基于灰度空间特征的模糊C均值聚类图像分割

模糊C均值(FCM)聚类算法广泛用于图像的自动分割,但是该算法没有考虑像素的灰度和空间特征,对噪声十分敏感.因此提出一种改进的算法,在传统的FCM聚类的基础上,运用邻域像素的灰度相似度和聚类分布统计来构造新的隶属函数,对图像进行聚类分割.该方法不仅有效地抑制了噪声的干扰,而且把错分类的像素很容易的纠正过来.对两种类型的含噪图像的实验结果表明该方法对噪声具有很强的鲁棒性和对像素聚类的正确性.     

自适应加权空间信息的FCM医学图像分割

提出了改进的mFCM算法,该算法引入自适应加权系数控制邻域像素对中心像素的影响程度,充分利用像素的邻域特性对Chen聚类算法的目标函数进行改进。为了实现快速聚类,该算法的开始使用快速FCM确定初始聚类中心。实验结果表明,相对于标准FCM和FCM_S1算法,改进算法既能快速有效地分割图像,又能提高对噪声的鲁棒性。     

噪声不均条件下的模糊C均值聚类算法及应用

随着工业生产和工艺的进步,人们对产品的质量要求越来越高。为提高光缆表面瑕疵分割的效果,克服模糊C均值聚类算法对噪声敏感的不足,提出了一种新的模糊C均值聚类（FCM）的瑕疵图像分割方法。该方法一方面考虑样本的邻域像素信息,使FCM的隶属度函数中包含像素的邻域信息,另一个方面使用一种新的距离度量方式代替传统的欧式距离。利用以上两种方法来增加算法的鲁棒性,此外,通过直方图法给聚类中心赋初值,使分割效果稳定。最后,分别对CCD相机获取的光缆图像添加椒盐噪声和高斯白噪声,使用改进的FCM算法和传统的FCM算法、FCMM算法进行光缆表面瑕疵分割实验。图像和分割正确率的对比实验结果表明,使用改进的FCM算法能更好地克服噪声,精确地将瑕疵从图像上提取出来,瑕疵轮廓更为清晰,提高了光缆表面瑕疵检测的效果。     

FCM和LS-SVM相结合的粮虫图像分割算法

模糊C均值(FCM)聚类算法广泛用于图像的自动分割,但是该算法对噪声十分敏感。因此提出一种改进的算法,在传统的FCM聚类的基础上,结合LS-SVM对图像进行分类。该方法对噪声有很强的鲁棒性和对像素聚类的正确性。     

改进的模糊C均值聚类的图像分割算法

传统FCM算法仅考虑了图像像素的灰度信息,因此在分割含噪图像时效果较差。为了克服传统FCM算法的局限性,提出一种基于空间邻域信息的二维模糊聚类算法,该算法利用图像像素灰度和邻域灰度组成的二维直方图中对角线元素受噪声影响较小,反映图像中相对稳定的信息,且运算只与图像的灰度级数目有关的特征,实现噪声图像的分割。实验结果表明,该算法在分割含噪图像时,不仅提高了传统FCM算法的分割效果,且分割速度明显加快。     

自适应灰度加权的鲁棒模糊C均值图像分割

针对传统模糊C均值(fuzzy C-means,FCM)算法以及结合空间信息的相关改进算法分割精度较低、对噪声敏感的问题,提出一种自适应灰度加权的鲁棒模糊C均值图像分割算法。首先,通过定义像素间的局部灰度相似性测度来反映各像素对局部邻域的影响程度,并根据邻域窗口中各像素的灰度差异,利用指数函数进一步控制邻域像素的影响权重,实现像素灰度的自适应加权,从而提高像素灰度计算的准确性。其次,构造出一种改进的距离测度代替传统的欧氏距离,用于计算各像素与聚类中心之间的相似距离,增强算法对噪声和异常值的鲁棒性。最后,将提出的自适应灰度加权方法与改进的距离测度应用到FCM算法中,实现图像分割。实验结果表明,该算法需根据图像噪声的强度适当地选取邻域窗口大小,在此条件下算法能够取得较优的分割效果和运行效率,且对噪声具有较强的鲁棒性。     

湿地遥感图像分割算法设计及实现

提出了一种结合熵和模糊C均值的聚类分割方法。模糊C均值（FCM）聚类算法广泛用于图像的自动分割,但是传统的FCM算法没有考虑像素的空间信息,因而对噪声十分敏感,基于二维直方图的模糊C均值聚类算法除了考虑像素点的灰度信息外还考虑了像素点邻域的空间信息,可有效地抑制噪声;在目标函数中引入熵项则能更好地抑制噪声和外围点对类中心估计的影响。实验分析结果表明,算法对湿地遥感图像的分割效果优于FCM算法。     

结合空间信息的FCM聚类噪声图像分割方法

标准模糊C均值聚类算法由于没有考虑任何与图像空间连续性有关的信息,对噪声高度敏感,针对这一问题,提出一种基于图像空间信息的FCM聚类分割算法。该算法将图像像素的空间信息引入到相似性度量和隶属度函数中,其中空间信息由像素的相对位置和邻域内像素的特征决定。实验结果证明,该方法能有效地对含有一定噪声的图像进行分割,具有较好的抗噪性能。     

基于邻域的多尺度模糊C-均值聚类图像分割

模糊C-均值(FCM)聚类是一种无监督聚类技术,广泛应用于图像分割。但它计算量偏大,且仅利用像素信息对像素进行聚类,而未使用空间分布信息。本文提出基于邻域信息的多尺度FCM聚类图像分割方法,该方法由小波分解得到图像多尺度框架,对框架顶层低分辨率图像的每个像素,用它的邻接像素引导它的聚类过程,来决定该像素的聚类,再由图像框架逐层对聚类分割进行细节修正。分割实验表明,该方法对比标准FCM分割,具有更好的抗噪性,且图像分割更均匀。     

基于蚁群和自适应滤波的模糊聚类图像分割

为了改进模糊C均值聚类(FCM)算法对初始聚类中心敏感、抗噪性能较差、运算量大的问题,提出一种新的基于蚁群和自适应滤波的模糊聚类图像分割方法(ACOAFCM).首先,该方法利用改进的蚁群算法确定初始聚类中心,作为FCM初始参数,克服FCM算法对初始聚类中心的敏感;其次,采用自适应中值滤波抑制图像噪声干扰,增强算法的鲁棒性;最后,用直方图特征空间优化FCM目标函数,对图像进行分割,减少运算量.实验结果表明,该方法克服了FCM算法对初始聚类中心的依赖,抗噪能力强,收敛速度快,分割精度高.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.