轴向分级燃烧室受迫振荡特性的实验研究

为了研究轴向分级燃烧室主燃空气入口扰动对轴向分级燃烧的影响,开展了轴向分级燃烧室受迫振荡实验,获取受迫振荡情况下燃烧室内压力响应以及再燃火焰特性。实验结果表明：在受迫振荡燃烧过程中,轴向分级燃烧室内振荡主频与空气入口扰动频率基本相同,空气入口扰动频率为270 Hz时,燃烧室内压力响应更加明显;与稳定燃烧状态相比,空气入口扰动的加入会使再燃火焰抬升,再燃火焰向火焰中心收缩,再燃火焰质心位置向上方移动,火焰质心波动的带状区域由上下分布转化为左右分布,燃烧振荡会缩小再燃火焰在径向的波动范围,但是会扩大再燃火焰在轴向的波动范围;在无燃烧振荡的情况下,再燃火焰沿轴向和径向均出现了201 Hz的质心波动主频,且轴向振荡主频幅值更高,在振荡情况下,质心沿轴向和径向均产生270 Hz的波动主频,再燃火焰在轴向的波动的幅值增大,在径向无明显变化。     

预混火焰热声振荡的高速摄像分析

对多孔介质稳焰机理以及预混火焰发生动力学失稳的原因进行了理论分析,并利用振动噪声分析仪和高速摄像仪研究了贫燃、贫氧预混火焰发生热声不稳定时燃烧室内的声压振荡特性及火焰热释放的脉动规律.当化学当量比Φ≥1.24时,贫氧预混火焰因连续点火源消失而发生动力学失稳;当Φ≤0.80时,贫燃预混火焰则因预混可燃气流速与火焰传播速度...     

基于白噪声信号的旋流预混火焰传递函数的数值模拟

利用2种不同的宽频噪声信号对旋流预混火焰进行扰动,并比较二者的频谱特性,利用经典的比例控制环节验证传递函数程序的准确性;通过不同位置速度脉动之间的传递函数,以及火焰热释放与速度脉动之间的火焰传递函数验证了计算结果的准确性。结果表明：2种信号的火焰传递函数基本重合,且具有明显的对流特性,对流涡与火焰之间的相互作用是导致热释放波动的内在机理;幅频特性表现出了明显的低通特性,相频特性满足比例关系,研究对于燃烧室设计具有重要的实际工程应用价值。     

有序堆积床内预混气体燃烧特性实验研究

为研究预混气体在多孔介质燃烧器中的火焰燃烧特性,设计了一种新型多孔介质燃烧器,其中多孔介质区域由氧化铝圆柱体有序堆积而成.分别研究了当量比和入口速度对甲烷/空气预混气体在多孔介质燃烧器中的火焰温度分布、火焰最高温度以及火焰传播速度的影响.结果 表明:在当量比0.162～0.324、入口速度0.287～0.860 m/s...     

进气参数对LPP燃烧室振荡燃烧特性和火焰结构的影响

为研究贫预混预蒸发(LPP)燃烧室振荡燃烧规律和LPP火焰结构,利用动态压力传感器测量了LPP燃烧室内不同进气参数下时域及频域上的压力脉动;利用激光诱导荧光(PLIF)测量系统研究了不同进气参数下的LPP火焰结构变化规律。结果表明:随着燃烧室入口流速的增加,激励出的振荡燃烧的当量比区域会减小;在一定的入口流速下,所激励的振荡燃烧主频会随着当量比的增加而增加;随着燃烧室入口空气温度的提高,激励出振荡燃烧的区域会减小,激励出的振荡燃烧的强度会下降,但振荡燃烧的主频均会增加;稳定燃烧时,LPP火焰为V型火焰;振荡燃烧则会将LPP火焰转化为平整型火焰。     

