深孔间隔装药爆破对不同孔壁介质的影响

数值模拟研究了岩石、混凝土和土三种不同孔壁介质深孔间隔装药爆破时的扩孔特征、压力场、应力场、速度场和能量分布及传播衰减规律,还分析了间隔介质(空气和水)和起爆方式等对孔壁介质中冲击波传播规律的影响。研究表明:由于岩石、混凝土和土三种孔壁介质的波阻抗和可压缩性不同,导致爆破后分别形成"狼牙棒"型、"纺锤"型和"圆柱"型三种爆腔。与岩石和混凝土相比,在土体中的扩孔宽度分别提高约60%和约45%,土能缓解孔壁压力和等效应力、降低爆破振动效应、减缓爆炸冲击波的衰减速度和提高能量利用率,而在岩石和混凝土介质中,上述效果的差异性不太明显。与水间隔装药相比,在岩石和混凝土孔壁介质中采用空气间隔装药结构能降低约7%的孔壁压力。在岩石和混凝土孔壁介质中,采用底部起爆方式能够提高炸药的能量利用率,中部起爆方式能够减缓爆破振动效应,而在土体中并不明显。     

轴向不耦合装药结构形式优化仿真研究

为了改变某隧道平导爆破效果差、爆炸能量利用率低的现状,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟不同轴向不耦合装药结构形式对爆破效果的影响,优化装药结构,以期达到增强爆破效果,降低粉尘量和岩石大块率的目的。合理的选择数值模拟中的材料模型和算法,是高效模拟分析轴向不耦合装药结构爆破的关键,因此采用ALE算法对孔口空气填塞不耦合,孔口炮泥填塞、上部空气间隔不耦合,孔口水介质填塞、底部水介质间隔不耦合,孔口炮泥填塞、上部水介质间隔不耦合,孔口水介质填塞、中部水介质间隔不耦合和孔口炮泥填塞与中、上部水介质间隔不耦合的装药结构进行数值模拟,并以爆炸应力波云图和最大拉应力来评价炸药爆破效果。数值模拟结果表明:水介质可以降低炮孔壁附近岩石的压力。装药长度1.25m时,孔口炮泥填塞、上部空气间隔不耦合装药结构较孔口空气填塞不耦合装药结构,能提高爆炸能量的利用率;孔口水介质填塞、底部水介质间隔不耦合装药结构和孔口炮泥填塞、上部水介质间隔不耦合装药结构,爆炸能量利用率基本相同;孔口水介质填塞、中部水介质间隔不耦合装药结构的炸药爆炸能量利用率较其余5种装药结构都大,能提高爆炸应力波对岩石的作用,使得爆炸应力波更加均匀作用于岩体,降低大块率产生。此数值模拟结果可为现场爆破方案设计与实施提供依据。     

轴向不耦合装药结构形式优化仿真研究

为了改变某隧道平导爆破效果差、爆炸能量利用率低的现状,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟不同轴向不耦合装药结构形式对爆破效果的影响,优化装药结构,以期达到增强爆破效果,降低粉尘量和岩石大块率的目的。合理的选择数值模拟中的材料模型和算法,是高效模拟分析轴向不耦合装药结构爆破的关键,因此采用ALE算法对孔口空气填塞不耦合,孔口炮泥填塞、上部空气间隔不耦合,孔口水介质填塞、底部水介质间隔不耦合,孔口炮泥填塞、上部水介质间隔不耦合,孔口水介质填塞、中部水介质间隔不耦合和孔口炮泥填塞与中、上部水介质间隔不耦合的装药结构进行数值模拟,并以爆炸应力波云图和最大拉应力来评价炸药爆破效果。数值模拟结果表明:水介质可以降低炮孔壁附近岩石的压力。装药长度1.25m时,孔口炮泥填塞、上部空气间隔不耦合装药结构较孔口空气填塞不耦合装药结构,能提高爆炸能量的利用率;孔口水介质填塞、底部水介质间隔不耦合装药结构和孔口炮泥填塞、上部水介质间隔不耦合装药结构,爆炸能量利用率基本相同;孔口水介质填塞、中部水介质间隔不耦合装药结构的炸药爆炸能量利用率较其余5种装药结构都大,能提高爆炸应力波对岩石的作用,使得爆炸应力波更加均匀作用于岩体,降低大块率产生。此数值模拟结果可为现场爆破方案设计与实施提供依据。     

基于炮孔不同耦合介质的孔壁爆炸载荷及比能时间函数分析

为从炮孔装药耦合介质的选取上改善爆破效果和控制爆破振动危害,应用爆炸力学的相关理论建立耦合装药、不同耦合介质（水、空气、泥土）装药条件下孔壁爆炸载荷和透射比能的计算方法,通过MATLAB编程计算得到岩石介质中炮孔孔壁爆炸载荷和透射比能的时间函数并作图比较分析。研究表明：耦合装药时,孔壁爆炸载荷的初始值最大,但是衰减也最快;水不耦合装药时,孔壁爆炸载荷的初始值次之,但衰减速度最慢,作用时间最长;水不耦合装药时,孔壁透射比能量最大,耦合装药时次之;空气和泥土不耦合装药孔壁爆炸载荷与透射比能均较小。因此水不耦合装药提高了能量利用率,更有利于改善爆破效果,但产生的爆破振动强度大、作用时间长,不利于爆破振动危害控制。     

