Three-dimensional numerical simulation of the exhaust stroke of a single-cylinder four-stroke ICE

In this paper an extensive CFD simulation of the exhaust stroke of a single-cylinder fourstroke ICE, including the entire exhaust manifold is described. Guidelines for the implementation of the full threedimensional model of the discussed process are included. The simulation involves the time-dependent flow of exhaust gases through the exhaust valve and the flow dynamics within the 2.2-m-long, straight exhaust pipe during the period when the valve is closed. Also the intake port with the intake valve is being coupled during the valves’ overlap period. The model geometry corresponds exactly to the actual engine geometry. The movement of the mesh follows the measured kinematics of the piston and the valves. The data obtained from the experimental environment was used for both the initialization and the validation of the computations. It was found that the phenomena affecting the dynamics of the exhaust flow are extremely three-dimensional and should be treated as such. In particular, the flow through the exhaust valve and the heat transfer along the exhaust pipe were influenced greatly by the effects of cold, fresh air breaking into the exhaust pipe in the period after the EVC. The presented study is the basis for future three-dimensional investigations of the entropy-generation rate along the exhaust system, including the exhaust valve.     

Failure analysis of a leak-off oil pipe from injection valves of an off-shore operating diesel engine

The failure analysis of a four-stroke 3000 kW off-shore operating diesel engine is presented. The failure occurred during engine normal operation period in the leak-off oil pipe from the injection valves, which experienced a fracture through the pipe wall and a diesel engine fire as a result. A detailed analysis of all elements which had an influence on the failure initiation was carried out, namely leak-off oil pipe vibration level, pipe stress level, presence of corrosion pits on the pipe external surface under the zinc coating and engine components temperature distribution in the failure zone. It was found that the crack initiation and propagation of the leak-off oil pipe from injection valves was driven by a fatigue mechanism, which was facilitated by loose pipe supports (excessive pipe vibration) and corrosion pits on the pipe surface that acted as stress concentrators. The contact of leak-off atomized oil due to the pipe through wall fracture with the hot engine exhaust muff (390 °C approximately) caused local fire of the diesel engine.     

A Capacitance Ultrasonic Transducer With Micromachined Backplate for Fast Flow Measurements in Hot Pulsating Gases

A novel high-temperature resistant capacitance ultrasonic transducer is presented. It is designed for an ultrasonic transit-time gas flowmeter and meets two main requirements not fulfilled by common piezoelectric transducers: First, a special construction based on an oxidized and patterned silicon backplate combined with a metallic membrane enables transducer operation at elevated gas temperatures of up to 600$^circhboxC$. Second, the geometry and material parameters were chosen to obtain a broadband device that allows high signal slew rates and pulse repetition rates. As proven by measurements in an automotive combustion engine test bed environment, this new transducer suits for internal combustion engine exhaust flow measurements in between the catalytic converter and the end of the exhaust pipe. Preliminary results for the exhaust mass flow (up to 160 kg/h) of a typical automotive engine measured with these novel transducers are given and compared with the mass flow calculated from fuel consumption and air/fuel ratio$(lambda)$.     

Influence of air intake pipe on engine exhaust emission

The exhaust emissions of a four-cylinder four-stroke petrol engine have been measured. Tests have been conducted at engine speeds ranges from 1000 to 4000 rpm and at air intake pipe diameters of 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 63 mm. The results demonstrate that the concentrations of the hydrocarbon (HC) and that of the carbon monoxide (CO) are relatively high at small air intake pipe diameter of 20 mm and at low engine speed of about 1000 rpm. Both pollutants have a minimum at large air intake pipe diameter of about 63 mm and at high engine speed of about 4000 rpm. The exhaust emissions HC and CO increase also as the ambient pressure decreases and as the altitude of the engine increases. The values of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and the oxygen (O₂) remain relatively constant at a wide range of different operating conditions. Therefore the knowledge about the effect of the above parameters could lead to improve the emission control technology as well as the engine performance on engine development and design.     