LPP燃烧室振荡燃烧特性、火焰结构和NOx排放的实验研究

利用动态压力传感器、平面激光诱导荧光（Planer Laser Induced Fluorescence,PLIF）测量系统和气体分析仪针对不同入口气流旋流数和空气含湿量条件下,贫预混预蒸发（Lean Premixed Prevaporized,LPP）燃烧室中振荡燃烧特性、火焰结构变化规律和NOx排放特性开展了实验研究。研究表明：在一定条件下,随着燃烧室入口气流旋流数增加,激励出振荡燃烧的当量比区域扩大,所激励的振荡燃烧强度不断增加,但振荡燃烧的主频则不断下降,火焰变得更加紧凑且不断向燃烧室中心和上游壁面发展;随着燃烧室入口空气含湿量的增加,振荡燃烧强度会下降甚至消失,振荡燃烧的主频增加,火焰结构由振荡燃烧时的平整型火焰向稳定燃烧时的V型火焰转变,火焰的位置也向燃烧室侧壁面和下游方向移动;LPP燃烧室中NOx排放会随着燃烧室入口空气含湿量和入口气流旋流数的增加而下降。     

管道预混火焰动态响应的分析和测量

基于线性扰动假设对管道预混火焰的动态响应进行了理论分析,推导得到了正弦扰动下火焰而脉动时域表达式.同时利用增强型电荷耦合器和动态压力传感器对管道预混火焰形状周期性变化过程进行相同步测量,研究了当量比和扰动频率对火焰面脉动的影响规律.理论分析和实验测量的结果一致,表明上述物理量的改变会直接影响火焰面脉动的褶皱数和褶皱振幅...     

同轴离心式喷注器火焰特性实验研究

为了研究高压补燃循环液氧,煤油发动机燃烧室同轴离心式喷注器的火焰特性,分别用富氧空气和煤油蒸气以及空气和甲烷在大气环境下进行了喷注器的燃烧实验,前者采用红外热像仪测量了火焰温度场,后者采用激光诱导荧光技术测量了火焰中CO2和OH的分子浓度分布.结果表明,该型喷注器的火焰形状和燃烧产物组分随氧化剂和燃料的混合比而变化;火焰稳定在喷注器出口处,剧烈的燃烧发生在火焰中心;平面激光诱导荧光技术用于燃烧过程研究,可以提供燃烧场组分分子浓度的信息.     

旋流预混燃烧室火焰动力学奇异谱分析研究

为了从预混燃烧室大涡模拟产生的非稳态、短时及含噪声的热释放率时序数据中有效提取火焰动力学特性以指导设计.首先采用激励响应法获得该序列,使用奇异谱分析重构并降解,并用传递路径函数识别火焰动态响应,同时与动力学模态降解模态对比.结果表明,采用传统火焰传递函数方法,火焰响应特性易被噪声掩盖.采用奇异谱分析重构的热释放率序列可...     

多入口多孔介质燃烧器的数值模拟

在多入口燃烧器内加入多孔介质,以甲烷/空气为燃料,采用非预混燃烧的数值模拟方法,探究多入口燃烧器的燃烧情况.对比多孔介质燃烧与空间自由燃烧,分析了"超焓燃烧"现象;在多孔介质燃烧基础上,探究不同当量比对燃烧温度的影响;在多孔介质燃烧和不同当量比的基础上探究污染物CO和CO_2的排放情况.结果表明:多孔介质燃烧可以实现"超焓燃烧"特性,燃烧火焰温度高于自由空间燃烧温度;当量比对燃烧温度影响很大,随着当量比的增大,燃烧器内最高燃烧温度升高,但燃烧过程存在一个最佳当量比0.6,超过该当量比后最高温度将不再变化;多入口多孔介质燃烧有助于减少CO和CO_2的生成量.     

Investigation of the structural and reactants properties on the thermal characteristics of a premixed porous burner

Porous burners offer attractive features such as competitive combustion efficiency, high power ranges, and lower pollutant emissions. In the present study, the thermal characteristics of a porous burner are numerically investigated for a range of operating conditions and design specifications within a practical range. The premixed flame propagation of a methane/air mixture in a ceramic porous medium is simulated through an unsteady, one-dimensional model. The combustion process is modeled using a suitable single-step chemical kinetics. The reaction location is not predetermined, thus the flame is allowed to float within the solid matrix or to run off from either side of the porous medium. The numerical results indicate that flame stability and thermal characteristics of the burner are strongly dependent on the inlet mixture specifications and the solid matrix structural properties. For a fixed value of the inlet firing rate, the combustion products temperature will increase by an increase in the inlet gas temperature, an increase in the matrix porosity, or by a decrease of the matrix pore density. Among the geometrical properties, the burner length has virtually no effect on the burner performance. An increase in the solid matrix porosity or burner firing rate will increase the efficiency of the preheating zone, while increasing the inlet gas temperature or matrix pore density will cause a reduction in this efficiency. Simulation results also suggest that in order to prevent flame blow-out or flash-back, critical values of the burner settings and design parameters must be avoided.     

