航空轮胎爆破气流场测试方法

航空轮胎对于飞机安全性有着重要的意义,若发生轮胎爆破,起落架舱内的设备及管路系统会发生破坏从而引发重大航空事故,因此在设计阶段需要对起落架舱内结构进行优化设计,而飞机轮胎爆破过程中气流场分布规律显得至关重要。基于国产某定型客机进行轮胎爆破空气喷流模式压力场测试,采用翼型支架对气压传感器进行支撑。通过实验发现,采用翼型截面支架安装高频动压传感器可得到有效的气流场压力,实验结果得到了中国民用航空局适航审查认证。轮胎爆破是瞬时释放巨大能量的过程,对周围结构的破坏是灾难性的,因此在设计中必须考虑轮胎爆破的影响。     

航空结构轮胎爆破喷流载荷下的结构损伤分析及试验研究

飞机在飞行中，起落架收起后出现的爆胎是由于先前的轮胎损伤而产生的，在轮胎的外露表面上任何一处都有可能发生。为研究舱内轮胎爆破的喷流载荷对飞机结构的影响，采用了一种可以反映瞬时气流场压力分布的工程拟合法，建立了工程计算模型。利用该计算模型，观察典型大尺寸结构在瞬时喷流载荷下的动力学响应过程，得到了结构损伤。结果表明：爆破点附近结构弹性变形很大，刚度最大的结构(如缘条)是危险部位；舱内轮胎爆破对结构破坏更严酷；该模型的计算结果与试验数据吻合较好，能够正确预测喷流载荷的压力场分布和结构的动态响应过程；该方法为航空结构的抗轮胎爆破冲击设计与损伤分析提供了一种可靠的手段。     

座舱数字显示轮胎压力指示器

根据美国联邦航空局的合同,麦克唐纳道格拉斯公司将对三种原型座舱数字显示轮胎压力的指示器系统进行飞行试验,以评价这种装置在运输机上使用的可能性。轮胎发生爆破,大多数被认为是由于轮胎充气不当致使飞机起落架上的负荷分布不平衡所造成的。使用座舱数字显示器是用监视轮眙压力、保护乘客和机务人员的一个方     

DC-10飞机轮胎的防事故措施

1978年4月12日,一架DC-10-30飞机(麦克唐纳道格拉斯公司产品)在檀香山国际机场发生轮胎爆破事故。飞机在跑道上起飞过程中,机上十个轮胎中有八个爆破,机上机务人员无法使飞机停在12,000英尺的跑道上。飞机越过跑道500英尺,被搁置在乱珊瑚石上。据初步调查,这次事故可能是由于右主起落架(第4号和第8号)上的外装轮胎严重漏气所引起。 DC-10这样的事故是不到两个月以来的第二次。3月1日两架DC-10-10三喷气发动     

轮胎刚度智能预测及在起落架摆振分析中的应用

为分析飞机起落架摆振问题,需要获取航空轮胎的侧向、扭转刚度。建立了一套航空轮胎侧向与扭转刚度智能预测方法,并在某无人机起落架防摆设计中成功应用。收集了503组轮胎侧向、扭转刚度试验测试数据,来自3个轮胎厂商,7种轮胎型号,涵盖不同气压、载荷、压缩量、直径、宽度等特征参数的组合。建立了一个全连接人工神经网络模型,通过已有轮胎刚度测试数据对神经网络模型进行了训练,从随机分配的验证集训练效果可以看出,训练到1000次以后,均值误差基本收敛,预测值与真实值基本一致。利用训练后的模型对某无人机轮胎侧向与扭转刚度进行了预测,并将预测结果应用于某无人机起落架摆振稳定性分析,确定起落架临界阻尼,指导减摆器的设计。     

冲击载荷对飞机起落架螺纹连接的影响

对近期民航飞机主起落架连杆插销螺栓失效原因进行分析,估计出飞机降落过程中插销螺栓承受的最大冲击载荷为698 MPa,采用Yamamoto方法分析计算得到插销螺栓每一个啮合螺纹的应力分布,利用有限元分析法建立了连杆插销螺栓连接的有限元模型,分析所有啮合螺纹的应力应变场。分析了冲击载荷对螺旋效果和螺纹啮合位置产生的影响,这为飞机起落架的校查及使用寿命预测提供了重要的依据。     

尾矿砂爆炸效应实验研究

为了研究尾矿砂在爆破振动作用下发生液化及破坏的规律,在实验尾矿库中进行系列爆炸实验研究。将炸药埋设在尾矿库干滩滩面下,爆炸在尾矿库干滩除产生爆破漏斗外,还产生了圆弧形规则裂隙,并伴有冒砂、冒水等破坏现象发生。通过在尾矿库干滩及尾矿库坝体上设置的爆破振动速度和加速度传感器,测得相应的爆破振动速度和加速度,对监测速度及加速度进行数据处理,得到尾矿砂发生液化和破坏的爆破振动速度和加速度值分别为23.94 cm/s和4.38 m/s2。     

基于电磁兼容试验的直接式TPMS环境舱

在电磁兼容试验满足相关国家标准的情况下,研制一套用于直接式轮胎压力监测系统的分隔式压力环境舱.该装置能够在测试过程中对胎压传感器进行激活,对舱内胎压值进行实时控制.     

基于虚拟样机技术的飞机起落架着陆载荷分析

起落架是飞机重要的承载机构,其在飞机的起飞、降落和着陆过程中担负着十分重要的作用。起落架着陆载荷是指在飞机着陆瞬间起落架所承受的地面载荷,根据位置的不同可分为轮胎接地点载荷、轮轴点载荷和交点载荷。飞机设计重量（包括空机重量、商载和燃油重量）的分布变化会对起落架着陆载荷产生影响。以典型民用飞机的起落架为研究对象,基于虚拟样机技术对起落架模型进行着陆分析。首先利用HyperMesh、MSC.Nastran软件对飞机起落架模型进行前处理和简化,然后根据中国民用航空规章运输类飞机适航标准相关条目要求,在MSC.ADAMS软件中设置相应的工况参数并进行起落架着陆动力学仿真分析,研究不同燃油密度下飞机的重量和重心变化对起落架轮轴点着陆载荷的影响。通过对比仿真结果可以发现：飞机的重量和重心变化对起落架轮轴点着陆载荷产生了明显的影响,而燃油密度变化对起落架轮轴点着陆载荷的影响较弱。研究结果可为今后有针对性地开展起落架着陆载荷计算提供参考和指导。     

飞机起落架的气动噪声源定位研究

近年来,随着民航客机数量以及机场起落密度的不断增加,飞机噪声已成为人们普遍关注的问题。当气流流过起落架时会产生很大的噪声,起落架已成为机体噪声的主要来源。采用麦克风阵列测量技术与高级波束成形算法对起落架的气动噪声源进行定位。通过包含有24个麦克风的平面阵列对试验数据进行采集,并利用CLEAN-SC、DAMAS、DAMAS2等三类高级波束成形算法获取起落架的主要噪声源位置。通过对不同声源定位方法的结果进行对比,发现CLEAN-SC算法在起落架气动噪声源定位中最为适用。最终采用CLEAN-SC算法对不同频率段下起落架的噪声源进行定位。结果表明,随着频率的不断发生提高,起落架的主要噪声源位置出现由机轮沿着侧支撑不断发生移动的规律。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from