岩巷爆破振动信号的HHT分析与应用

为优化爆破参数,减少对围岩的损伤,以煤矿玄武岩双巷道楔形深孔掏槽爆破的实测爆破振动信号为例,分析对比传统傅里叶变换、小波变换、HHT变换三种变换方法,对爆破地震波信号的时频特性和能量分布特征分析。结果表明:HHT变换能够确保信号被分解后的非平稳性,且自动适应能力较强,分解效率较高。通过HHT变换得到三维图直观展示各分量随时间、频率和能量的分布情况。爆破振动能量主要分布在0.3s¹.0s时间段和01.0s时间段和0⁴00Hz频率段内,频带100Hz400Hz频率段内,频带100Hz²50Hz中爆破振动分量对应的频带能量达到最大。通过分析对比爆破振动信号,得到巷道帮部、底部爆破振动信号的主振方向分别为Y(切向)和Z(垂向)方向。     

复线隧道爆破振动信号的HHT分析

结合现场采集到的爆破信号,从实践验证HHT(Hilbert-Huang Transform)理论在爆破振动信号处理中的可行性。首先采用经验模态分解(EMD)提取爆破振动信号的固有模态函数(IMF)分量,对主成分分量作Hilbert变换,提取其包络曲线,得到实际延时爆破中的延时时间。再对原始信号经EMD得到的IMF分量进行Hilbert变换,得到信号的Hilbert能量谱,并从瞬时能量的角度研究了爆破振动不同频率的能量作用机理。从而验证了HHT方法的自适应强和高效性在爆破振动信号分析中的优良特性。     

复线隧道爆破振动信号的HHT分析

结合现场采集到的爆破信号,从实践验证HHT(Hilbert-Huang Transform)理论在爆破振动信号处理中的可行性。首先采用经验模态分解(EMD)提取爆破振动信号的固有模态函数(IMF)分量,对主成分分量作Hilbert变换,提取其包络曲线,得到实际延时爆破中的延时时间。再对原始信号经EMD得到的IMF分量进行Hilbert变换,得到信号的Hilbert能量谱,并从瞬时能量的角度研究了爆破振动不同频率的能量作用机理。从而验证了HHT方法的自适应强和高效性在爆破振动信号分析中的优良特性。     

基于HHT频谱分析逐孔起爆微差时间试验研究

为解决某矿山矿体回采时爆破振动过大影响地表村庄建(构)筑物安全的问题，通过结合现场实际情况与经验公式计算，选取8、10、12、14和18 ms的孔间微差时间和100 ms的排间微差时间作为在该矿Ⅲ矿体63113矿房试验的爆破参数，根据村庄多为1～2层砖混结构建筑计算得到其自振频率7.63～13.23 Hz。现场采集爆破振动数据并利用Matlab对测得的爆破振动信号做HHT变换并从时域、频域和能量的角度分析信号的特点。使用具有高度自适应性的EMD分解将原始振动信号分解为IMF分量，再对IMF分量做10层db8小波变换并总结level 9的频带7.8～15.7 Hz具有的能量在总能量中的占比规律，对用IMF分量重构后的信号做Hilbert变换得到三维希尔伯特谱及边际谱。通过对爆破振动信号做EMD分解和小波变换研究得出，12 ms的微差时间设计在3号测点的三向能量占比分别减小了14.07%、24.89%和6.26%,试验表明通过改进孔间微差时间可以改善低频能量在总能量中占比较多的问题，能有效避免共振效应。对比不同孔间微差时间的Hilbert边际谱和三维希尔伯特谱从频域和能量角度分析得出，孔间...     

