污泥生物炭制备及其对磷的吸附性能研究

以污水污泥、粉煤灰为原料,以质量分数为30%的氯化锌溶液为活化剂,在不同温度下煅烧制备污泥生物炭,用于处理含磷废水。通过单因素静态吸附实验探讨了污泥生物炭对磷的去除效果,并探究了其吸附机理。结果表明：300 ℃制备的污泥生物炭具有较好的除磷效果;扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面分析仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪（FT-IR）对原料和污泥生物炭表征结果显示,污泥生物炭煅烧前后的形貌及表面基团发生了显著改变,煅烧后样品的表面产生了较多微小空隙,比表面积增大,最高可达5.51 m²/g;在磷初始质量浓度为50 mg/L、吸附剂用量为16 g/L条件下,吸附在90 min达到平衡,磷的去除率高达93.73%;吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程及Freundlich等温吸附模型,最大饱和吸附量为9.615 mg/g;整个吸附过程ΔG⁰<0、ΔH⁰<0,是自发进行的放热过程;吸附过程除物理吸附外,同时涉及磷酸盐与吸附剂—OH或C—O共价键发生电子对配位作用,为物理-化学复合吸附;吸附剂第5次吸附为首次吸附量的85.74%,表现出较好的再生性能。     

氧化铝改性污泥生物炭粒制备及其对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性

为拓展城市剩余污泥资源化利用途径,本文以剩余污泥球粒为原料在高温限氧条件下制备污泥生物炭粒（SBC）,同时以氢氧化铝溶胶为前体浸渍污泥球粒后在500℃下热解获得氧化铝改性污泥生物炭粒（SBC-Al）。使用BET、XRD、FTIR和SEM对生物炭粒进行了表征,并研究了生物炭粒改性前后对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特征及效果。结果表明：SBC-Al比表面积和总孔容分别达到83.266m²/g和0.158cm³/g,相比于SBC分别增大了142.42%和167.80%;XRD显示氢氧化铝溶胶浸渍使SBC-Al表面负载了γ-Al₂O₃粒子,FTIR红外谱图说明氧化铝改性可能会增加炭粒表面官能团数量,同时SEM显示出SBC-Al表面相较于SBC具有更多的层片状结构,从而增加生物炭粒的吸附性能。Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附动力学符合二级动力学方程和Elovich方程,同时用二阶段颗粒内扩散模型可以较好地拟合。吸附等温线以Freundlich模型为主,且SBC和SBC-Al对低浓度（＜50mg/L）Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率均较高,分别在95%和99%以上,实测最大吸附量可分别达626.73mg/g和663.97mg/g,但SBC-Al提高了对更高浓度（50～100mg/L）Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率。热力学计算数据表明吸附过程为吸热反应;脱附解吸试验说明,生物炭粒具有良好的循环再生利用性能。     

好氧颗粒污泥吸附氨氮性能

在水温（25±1）℃、0.1 mol·L^-1 Trise-HCl缓冲液为反应体系并不断通入高纯氮气的厌氧条件下,以小试SBR反应器培养的好氧颗粒污泥为吸附剂,考察了好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮的吸附作用及其影响因素。好氧颗粒污泥表现出比絮体活性污泥更大的对氨氮的吸附容量。当初始氨氮浓度为30 mg·L^-1时,颗粒污泥与絮体污泥的吸附容量分别为1.83 mg NH₄⁺-N·（g VSS）^-1和1.18 mg NH₄⁺-N·（g VSS）^-1。由于细胞之间的遮蔽效应,污泥对氨氮的吸附容量随污泥浓度的升高而降低。盐度（NaCl）显著影响颗粒污泥对氨氮的吸附效果：盐度越高,污泥吸附容量越小。试验结果表明,污泥对氨氮的吸附作用不可忽略且需要进一步深入研究。     

一步法制备Mg改性玉米芯生物炭吸附磷酸盐研究

研究通过MgCl2溶液浸泡玉米芯后在450℃下慢速热解1 h 一步法制备获得Mg改性生物炭(Mg-BC),探究其对磷酸盐的吸附和影响因素.结果表明,Mg-BC吸附磷符合准1级、准2级动力学模型,说明吸附过程主要受物理、化学作用控制.Mg-BC对磷的等温吸附符合Langmuir方程,吸附类型为单分子层吸附,最大吸附量为5...     

