“微汞”技术可以防止节能灯的汞污染

节能灯是低气压荧光灯。依赖于汞原子释放出253.7nm紫外线激发荧光粉发光,节能灯在使用过程中是安全无害的。汞的污染仅仅产生于制灯环节。寿终废弃品环节及液汞制成固汞的环节。本文特围绕上面三个环节,论述由液汞改用固汞,进一步采用微汞技术对汞污染的防止意义。     

New xenon excimer lamps excited by quasi-CW jet discharges

New xenon excimer lamps in vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) have been developed in quasi-CW jet discharges. Quantitative characteristics of xenon clusters produced with two different kinds of nozzles were studied to verify the xenon excimer formation mechanisms in jet discharges. Experimental results strongly indicate the xenon excimer emission at 174 mn as a result of the direct excitation of the xenon clusters. Output powers and pulse widths of the lamps were thus controlled by changing cluster formation parameters. The maximum output power of 1.5 W with an efficiency of 3.0% was obtained at 174 nm when the conical nozzle was used. The VUV emission lasted 5 ms (FWHM)     

Light bulb exponent-rules for the classroom

Exponent-rules are known to describe experimentally how the observables related to incandescent lamps alter with the change in the rated voltage. Pedagogical derivation of the rules for typical observables like the life, lumens, power, etc. in the case of vacuum bulbs is presented. This is achieved by assuming a steady-state operation of the bulb, parameterizing intrinsic properties of tungsten as suitable powers of temperature, and eliminating the temperature between those observables for which the exponent-rules are sought     

Electrodeless Argon-Discharge Furnace

Both electrode arc and high-frequency induction methods have been used hitherto to transfer high powers into low-pressure gases or objects within a low-pressure gas environment. A new method is described whereby a toroidal arc permits the transfer of power into a gas environment with a higher efficiency and a lower contamination than was obtainable with previous methods.     

Power supply design considerations for maintaining a minimumsustaining current in a vortex water wall high-pressure argon arc lamp

Vortex water wall high-pressure argon arc lamps are used to generate intense light and are capable of operating at radiative efficiencies greater than 50%. These lamps are being considered for use in a pulsed DC mode of operation in the next generation of rapid thermal processing applications. The results of a series of experiments have shown that the breakdown to arc transition consists of a prethermionic electrode emission phase and a prethermal ionization phase. The large dynamic voltage and current range between the breakdown phase and the arc phase necessitates the use of three different power circuit topologies. A high-voltage ignition circuit is connected in series with an arc-sustaining power source. The series connection ensures that the arc-sustaining power supply is isolated from the high-voltage ignition circuit. The arc-sustaining current source power source consists of a step-down hysteresis-current-controlled DC/DC converter cascaded with a constant off-time output-voltage-controlled step-up DC/DC converter. The current-controlled converter supplies the minimum arc-sustaining current, whereas the step-up converter provides the minimum post-ignition prethermal ionization voltage. The inclusion of a shorting switch allows one to reduce the current ratings of the high-voltage circuit components. Finally, experimental verification of a simplified circuit model of the ignition to arc transition, the circuit operation, a power supply design procedure, and a design example are provided     

大功率HID灯电子镇流器启动电路的研究

分析了高压气体放电灯(HID)灯管在不同寿命阶段的启动特性变化及对电子镇流器点火电压的幅度和延续时间要求,探讨了大功率HID在老化时启动困难的原因.介绍了脉冲与谐振两种点火电路,并比较了它们的启动效果.设计使开关频率在一定范围连续变化的扫频电路,实现镇流器输出回路的谐振,产生幅值渐增至近4kV的交流连续波高压输出,可以使大功率HID灯可靠地启动,克服了老化灯管启动难的问题.     