多孔燃烧器中氨/空气燃烧特性数值研究

氨具有氢密度高、生产成本低、基础设施完善等优点,作为一种潜在的可再生替代燃料受到了广泛的关注.目前,仅有少数研究关注氨气燃烧喷嘴的研究,针对氨气稳定燃烧喷嘴的研究尤其不足.为实现氨燃料的稳定燃烧和低污染物排放,本研究提出了一种氨用多孔介质燃烧器.对氨用多孔介质燃烧器建立了二维数值模型,并对预混氨/空气在多孔介质燃烧器中...     

Radiation effects on flame stabilization on flat flame burners

This study investigates the impact of radiative heat transfer on the behavior of flat flame burners within the framework of a simplified one-dimensional model. Flat flame burners stabilize planar premixed flames downstream of a porous plug. Within this study, the porous plug is modeled as a thermally conducting, optically thick medium, allowing for both conductive and radiative heat transfer. Based on the simplified model, the impact of radiative heat exchange between the porous plug exit and the downstream environment is investigated. In “surface” combustion, flame stabilization occurs due to heat transfer between gas phase and porous solid. Results demonstrate that radiative heat transfer from a hot downstream environment to the porous plug significantly increases maximum attainable mass fluxes. For a cold downstream environment, plug properties do not affect the maximum supportable mass flux, although plug porosity and heat transfer between gas and solid have a significant impact on the “stand-off” distance between flame and plug exit. In addition, the model provides insight to a second “submerged” combustion mode, where the flame is stabilized within the porous plug of the burner. Here, increased flame temperatures lead to a dramatic increase of the maximum supportable mass flux. Overall, results show that radiative heat losses play a critical role in both combustion modes: in surface combustion, they are an important mode of heat dissipation, where they can prevent “flash-back” conditions with the flame moving into the porous matrix; in submerged combustion, they prevent flame stabilization close to inlet and exit faces and enable a “slow” solution branch that does not exist without radiative losses.     

Comparison and extension of methods for acoustic identification of burners

The prediction and the control of combustion instabilities require the identification of the combustion chamber response. This identification is usually performed by forcing the combustor (for example, modulating its inlet velocity) and measuring its response. Two methods may be found in the literature to analyze this response: identification of transfer matrices (ITM) and flame transfer functions (FTF). In ITM approaches, the burner is considered as a “black box” and a two-port formulation (based on acoustic pressure and velocity perturbations) is used to construct a transfer matrix linking acoustic fluctuations on both sides of the burner. A drawback of this method is that in experiments, the measurement of unsteady pressure and velocity in burnt gases can be difficult. In FTF approaches, pressure measurements are replaced by a global heat release measurement (usually based on optical methods). The heat release fluctuations are then related to the flow velocity modulations at a reference point (usually the combustor inlet) through a transfer function. This paper uses a compressible numerical simulation of a forced laminar Bunsen flame to analyze FTF and ITM methods. Results show that FTF approaches lead to an ill-defined problem as soon as the reference point is not close enough to the chamber. This “compactness” limit is quantified here in terms of distance between the reference point and the local chamber. The source of the problem is that FTF approaches correlate heat release fluctuations to velocity oscillations only: extended FTF models are then proposed using the local unsteady pressure as well as the velocity upstream of the flame to predict the heat release oscillations. These models are tested numerically and provide consistent values when the reference point location changes or when upstream and downstream conditions are varied. These results lead to simple recommendations for system identification.     