自养硝化颗粒污泥吸附铜离子性能及吸附等温线

以自养硝化颗粒污泥作为吸附剂,研究了其对铜离子的吸附效果及最佳吸附工艺条件,并探索了其吸附等温线。通过单因素实验研究铜离子浓度、吸附时间、污泥浓度、搅拌速度和温度对吸附效果的影响,最终得出搅拌速度、吸附时间以及污泥浓度对吸附效果有明显影响。在此基础上,通过响应曲面法耦合出吸附的最佳工况点：时间（A）=2.50h,转速（B）=125r/min,污泥量（C）=5250mg/L。在此条件下研究了颗粒污泥的吸附特性及稳定性。结果表明,硝化颗粒污泥在重金属废水中表现出极强的耐受性与稳定性,不同浓度下颗粒化率均维持在93%以上。Langmuir与Freundlich方程动力学拟合结果显示：Langmuir等温方程的拟合度R²_Cu=0.999,表明硝化颗粒污泥对于Cu²⁺属于典型的单分子层吸附,且能描述最大吸附量为Q_max=15.02mg/g。Freundlich等温方程的拟合过程中,相关系数R²_Cu=0.969,1/n=0.1305,表明硝化颗粒污泥对Cu²⁺吸附能力较强;较高的拟合度也在一定程度上表明硝化颗粒污泥对Cu²⁺的吸附是一个复杂的物理化学过程。     

镧改性核桃壳生物炭制备及吸附水体磷酸盐性能

为研发低成本的磷酸盐吸附剂,以核桃壳为原料,LaCl₃为改性试剂热解制备核桃壳生物炭。通过SEM-EDS、ICP-OES、FTIR和XRD对生物炭进行表征,采用吸附等温模型和动力学模型拟合生物炭的吸磷特征,并研究热解温度、La改性浓度、添加量、初始溶液pH和共存离子对生物炭吸附磷的影响。结果表明：La改性后,生物炭表面由于负载了La₂O₃和LaOCl,其吸附能力明显提高。热解温度为400℃、La浸渍浓度为0.1mol/L时获得的生物炭（BC-La400）,其Langmuir最大磷吸附容量为12.18mg/g,吸附过程主要受化学吸附和颗粒内扩散控制。热解温度和La改性浓度过高均不利于磷的吸附。磷初始浓度为50mg/L时,BC-La400添加量为2.7g/L可获得较理想的吸附能力,但当添加量超过4.0g/L时,磷脱除率可超过98%。BC-La400吸磷时最佳初始pH为3,CO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{\mathrm{2}-}共存会明显削弱BC-La400对磷的吸附能力。     

Effect of Preparation Conditions on the Property Cu/AC Adsorbents for Phosphine Adsorption

Copper-based activated carbon adsorbents (Cu/AC) were prepared and used to investigate the effects of various copper precursors, impregnation solution concentration, and calcination temperature on phosphine (PH₃) adsorption removal from yellow phosphorus tail gas. N₂ adsorption isotherm and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were used for characterizing the Cu/AC adsorbents. It can be seen that the Cu(N)/AC adsorbent prepared from the Cu(NO₃)₂ precursor has higher PH₃ breakthrough adsorption capacity than other three adsorbent because the surface copper status of it is mainly CuO. Fresh activated carbon requires an optimal impregnation solution concentration (0.05 mol/L) to reach this optimal PH₃ breakthrough adsorption capacity (78.62 mg/g). The result shows that the surface chemical characteristics (Cu content) of activated carbon is more important than the physical ones (specific surface or pore volume) for the PH₃ adsorption performance. When the calcination temperature is 350°C, the Cu(N)/AC adsorbent has the biggest PH₃ breakthrough adsorbed amount of 112.38 mg/g. The present study confirmed that the Cu/AC adsorbents would be one of the candidates for PH₃ adsorption removal from yellow phosphorus tail gas.     