Investigation of Deposit Formation Mechanisms for Engine In-cylinder Combustion and Exhaust Systems Using Quantitative Analysis and Sustainability Study

The formation of SI engine combustion deposits is a complex phenomenon which depends on various factors of fuel, oil, additives, and engine. The goal of this study is to examine the effects of operating conditions, gasoline, lubricating oil, and additives on deposit formation. Both an experimental investigation and theoretical analysis are conducted on a single cylinder engine. As a result, the impact of deposits on engine performance and exhaust emissions (HC, NO _x ) has been indicated. Using samples from a cylinder head and exhaust pipe as well as switching gases via the dual-gas method (N₂, O₂), the deposit formation mechanism is thoroughly investigated via the thermogravity analysis approach, where the roles of organic, inorganic, and volatile components of fuel, additives, and oil on deposit formation are identified from thermogravity curves. Sustainable feedback control design is then proposed for potential emission control and performance optimization     

微粒捕集器系统数值模拟研究

利用模型分析微粒捕集器净化效率、排气阻力和微粒捕集器寿命的变化规律,对微粒捕集器系统进行数值模拟研究。由于微粒捕集器的实际性能受实际道路工况的影响很大,对实测的车辆道路工况试验数据进行整理和统计分析,在此基础上建立整个带微粒捕集器的柴油机排气系统的数学物理模型,并对影响系统寿命的主要参数进行仿真分析,为微粒捕集器与柴油机的匹配和集成奠定一定的基础。     

柴油机排气消声系统地震冲击响应分析

为满足某些对安全性能要求较高场合的使用要求，需要在研究冲击作用下柴油机排气消声系统的结构响应，确保系统在地震等突发冲击作用下的可靠性。运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA分析软件，计算了某柴油机排气消声系统在核电站运行基准地震（OBE）和安全停堆地震（SSE）作用下的结构响应和应力分布。结果表明，在地震冲击作用下，排气消声系统满足抗震要求，没有特殊的应力集中，整体结构设计基本合理。通过应力分布情况给出了结构设计的改进意见。     

中小型商用压缩机排气流道声学及阻力特性分析

针对某型号中小型商用压缩机噪声与能效问题,分别对压缩机腔内排气流道的声学和阻力特性进行数值模拟,分析压缩机腔内排气流道中一阶排气孔径、缓冲腔容积和排气路径等结构参数对压缩机传递损失和压力损失的影响。结果表明:增大一阶排气孔径对排气流道声学及阻力性能影响较小;增大缓冲腔容积且增长排气路径可以改善排气流道传递损失,但压力损失增大;进口端面与第一个缓冲腔之间没有明显压降,最大压降发生在内排气管流道中。最终进行样机制作和测试,噪声和制冷量测试结果与数值结果具有较好的一致性。     

一体式排气净化消声器消声性能分析

为了达到船用柴油机排气净化和降噪的双重功能,对设计的一体式排气净化消声器,建立有限元模型,运用声场仿真分析软件Virtual Lab 对其消声特性进行分析,分别研究排气流速,温度,出口管反射,内插管及蜂窝载体对消声器消声性能的影响,得到了各个因素的影响机理,从而验证了一体式排气净化消声器设计的合理性。     

小型汽油机进气系统声学性能优化设计

随着车辆舒适性要求的不断提高,对发动机进气系统的声学性能要求也越来越高.以声学理论为基础,建立小型汽油机滤清器的参数化数值模型.首先,通过小型汽油机直管管口噪声模拟,获得进气系统插入损失的目标值;其次,结合插入损失的目标值确定小型汽油机进气系统传递损失的目标值,应用滤清器的数值模型优化滤清器的结构参数.小型汽油机进气系统声学性能优化设计方法具有很高的工程应用价值,并为滤清器的参数化设计提供了理论依据.     