基于HHT爆破地震波穿越岩体层面衰减规律研究

爆破振动对建(构)筑物的破坏不仅与振动速度峰值有关,而是爆破振动频率、振动能量幅值、建筑物的自振频率等因素综合作用的结果。使用基于HHT的瞬时能量分析法对爆破地震波IMF分量作了Hilbert变换,通过计算信号边际谱并分析各频带能量分布比例,获得了爆破地震波时频域特性及能量分布规律。结合复杂环境下云南某石灰岩矿山的爆破振动实测数据,分析了爆破振动地震波在穿越不同岩体层面前后能量的分布变化规律,对矿山现场溜井平台附近的常规爆破生产提出了爆破振动主动控制安全要求。     

频率切片小波变换在爆破振动信号时频特征精确提取中应用

基于频率切片小波变换(Frequency Slice Wavelet Transform, FSWT)技术研究爆破振动信号时频特征提取新方法。采用FSWT进行爆破振动信号分解，得到在全频带下的时频分布。在此基础上据其时频能量分布，选择时间、频率切片区间进行细化特征分析，通过信号特征频率切片区间信号重构，实现爆破振动时频特征分离及提取。通过与传统的STFT、WPT、WVD等算法进行对比分析表明，FSWT算法具有良好的时频聚集性、任意频带分量特征提取的灵活性及准确性。将FSWT算法引入爆破振动效应分析领域，可为爆破振动信号时频特征精确提取奠定基础，具应用前景较好。     

单段爆破振动信号频带能量分布特征的小波包分析

爆破振动分析是研究爆破振动危害控制的基础,也是控制爆破振动危害的前提。根据爆破振动信号具有短时非平稳的特点,利用小波包分析技术对满足分析要求的单段微差爆破振动信号的能量分布特征进行研究。首先,简略地介绍了小波变换与小波包分析的特点。其次,基于MATLAB对单段爆破振动信号进行小波包分析,得到了爆破振动信号在不同频带上的能量分布图。最后,总结了单段爆破振动信号频带能量的分布特征。结果表明,在单段爆破中,爆破震动信号成分主要以中高频(39Hz~156Hz)为主,低频成分(39Hz以下)所占比例极少。     

爆破震动能量特性研究

以工程实测爆破震动信号为分析对象,使用EEMD信号分析方法将爆破震动信号分解得到多个固有模态(IMF)分量,在时域、频域进行Hilbert变换求出IMF分量的Hilbert能量,对比分析各IMF分量能量在总能量中所占百分比,研究爆破震动能量在频域、时域的分布规律。在频域能量主要集中在5~40 Hz内,该频带内的能量占总能量的97.55%,在高频和低频能量分布较少,其中大于40 Hz部分能量占总能量的2.2%,小于5 Hz部分能量占总能量的0.25%,表明爆破震动能量是集中分布在某个较窄频带范围内。在时域能量主要集中在0.1~1.0 s范围内,其中,时域的高频能量震动作用时间短、低频能量震动作用时间长,从而揭示了爆破震动强度相同条件下频率越低危害性越大。     

基于HHT分析的大断面软岩隧道爆破振动控制效果研究

为有效控制在软弱围岩隧道大断面爆破施工中爆破振动造成的危害,以新疆东天山隧道右洞爆破施工为工程背景,通过优化炮孔装药量和起爆顺序,制定了预裂+光面综合爆破的大断面爆破开挖方案。采用Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT)对优化后爆破方案与原爆破方案的振动信号进行分析,获得两种爆破方案振动信号的Hilbert能量谱、各频带能量分布以及瞬时能量分布谱。结果得到,爆破振动的能量主要集中在200 Hz以内且分布不均匀;优化后的爆破方案对爆破振动能量有较好的衰减效果,其中主要是对低频信号能量的衰减;而中高频信号能量所占比重增加,爆破振动信号能量重心往中高频发展;同时对掏槽孔与扩槽孔爆破产生的能量具有明显的衰减作用。研究结果为大断面软岩隧道钻爆施工以及从能量角度研究如何降振提供参考。     

核电站扩建工程爆破开挖振动信号的HHT分析?

通过对田湾核电站二期扩建工程爆破施工的振动监测,得到了大量的试验数据,经由Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT)方法处理,分析论证了此方法运用于爆破地震波处理的科学性和可行性。第一步,用经验模态分解信号,得到了振动信号的固有模态分量,考虑到噪声信号的干扰,又对信号进行了改进算法的滤波处理;之后,对各个分量进行Hilbert变换,得到了信号的时频能量谱;针对时频能量谱分析,得到了信号的时频特性;从得到的瞬时能量谱中得到了3段微差起爆的间隔时间,为检测雷管的质量提供了新方法;而边际谱分析提供了一个频域分析的新角度。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...