深孔连续与间隔装药爆破数值模拟研究

基于大型非线性动力学分析软件LS-DYNA,采用岩石材料的JHC本构模型,模拟了深孔连续与间隔装药爆破时的压力场、应力场以及速度场发展过程,分析了装药结构不同和起爆方式不同对爆破效果的影响。研究表明:与连续装药结构相比,中部间隔装药结构能够降低初始压力峰值,降低炸药单耗,减少爆破产生的震动效应,改善爆破效果。对于中部间隔装药结构,在不存在时差的前提下,底部起爆可提高能量利用率,而中部起爆可减小爆破震动。     

中部空气间隔不同比例装药对炮孔孔壁受力及碎石块度的影响

为分析装药中部不同空气间隔位置对炮孔孔壁受力的影响，以Starfield迭加法为基础，得出中部空气间隔装药爆破时整段孔壁上的冲击压力计算公式。在ANSYS-DYNA中建立多组不同中部空气间隔位置的计算模型，对孔壁及周围岩体的受力和损伤度进行分析。最后，进行现场爆破实验，使用WipFrag软件对碎石块度分布的变化规律进行分析。结果表明：中部空气间隔装药爆破时，孔壁压力整体呈现两端大、中间小的分布特征，装药段孔壁受到的冲击压力达到最大，冲击波以8字型向炮孔周围传播。当空气间隔位置在装药段中点时，上、下段药柱周围岩体受力大致相等，碎石块度相对均匀。因此，垂直台阶进行露天爆破开采时，为降低大块和粉料的产生率，空气柱上、下段可进行等比例装药，倾斜边坡可以适当向上调整空气间隔位置。     

桥墩立井开挖控制爆破研究

桥墩立井开挖爆破,由于其工作断面小,岩石的夹制性大,因此炮孔利用率低,爆破效果差。针对这种情况,在某跨江公路桥桥墩立井的爆破开挖中,根据多次试验的结果,设计了较合理的爆破参数、装药结构及起爆方式,从而改善了爆破效果,提高了炮孔利用率。文中讨论了爆破震动对新浇混凝土的影响机理,在此基础上,设计了间隔装药的周边减震孔,并采用单孔微差起爆,较好地避免了爆破震动对相邻桥墩新浇混凝土的影响。     

孔底惰性介质间隔装药爆破实验

为减少岩石大块率和粉碎率,增强爆破效果,采用LS-DYNA数值模拟的方法对连云港核电扩建山体爆破工程爆破碎石的力学过程和能量利用率进行了理论分析,并通过对各模型进入岩石总能量峰值的对比,分析了孔底惰性介质间隔装药对能量利用率的影响趋势,然后依托工程开展全尺寸实验。实验结果表明:孔底适量惰性介质间隔装药可以改善应力波的传播条件,使爆炸能量更均匀、充分地传入岩石中,使岩块的破碎效果得到有效改善;实验工况下,孔底间隔80、100cm空气柱,炸药单耗分别下降11.5%、13.5%;孔底间隔80、100cm水柱,炸药单耗分别下降17.3%、19.2%。     

孔底惰性介质间隔装药爆破实验

为减少岩石大块率和粉碎率,增强爆破效果,采用LS-DYNA数值模拟的方法对连云港核电扩建山体爆破工程爆破碎石的力学过程和能量利用率进行了理论分析,并通过对各模型进入岩石总能量峰值的对比,分析了孔底惰性介质间隔装药对能量利用率的影响趋势,然后依托工程开展全尺寸实验。实验结果表明:孔底适量惰性介质间隔装药可以改善应力波的传播条件,使爆炸能量更均匀、充分地传入岩石中,使岩块的破碎效果得到有效改善;实验工况下,孔底间隔80、100cm空气柱,炸药单耗分别下降11.5%、13.5%;孔底间隔80、100cm水柱,炸药单耗分别下降17.3%、19.2%。     

底部空气柱装药爆破减振理论和实验研究

为降低大型露天矿山爆破振动对周边构筑物的影响,采用底部空气柱装药结构爆破减振技术。通过公式推导,找出岩石爆破中质点峰值振动速度和装药结构轴向不耦合系数的关系式。采用底部空气柱装药水下爆炸实验,研究峰值压力、冲量、比冲击波能与空气柱长度之间的关系。结果表明,空气柱长度增加,可提高能量利用率,降低峰值压力,有效降低爆破振动。在舟山绿色石化二期矿山开采爆破工程中,当填塞长度、装药量相同时,通过底部空气柱长度递减的对比实验,采用逐孔爆破技术可清楚得出底部空气柱装药结构能够有效降低爆破振动。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...