Experimental analysis of the effects of porous wall on flame stability and temperature distribution in a premixed natural gas/air combustion

In the present analysis, the flame stabilization and temperature distribution within a premixed burner contain porous wall are studied experimentally. The effects of inner diameter, length, and pore density of the porous wall, thermal load, equivalence ratio, and the inlet velocity of the fuel‐air mixture on these are studied. The fuel used in this study is natural gas and the porous wall is SiC (silicon carbide) ceramic foam. The experimental results clearly indicate that the axial temperature along the porous wall increases when the inner diameter of the porous wall decreases and its length increases. The porous wall temperature with an inner diameter of 40 mm, length of 66 mm, and pore density of 30 PPI (pores per inch) has the highest temperature among the examined states. The results of studying the effect of the porous wall on flame stability show that the flame stability limit has a direct relationship with the length and pore density of porous wall and an inverse relationship with the inner diameter of the porous wall. Also, it is found that the porous wall has the highest temperature causes the maximum flame stability limit.     

Combustion Wave Propagation of a Modular Porous Burner with Annular Heat Recirculation

A numerical investigation of the different arrangements of porous media in a combustor with annular heat recirculation is conducted.The effect of annular heat recirculation and porous block arrangement on the characteristics of combustion wave propagation is numerically studied.Results show that power input,heat capacity of porous matrix,arrangement of porous blocks,and annular heat recirculation are major factors that influence the propagation of combustion wave.The overall temperature of ceramic porous burner is higher than that of ceramic-metal type burner due to the lower heat storage capacity of the former,especially for the temperature downstream.The flame temperature is higher upstream and lower downstream with metal foams in the annulus than that without metal foams.The flame temperature of uniformity type burner is more uniform than that of gradually-varied and modular type burners.The flame front moves more slowly with metal foams in the annulus than that without metal foams due to the better preheating effect of metal foams.The flame position moves downstream,and the flame temperature gradually decreases and is eventually extinguished due to the low preheating temperature.     

A simplified numerical approach to hydrogen and hydrocarbon combustion in single and double-layer porous burners

Motivated by the fuel hydrogen applications in porous combustors, as well as hydrogen production in syngas porous devices, this work shows a simplified one-dimensional, steady state heat and mass transfer model for stabilized premixed flames in porous inert media. Single-layer and double-layer porous burner are studied. The model has three conservation equations, describing the heat transfer in the solid and fluid phases and the mass transfer in the reacting flow. The model considers a plug flow and is solved numerically by using the finite volume method. The results are compared with benchmark data, depicting the superadiabatic flames and the heat recirculation process. A parametric analysis of the model reveals the effects of the porous media properties and the Lewis and Peclet numbers on the heat and mass transfer processes. Furthermore, the effects of the flame stand-off parameter in double layer porous burner are also analyzed. The results have considered the values of the dimensionless parameters based on reference data for hydrogen/air and methane/air combustion in porous burners built with SiC and Al₂O₃.     

Flame dynamics of hydrogen/air mixture in a wavy micro-channel

The focus of this work is the numerical study of stable and pulsatory flame burst in an undulating geometry, using premixed hydrogen and air (with an equivalence ratio of φ = 1.0). This work extends other works in the literature by considering a linear temperature profile along the wall. This allows an analysis of the flow dynamics without forcing the location of the flame (as is the case with hyperbolic temperature profiles). The interaction between the flow dynamics and the combustion reaction is then analysed, leading to a better understanding of the physics in more general flows.Simulations were performed in OpenFoam using very detailed chemical reactions and different molecular diffusivities for each species. The results obtained show that at low inlet velocity (4 m/s) the flame became stable, and, at higher inlet velocities, the flame showed pulsatory burst dynamics. The interaction between the fluid dynamics and the combustion response proved to be important, especially because of the vortices that are formed due to the nonlinear geometry of the burner. As the inlet velocity increases, the heat release rate transmitted through the vortices decreases and a delay in ignition occurs, as evidenced by a decrease in the pulsatory burst frequency and an increase in the maximum value of the heat release rate (although not sufficient to increase the maximum temperature amplitude).In addition, we also carried out an analyses of the axial velocity and of the H₂ and OH mass fractions of the flame dynamics.