Conflict between internal combustion engine and thermoelectric generator during waste heat recovery in cars

It is shown that an internal combustion engine and a thermoelectric generator (TEG) arranged on the exhaust pipe of this engine come into the conflict of thermal machines that is related to using the same energy resource. The conflict grows with increasing useful electric power W _e of the TEG, which leads to the limitation of both the maximum TEG output power (W _e^max) and the possibility of waste heat recovery in cars.     

A predictive model for life assessment of automotive exhaust mufflers subject to internal corrosion failure due to exhaust gas condensation

A study has been presented on pitting corrosion on internal walls of automotive exhaust muffler due to exhaust gas condensation. The problem mainly exists in the rear section of the exhaust system close to the tail end pipe such as the muffler, especially when the temperature of the muffler does not go up during short distance run or winter. The water vapour condenses on the muffler's inner wall in the form of water droplets. The dissolution of corrosive gases coming from the internal combustion of engine as well as condensation of low-pH acidic vapours in the water droplet can cause severe pitting corrosion on standard exhaust steel. In this work, an experiment is reported for internal corrosion, by using mufflers as test bed subjected to different environmental conditions. Based on observations, a mechanistic model has been developed which involves three main techniques: (i) the dropwise condensation technique predicts the condensation rate and is based on heat and mass transfer theory, (ii) the species breakdown in the droplet is established through the main thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium, and (iii) the pitting corrosion involving pit depth is predicted using electrochemical kinetic reactions, species transport and chemical reactions occurring inside the droplet. Lastly, the accuracy of the model has been validated by comparison between experimental and predicted results showing good agreement.     

A reliable one-dimensional method applied to heat-transfer problems associated with insulated rectangular tanks in refrigeration systems

In this study, the heat-transfer characteristics of insulated cubes or rectangular tanks are analyzed by using the one-dimensional solid square-top wedge thermal resistance (SSWT) model and plate thermal resistance (PTR) model. It is found that, in cases of insulated tanks, the errors generated by the SSWT model are all positive and those generated by the PTR model are all negative. Thus, a combined PTR and SSWT (CPSWT) model, resulted by mixing SSWT and PTR models with the proportion factors of 0.6 vs. 0.4 (64-CPSWT model), can neutralize the positive and negative errors and obtain very accurate results in comparison with the three-dimensional numerical solutions. The errors returned by the 64-CPSWT model are within ±1% when applied to refrigeration systems with practical sizes and insulated thickness. Suggestions on how to obtain reliable heat-transfer results for an insulated rectangular tank in a refrigeration system are also presented.     

发动机排气噪声主动控制的LMS算法仿真研究

发动机排气噪声有源控制算法有多种,不同的算法因其复杂程度不同实际的控制效果也不一样。为了找到一种更有效的控制算法,用MATLAB建立Simulink仿真模型对LMS算法进行仿真,从仿真效果判断出在误差通道客观存在的情况下LMS算法的局限性并对LMS算法进行了改进,取得了较好的控制效果。     

Cost effective simulation-based multiobjective optimization in the performance of an internal combustion engine

Solving real-life engineering problems can be difficult because they often have multiple conflicting objectives, the objective functions involved are highly nonlinear and they contain multiple local minima. Furthermore, function values are often produced via a time-consuming simulation process. These facts suggest the need for an automated optimization tool that is efficient (in terms of number of objective function evaluations) and capable of solving global and multiobjective optimization problems. In this article, the requirements on a general simulation-based optimization system are discussed and such a system is applied to optimize the performance of a two-stroke combustion engine. In the example of a simulation-based optimization problem, the dimensions and shape of the exhaust pipe of a two-stroke engine are altered, and values of three conflicting objective functions are optimized. These values are derived from power output characteristics of the engine. The optimization approach involves interactive multiobjective optimization and provides a convenient tool to balance between conflicting objectives and to find good solutions.     