高可靠性HID灯电子镇流器恒功率控制研究

HID（高强度气体放电）灯的亮度比传统的卤素灯高2～3倍,工作寿命更是高出10倍有余,色温在4000～12000K,接近日光。HID灯适用范围广,在室内室外体育场馆、汽车甚至消防照明领域都能见到其身影,其卓越的显色性使其在高档奢侈品商店的照明中占有不可动摇的位置,目前在欧洲对HID氙气灯的需求正以每年13％的速度增长。然而这一切也对如何保证HID灯正常稳定工作提出了相当苛刻的要求,为此,针对HID电子镇流器的研究一直是一个重点。不同于目前市场上大部分厂家的电子镇流器,本文提出了一套低成本、高可靠性的真正意义上基于HID灯自身功率控制的电子镇流器。     

Integral Representation of Powers in Periodic Nonsinusoidal Steady State and the Concept of Generalized Powers

Closed-form expressions for various powers m periodic nonsinusoidal steady state are derived, and conditions insuring their existence are given. These powers are related to the class of powers possessing conservation properties-the generalized powers-and it is shown that of all powers defined in the nonsinusoidal steady state, only active power and reactive power are generalized powers.     

反射型自镇流LED灯认证要点及电源方案选择

和LED球泡灯不一样,专业照明场合中,对LED PAR灯的配光有较高的期望,以及LED PAR灯替换传统卤素灯也有较高的替换门槛指标。在设计阶段,必须综合考虑LED PAR灯的光、电、热三方面组件之间的关联,正确理解并执行认证标准规范及特定客户对LED PAR灯的技术要求,这样才可能让设计出的LED PAR灯兼顾配光效果、使用寿命和最终的产品认证。本文介绍了LED PAR灯各组成元件及相互之间的关联,基于对安全标准、电磁兼容标准和能效标准的解读,探讨了LED PAR灯驱动电源可行的实现方案。     

Influence of frequency and current waveform on low-pressure sodiumlamp operation

Efficient light production in AC-supplied low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps is strongly dependent on plasma conditions during the complete half-cycle. Significant luminous efficacy gains are obtained with sinusoidal currents of hundreds of kilohertz or with rectangular current forms at lower frequencies. Measurements of light emission from an 18-W LPS lamp at several operating conditions between 50 Hz-20 kHz, reported in this paper, can be useful to establish a compromise between supply frequency and current waveform shape for electronic ballast design     

基于公共直流母线的光伏照明控制系统研究

利用太阳能的光伏发电技术和气体放电镇流特性,有别于常规太阳能低压钠灯镇流器的结构,提出了基于公共直流母线的太阳能低压钠灯照明控制系统的设计方案,实验结果验证了该方案的可行性和正确性,并可取得环保节能的双重效果。     

三基色T5直管荧光灯及替代应用的节能效果

T5系列三基色高效直管荧光灯是一种性能优异的节能型电光源。主要用于室内外的高效照明以及工业、商业、办公场所的照明。按照光通量相近的原则来替代,即选用合适功率的T5型直管荧光灯直接替代T8型荧光灯,就能够获得高效节能、优质低耗、舒适明亮的照明效果。     

A new compensation algorithm for balanced and unbalanced distribution systems using generalized instantaneous reactive power theory

This paper discusses various compensation strategies for shunt active power filters using a generalized theory of instantaneous reactive power. A general instantaneous vector expression for filter current in terms of active and reactive powers has been derived. The general time domain algorithm for filter reference currents in terms of source powers has been given. It is shown that the algorithm works under balanced and unbalanced source voltages while producing a set of balanced three-phase source currents at a desired power factor. Detailed simulation results using matlab have been presented to validate the proposed theory for balanced as well as unbalanced supply voltages.     

Characteristics of fluorescent lamps under abnormal system voltage conditions

Different types of fluorescent lamps (FLs) play an important role in lighting, since they can provide significant energy saving and last longer than incandescent lamps. However, although the voltage waveform of electrical power source is considered to be purely sinusoidal and nominal at the stage of the lamp circuit design, there appear to be ever-increasing system voltage problems of amplitude variation and harmonic distortion. It is therefore important to realize the effects on the performances of different FLs under abnormal system voltage conditions. In this paper, tests were conducted on a developed harmonic generating system to identify the electrical and illumination characteristics of two popular types of FL. The characteristics of interest include active power, power factor, current harmonic distortion and illumination efficiency index (Lux W⁻¹). The tested results are proposed and discussed.     

