular perturbation technique are employed to determine the buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling behavior of perfect and imperfect, FG-CNTRC cylindrical shells under combined action of external pressure and axial compression for different values of load-proportional parameters. The results for UD-CNTRC shell, which is a special case in the present study, are compared with those of the FG-CNTRC shell.     

Buckling loads of CFRP composite cylinders under combined axial and torsion loading – experiments and computations

During the years 1994 through 1999, a European research project under the title “Design and Validation of Imperfection-Tolerant Laminated Shells” (DEVILS) was carried out. In this project, 11 European partners were involved. A goal of the project was an analytical and experimental study of the buckling behavior of thin-walled carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminated shells under combined axial and torsion loading. An additional aim was to compose a guideline for the dimensioning of such shells. This paper deals with the experimental and the analytical work conducted by DLR (Institute of Structural Mechanics, Braunschweig), ETH Zürich (former Institute of Lightweight Structures and Ropeways) and EMPA Dübendorf (Department of Polymers/Composites) in that project. The study was aimed at the determination of buckling loads of circular cylindrical shells of different laminate lay-ups. Nine shells were tested at DLR in Braunschweig for axial compression and at EMPA in Dübendorf under axial load and under combined axial compression and superimposed torsion. To determine the geometrical quality, the internal and the external surfaces of the specimens were mapped. ETH used photogrammetry and laser scanning prior to loading, while EMPA applied coordinate measurements for the unloaded shells and Moiré projection to monitor the lateral deflection of the cylindrical wall during loading and after buckling. At DLR, strain measurements were performed to assess regularity of the load distribution throughout the loading. The investigation showed that buckling loads of cylinders which are imperfection-sensitive under axial loading may not be so sensitive to combined loads. Furthermore, it was found that the stiffness eccentricity of the laminate played a significant role on the magnitude of the axial buckling load, while for combined loads this effect was somewhat reduced. This paper contains the results of those tests and also the comparison with results of analytical investigations and FE modeling; the obtained data can be used as benchmark reference.     

矩形钢箱梁铁路斜拉桥涡振性能及气动控制措施研究

某大跨度矩形钢箱梁铁路斜拉桥存在常遇风速下的涡激振动(VIV).为了抑制涡激振动,采用1∶50节段模型风洞试验,研究了不同气动措施对主梁涡振制振的作用,包括减小栏杆透风率、增设裙板、导流板以及三角形风嘴.试验结果表明,除三角形风嘴能够适当降低主梁的竖弯涡振外,其他气动措施抑制涡振的作用不明显.在此基础上,提出了带平台的...     

A numerical approach for predicting the failure locus of fiber reinforced composites under combined transverse compression and axial tension

A computational model based on the finite element method is presented for the estimation of strength of a fiber-reinforced lamina subjected to a combination of the transverse compression and axial tension. A complex damage mechanism including fiber breakage, fiber/matrix debonding and matrix plastic deformation is reproduced in the proposed model by using appropriate constitutive equations. The numerical simulation of mechanical response of the unidirectional lamina under biaxial loading is used to obtained the failure locus. Subsequently, the model is verified against an analytical solution and experimental data. It was found that the numerical calculations agree better with experimental results than analytical predictions.     

Classes of exact solutions for buckling of multi-step non-uniform columns with an arbitrary number of cracks subjected to concentrated and distributed axial loads

The governing differential equation for buckling of a multi-step non-uniform column subjected to combined concentrated and distributed axial loads, each step of which has an arbitrary number of cracks with or without spring supports, is expressed in the form of bending moment. A model of massless rotational spring is adopted to describe the local flexibility induced by cracks in the column. In this paper, the distribution of flexural stiffness of a non-uniform column is arbitrary, and the distribution of axial forces acting on the column is expressed as a functional relation with the distribution of flexural stiffness and vice versa. The governing equation for buckling of a one-step non-uniform column is reduced to a differential equation of the second-order without the first-order derivative by means of functional transformation. Then, this kind of differential equation is reduced to Bessel equations and other solvable equations for six important cases. The exact buckling solutions of one-step non-uniform columns are thus found. Then a new approach that combines the exact buckling solution of a one-step column and the transfer matrix method is presented to establish the eigenvalue equation for buckling of a multi-step non-uniform column with spring supports. The main advantage of the proposed method is that the eigenvalue equation for buckling of a non-uniform column with an arbitrary number of cracks, any kind of two end supports and various spring supports at intermediate points can be conveniently determined from a second order determinant. Due to the decrease in the determinant’s order as compared with previously developed procedures the computational time required by the present method can be reduced significantly. A numerical example is given to examine the accuracy of the proposed method and to investigate the effect of cracks on buckling of a multi-step non-uniform column.