探讨如何做好相应的暖通空调设计

要做好暖通空调的设计,做好对暖通空调设计方案的选择和优化是必不可少的,因而在在进行暖通空调设计的过程中,必须要遵循暖通空调的设计原则,为全方位做好暖通空调的设计打下坚实的基础。本文笔者从暖通空调设计原则着手,对暖通空调设计中应注意的问题进行了分析,并就提高暖通空调设计水平提出了一些建议。     

建筑暖通空调系统的设计问题及研究

暖通空调系统是暖通工程中至关重要的一部分,其设计工作关乎暖通空调的使用质量。本文主要从暖通空调系统简介、暖通空调系统设计设计原则、暖通空调系统的基本设计流程、暖通空调设计的常见问题和增加暖通空调设计科学性的有效措施五部分的内容进行了分析。     

浅析暖通空调设计中常用的节能措施

空调系统的设计的优劣直接决定着空调的能耗。以空调节能为前提条件进行暖通空调进行节能设计,提高暖通空调的实用性能以及降低能耗是设计暖通空调时首先考虑的问题。     

谈地源热泵空调设计

地源热泵空调是当前空调领域中一种较为先进的空调系统,该系统具有很强的节能和环保性能,从而能够有效地提高空调的节能水平,随着地源热泵空调系统在现代建筑中的应用,使得现代的空调设计水平得到了大幅度提升。然而就目前地源热泵空调设计的实际情况而言,由于地源热泵空调设计是一种新型空调技术,因此在实际的设计过程中,还没有一套完善的设计理论和设计方法,因此对地源热泵空调设计进行分析研究不仅意义重大,而且迫在眉睫。本文通过对地源热泵空调的深入研究,并且对具体的地源热泵空调设计的方式和方法进行了详细阐述。以供同行参考。     

展馆建筑地板送风空调设计

本文分析了地板送风空调设计用于展馆建筑的适用性。同时结合实际项目,通过对空调负荷计算、空调风系统、空调水系统等各个环节的分析,展示了地板送风空调设计的设计过程,文章最后总结了展馆建筑的地板送风空调设计的一些要点。     

医疗建筑暖通空调设计浅谈

结合笔者医疗建筑暖通空调设计的经验,从空调冷热源设计、空调风系统设计、通风系统设计、空调管路系统设计四个方面对医疗建筑的暖通空调设计进行了总结.     

深圳机场信息大厦的空调设计

介绍了深圳机场信息大厦空调系统设计的特点.给出了空调主要设计参数、空调系统形式.设计时结合建筑的特点,采用新的送风方式.重点阐述了空调方式、防排烟、电子计算机房空调系统、空调自控及节能等方面的设计.分析了变频控制在空调节能运行中的重要性,强调排风系统在通风空调系统中的作用.     

上海音乐学院专家楼空调设计浅析

保护性建筑空调设计有着其一定的局限性,本文介绍了上海音乐学院专家楼的空调的冷热源,空调系统设计,空调通风设计等,总结出住宅类房屋保护性建筑空调设计的一些思路和方法．     

高层建筑暖通空调设计要点分析

本文中,针对暖通空调设计中存在的问题,结合暖通空调设计的原则,对暖通空调设计中的要点进行了有效的分析,以便于提升暖通空调设计的科学性,真正的发挥暖通空调的作用。     

高层建筑暖通空调设计常见问题及措施

文章阐述了高层建筑暖通空调设计原则,分析了高层建筑暖通空调设计的常见问题,提出了相关设计措施,包括注重暖通空调设计的可行性、注重空调系统的节能减排设计、循环水泵设计、供暖设计的要点。     

Health assessment of artisanal gold miners in Indonesia

Small scale miners use mercury to extract gold from ore in many countries. An environmental and health assessment was performed in Indonesia in two regions, Galangan in Central Kalimantan and Talawaan in Northern Sulawesi. The environmental assessment showed severe mercury contamination of the sediments, and increased mercury levels in local fish. For the health investigation 281 volunteers were recruited and examined by a standardized questionnaire, a neurological examination and neuro-psychological tests. A medical score was used consisting of significant factors of mercury intoxication. Mercury exposed workers showed typical symptoms of mercury intoxication, such as movement disorders (ataxia, tremor, dysdiadochokinesia, etc.). Blood, urine and hair samples were taken from any participant and analyzed for mercury. The mercury concentration in the biomonitors was high, partly extreme high in the working population, increased in the population living in the same habitat and low in the control group. By a standard protocol which includes a combination of threshold values of mercury in the biomonitors and a medical sum score the diagnosis of chronic mercury intoxication was made for highly burdened workers (amalgam smelters) in 55% in Sulawesi and in 62% in Kalimantan. Less exposed mineral processors and the general population in the mining areas were also intoxicated to a high percentage.     