Reliable one-dimensional CPWTR models for two-dimensional insulated polygonal ducts

The heat transfer characteristics of various insulated long polygonal ducts are analyzed using one-dimensional Plane Wedge Thermal Resistance (PWTR) and Plate Thermal Resistance (PTR) models. It is found that errors generated by the PWTR model are all positive and those generated by the PTR model are all negative. Thus, the Combined Plate Wedge Thermal Resistance (CPWTR) model generated by implementing PWTR and PTR models and equating the proportion factors can neutralize the positive and negative errors and generate reasonably accurate results when compared with the two-dimensional numerical analysis. Most errors generated by the one-dimensional CPWTR model are within ±1% for practical sizes and insulated thickness for air-conditioning and refrigeration applications. Meanwhile, the PTR model can be used to estimate accurately the maximum or minimum surface temperatures, respectively, with hot or cold fluids inside an insulated triangular, rectangular or pentagonal duct.     

汽车排气消声器三维声场分析

采用三维有限元法对某车型排气消声器进行优化设计,根据传递导纳理论对消声器穿孔管和穿孔板进行处理,建立数值模型并进行三维声场仿真分析,获得主副消声器总成的传递损失;运用双负载四传声器法测试消声器传递损失,测试结果表明三维有限元法预测消声器声学性能有较高的精度,根据仿真结果和消声器设计原理,对主消声器进行优化,可提高排气系统声学性能,满足汽车噪声排放法规的要求。     

汽车排气消声器性能分析及改进

针对某汽车排气消声器插入损失不达标的问题,利用GT-Power软件建立了发动机与进排气系统耦合的仿真模型,对排气消声器的声学性能和空气动力性能进行数值计算,分析了发动机转速1 000~2 500(r·min~(-1))范围内的插入损失和压力损失。根据分析结果,基于试验设计(Design of Experiment,DOE)方法,对消声器结构进行多工况、多参数、多目标优化。优化结果表明,改进后的消声器的插入损失有了明显提升,空气动力性能良好,其综合性能得到显著提升。     

Experimental and numerical simulation of the flow in a driving module with an annular and linear double-slot nozzle

This paper presents the results of numerical and experimental studies of the flow and comparison of propulsion performance characteristics of a model of a jet engine exhaust system equipped with an annular or (equivalent in gas consumption) linear double-slot nozzle with an inner cavity and circular segment deflector in the axial section. Calculations performed for the annular nozzle and double-slot nozzle corresponding to it in geometric parameters demonstrate that a flow similar to the flow in nozzles with a central body is formed in the exhaust system. According to the data obtained, the initial turn of the flow takes place in the oblique shock wave. In the double-slot nozzle, the final turn of the flow in the direction of the thrust vector occurs in a configuration of four shock waves positioned downwards in the flow; in the annular nozzle, it is in the intense barrel shock wave. It was established that the exhaust system with an annular of the linear doubleslot nozzle develops a thrust and specific impulse that exceed the corresponding values for the sonic nozzle equivalent in gas consumption by almost a factor of 2.     

DOC+DPF在防爆柴油机上的应用研究

在某型防爆柴油机加装DOC+DPF后处理装置上进行台架实验,结果表明,PY03型装置不会增大防爆柴油机系统的排气背压,对CO平均转化效率达96%,对颗粒物有较高的捕集和再生效率,不透光烟度平均转化效率为82.7%;PY02型装置因尺寸较小,热负荷较高,与该排放状况不匹配。为提高装置的利用率和使用寿命,通过对耦合的DOC+DPF孔道进行可燃性气体CO组分输运和颗粒物离散相数值模拟。结果表明:随着废气流速的增大,DOC+DPF出口废气中CO浓度升高,转化效率下降;15 m/s的气流速度是发动机该排放水平下转化效率最高的最大速度;孔道入口速度增大,颗粒物向孔道后端壁面沉积;DOC+DPF装置在防爆柴油机上实用可行。