交直流并联输电系统实用动态安全域研究

通过改变发电机节点有功功率、电压幅值以及负荷节点有功功率、无功功率可得到满足暂态功角稳定性的临界点.在给定事故、直流功率及控制方式下,交直流并联输电系统的保证暂态功角稳定性的实用动态安全域边界,由描述各节点有功功率及无功功率或电压幅值（对应于发电机节点）上、下限的垂直于坐标轴的平面和极少数几个分别对应于不同失稳模式的临界点的超平面（简称为临界面）围成.在相同故障、失稳模式、直流控制方式下,分别对应于不同直流功率的临界面间具有近似平行性,并且它们的空间几何距离与直流功率的改变量成正比.因此直流功率可以作为临界面方程的一个有功功率变量.通过观察拟合得到的临界面方程系数可以看出,临界群中各节点的有功功率、发电机节点的电压幅值的变化将显著影响系统的暂态功角稳定性,而负荷节点的无功功率变化对系统的暂态功角稳定性影响很小.     

商场常用光源能耗及全寿命周期环境影响研究

建立了两个典型专卖店一般照明模型,在满足同等照明数量及质量要求的条件下,对使用八种常用卤钨灯、节能灯及小功率陶瓷金卤灯灯具的照明方案进行了功率密度比较；并采用能源服务研究模式,对相应光源在全寿命周期内所产生的汞污染、温室气体数量进行了对比研究；对推广小功率陶瓷金卤灯所遇到的问题进行了探讨。     

A signal processing module for power system applications

This paper presents a unified power signal processor (PSP) for use in various applications in power systems. The introduced PSP is capable of providing a large number of signals and pieces of information which are frequently required for control, protection, status evaluation, and power quality monitoring of power systems. The PSP receives a set of locally measured three-phase voltage and current signals and provides their fundamental components, amplitudes, phase angles, frequency, harmonics, instantaneous and stationary symmetrical components, active and reactive currents and powers, power factor, and the total harmonic distortion. Simplicity and integrity of its structure as well as its robustness with respect to internal parameters and external disturbances and noise render the proposed scheme very attractive for practical implementations.     

火力发电厂低压管道金属监督探讨

以某火力发电厂除氧器汽平衡母管爆裂机组被迫停运事件为例,在分析事件发生原因的基础上,论述火力发电厂低压管道金属监督的重要性,研究、探讨低压管道安全管理的途径与方法,为其他火力发电厂低压管道金属监督与安全管理提供借鉴。     

Some matters concerned with selecting steam parameters and process-circuit solutions to optimize the parameters of steam turbine equipment and engineering design developments

The possibility and advantages of increasing steam pressure in the steam-turbine low-pressure loop for combined-cycle power plants are considered. The question about the advisability of developing and manufacturing steam turbines for being used in combined-cycle power units equipped with modern class F gas turbines for supercritical and ultrasupercritical steam parameters is raised.     

Automotive HID headlamps producing compact electronic ballastsusing power ICs

Incandescent halogen lamps have been the standard for automotive headlamps; however, metal halide high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps have slowly begun to be commercially used since the mid-1990s. The lighting system of the metal halide HID headlamp makes a great contribution to energy savings, longer lamp life and better visibility in traffic zones compared with halogen lamps. (Lamp life is lengthened because it prevents the loss of sodium metal as plus ions through the quartz of the lamp bulb.) This article describes power ICs consisting of full bridge inverters and their drivers in detail. Market requirements for electronic ballasts include more compact size, lighter weight, and lower cost. On the other hand, lamp manufacturers recommend that automotive metal halide HID lamps should be operated at negative voltage potential to the body of automotive headlight fixture in order to lengthen lamp life. In order to meet these requirements, a new multichip power integrated circuit (IC) for electronic ballast of automotive HID headlamps has been developed. Discrete power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are used for the inverter of the HID electronic ballast. It contains a high-voltage driver IC including a P-channel lateral double diffused MOSFET (LDMOS) to control the full bridge power MOSFETs