Urban environmental mercury in Changchun, a metropolitan city in Northeastern China: source, cycle, and fate

Mercury concentrations in each environmental compartment in Changchun City had obvious spatial and temporal trends. Particulate Hg (HgP) and total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations in air, total Hg (HgT) concentrations in precipitation and ratios of HgP to HgT (total Hg in air) in the atmosphere in heating season were higher than those in non-heating season, which resulted from civil heating. In contrast, reactive Hg (HgR) concentrations in precipitation were higher in non-heating season than those in heating season. TGM and SO2 in air had good agreement. HgP concentrations in the atmosphere were correlated with HgT concentrations in precipitation. Based on Hg concentrations in each environmental compartment, Hg exchange fluxes between environmental interfaces were estimated. Only 11.6% of Hg, emitted from coal combustion, deposited into land surface in urban district and the rest part participated in regional or global cycle, so urban district was the source of Hg global and regional cycle. Net fluxes of Hg into land surface and water were 34.26 kg year(-1) and 0.051 kg year(-1), respectively, which were clearly accumulated in the water and soil. Therefore considering urban local Hg cycle, each environmental compartment of urban ecosystem (water, air and soil) was the sink of Hg.     

Heat and cold stresses in different climate zones across China: A comparison between the 20th and 21st centuries

Summer and winter discomfort in terms of heat and cold stresses in the nine major architectural climate zones and sub-zones across China in the 21st century were investigated using predictions from general circulation models for the low and medium emissions scenarios. For the six severe cold and cold climate zones in the north, reductions in cumulative cold stress outweighed the increase in cumulative heat stress resulting in an overall decreasing trend in the annual cumulative stress, and vice versa for the other three warmer climate zones in the south. Compared with the 20th century, significant reduction in the cumulative cold stress was observed across the six zones in severe cold and cold climates, ranging from 15.8 in cold-III to 42.3 in severe cold-II. There were modest increases in the cumulative heat stress from 0.3 in cold-II to 12.3 in cold-III. For the warmer climates in the south, reduction in cumulative cold stress ranged from 7.6 in hot summer and warm winter (HSWW) to 10.3 in hot summer and cold winter, while cumulative heat stress increased from 9.9 in the mild zone to 30.6 in HSWW. A reduction in cold stress would result in less winter heating and an increase in heat stress more cooling requirement.     

在革新与现代主义之间:夏昌世与德国(英文)

夏昌世,中国第一代建筑师,1920年代在德国卡尔斯鲁厄留学。1932年,他在图宾根完成了博士论文之后重返祖国。1940年代后期,他在广州成为教授,1973年与妻子一同重返德国,并在那里生活直至1996年逝世。他的设计方法不仅受到那个时代欧洲现代主义运动氛围的熏陶,还来自他对中国传统景观与建筑艺术历史的研究。他是引领岭南区域形成岭南学派建筑的主导力量之一。同时,作为一建筑学教授,他在广州培养了新一代青年建筑师。     

从息壤到土工合成材料

据说息壤是一种可以自生自长的土,远古的先民们曾用它防治洪水。对这种传说中的岩土材料进行了考据,根据河狸坝与我国古代的治河工程,指出所谓息壤应当是古代人们利用草、木、竹、石、土创造出来的加筋土,用以拦截阻挡洪水。秦汉时期称为茨防,宋代称为埽工。回顾了我国土工加筋及其在河工中应用的长远历史,指出土工合成材料在保护环境、保护资源和我国经济可持续发展中应用的广阔前景。     

Alteration of arsenopyrite in soils under different vegetation covers

The weathering of arsenopyrite (FeAsS) has been monitored in soils using an in situ experimental approach. Arsenopyrite in nylon experimental bags was placed in individual horizons in soils in spruce (litter, horizons A, B, and C), beech (litter, horizons A, B, and C) and unforested (horizons A, B, and C) areas and left in contact with the soil for a period of 1 year. The individual areas on the ridge of the Krušné hory Mts., Czech Republic, had the same lithology, climatic and environmental conditions. Scorodite (FeAsO₄·2H₂O) was identified as a principal secondary mineral of arsenic (As) formed directly on the surface of the arsenopyrite. Scorodite was formed in all the areas in all soil horizons. The amount of scorodite formed decreased in the series beech, spruce and unforested areas. In forested areas, there was a larger amount of scorodite on arsenopyrites exposed in organic horizons (litter, A horizon). The greater rate of arsenopyrite alteration in organic horizons in the beech stand compared to spruce stand is probably a result of faster mineralization of organic material with resulting production of nitrate and better seepage conditions of soil in this area. Speciation of As determined using the sequential extraction technique demonstrated that As was bonded in the soils primarily in the residual fractions prior to the experiment. The As content in the mobile fractions increased in the organic horizon in the forested areas after the experiments.     

The effects of changing water flow velocity on the formation of biofilms and water quality in pilot distribution system consisting of copper or polyethylene pipes

We studied the effects of flow velocity on the formation of biofilms and the concentration of bacteria in water in copper and plastic (polyethylene, PE) pipes. The formation of biofilms increased with the flow velocity of water. The increase in microbial numbers and contents of ATP was clearer in the PE pipes than in the copper pipes. This was also seen as increased consumption of microbial nutrients in the pipeline system. This indicates that the mass transfer of nutrients is in major role in the growth of biofilms. However, the increased biomass of biofilms did not affect microbial numbers in the water. Rapid changes in water flow rate resuspended biofilms and sediments which increased the concentrations of bacteria and copper in water. The disturbance caused by the changing water flow was also seen as an increase in the particle counts and water turbidity recorded with online instrumentation.     

Have the bioavailabilities of trace metals to a suite of biomonitors changed over three decades in SW England estuaries historically affected by mining?

Many estuaries of southwest England were heavily contaminated with toxic metals associated with the mining of copper and other metals, particularly between 1850 and 1900. The question remains whether the passage of time has brought remediation to these estuaries. In 2003 and 2006 we revisited sites in 5 metal-contaminated estuaries sampled in the 1970s and 1980s — Restronguet Creek, Gannel, West Looe, East Looe and Tavy. We evaluate changes in metal contamination in sediments and in metal bioavailabilities in sediments and water to local organisms employed as biomonitors. We find that the decline in contamination in these estuaries is complex. Differences in bioavailable contamination in the water column were detectable, as were significant detectable changes in at least some estuaries in bioavailable metal contamination originating from sediments. However, in the 100 years since mining activities declined, bioavailable contamination has not declined to the regional baseline in any estuary affected by the mine wastes. The greatest decline in contamination occurred in the one instance (East Looe) where a previous industrial source of (Ag) contamination was considered. We used the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum as biomonitors of dissolved metal bioavailabilities and the deposit feeders Nereis diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana as biomonitors of bioavailable metal in sediments. We found no systematic decrease in the atypically high Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in the estuarine sediments over a 26 year period. Accumulated metal (Ag, As, Cu, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in the deposit feeders are similarly still atypically high in at least one estuary for each metal, and there is no consistent evidence for general decreases in sediment metal bioavailabilities over time. We conclude that the legacy of mining in sheltered estuaries of southwest England is the ongoing presence of sediments rich in metals bioavailable to deposit feeders, while dissolved metal bioavailabilities from this historical source alone are no longer atypically high.     

The potential for gender equality in architecture: an Anglo-Spanish comparison

The practice of architecture is very similar in different national settings despite what may be very different sociological and cultural origins of the profession, the attendant variances in how work is organized and distinctions in equality and gender roles. The aim of this paper is to examine the quest for equality in architecture for women in the UK and Spain reporting the findings of a comparative study into women architects’ careers in the two countries. Within the qualitative paradigm, semi-structured in-depth interviews were carried out with a total of 55 women architects in the UK and Spain. Findings indicate surprising differences in levels and terms of equality for women in the two countries and marked differences in women’s experiences of working as an architect. Women have come to the profession in Spain much later than their British counterparts and, somewhat surprisingly, are present in greater numbers. However, despite there being more of a ‘critical mass’ this has not served to improve their situation; they report much higher levels of discrimination and find it difficult to progress in their careers. Conclusions argue for a stronger approach by the professional bodies to help improve the position of women.     

亚洲历史环境保护的动向——以日本为例

对近期日本的城市保护工作的实际加以考察,就会发现由于大量再开发项目列入计划,近代历史性办公建筑濒临拆毁的绝境。而与此同时,一些历史城镇的保护工作取得了巨大进展,有吸引,有吸引力的景观得以保存。在对曼谷、河内、马尼拉、新加坡、庆州以及台湾的几个城镇的考察中,都可以观察到类似的保护实践,尽管面临着巨大的困难,历史环境保护正成为当今亚洲城市规划的主要任务之一。