生物质炭改性微球去除化工废水中无机磷的性能研究

我国化工废水排放量巨大，其中含有的无机磷会导致淡水富营养化。选用来源广泛且环境友好的海藻酸钠为载体，微波一步热解活化法制得的高比表面积甘蔗渣生物炭为添加剂，氯化铁溶液为交联剂，通过溶胶凝胶法和包埋法制备了SA-Fe、SA-C-Fe和SA-C-Fe(C)三种吸附材料，并用其进行了无机磷的去除实验。研究发现三种材料的吸附过程均符合准二级动力学模型，其中SA-Fe和SA-C-Fe的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温模型，其对无机磷的最大吸附量分别为53.79 mg/g和78.75 mg/g；SA-C-Fe(C)对无机磷的吸附过程符合Langmuir-Freundlich等温吸附模型。SA-C-Fe材料吸附无机磷过程存在配体交换、静电吸引和表面沉积三种吸附机制，吸附容量最高；SA-C-Fe(C)微球经过碳化后，羟基官能团数量减少，配体交换作用减弱，且形成了铁氧化物沉积层，吸附容量最低。     

城市污泥厌氧发酵残渣热解制备生物炭及其氮磷吸附研究

以污泥发酵前后的残渣热解制备生物炭,考察发酵前后污泥生物炭的物理性能及其对氨氮、总磷的吸附能力。实验结果表明污泥发酵有利于生物炭孔隙结构的发展,污泥发酵后制备的生物炭(FSBC)比表面积、孔体积均高于未发酵污泥制备的生物炭(SBC)。吸附实验结果表明,对于磷酸盐的吸附,3种材料吸附能力大小为 FSBC > SBC > CAC,对于氨氮的吸附,吸附能力顺序为CAC > FSBC > SBC,污泥发酵后制备的生物炭对氨氮和总磷的吸附能力较未发酵污泥生物炭明显增强。对于实际废水中氮、磷的吸附,其去除率顺序均为CAC > FSBC > SBC,其中CAC和FSBC对总磷的去除率分别为31%和27%,对氨氮的去除率则分别为7%和4%。FSBC与CAC对总磷和氨氮的去除率相差不大。FSBC作为污泥资源化得到的低成本吸附剂,有广阔的研究前景。     

生物除磷颗粒污泥去除Pb2+的效能机制

以好氧颗粒污泥的吸附作用和磷酸盐对重金属的螯合作用为基础,采用富含磷酸盐的生物除磷颗粒污泥作为吸附剂来处理含铅废水,考察了不同吸附条件（pH、Pb²⁺的初始浓度、吸附反应时间）下,颗粒污泥对Pb²⁺的去除效果。结果表明,除磷颗粒污泥在pH为4,初始Pb²⁺浓度为150 mg·L^-1时,对铅的去除率最高（为99.9%）;在吸附反应20 min时即可达到吸附平衡。生物除磷颗粒污泥对Pb²⁺的吸附可以用Langmuir模型拟合（R²=0.993）,最大吸附量为49.5 mg·g^-1。其中离子交换和磷酸盐与Pb²⁺的螯合作用对除磷颗粒污泥去除Pb²⁺起到重要作用;傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）测定表明-COOH、-OH、磷酰基等多种官能团也参与了除磷颗粒污泥除Pb²⁺过程。     

零价铁、铜改性生物炭及其对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能的影响

针对纳米零价铁（nanoscale zero valent iron,nZVI）易团聚的特性,本文用鸡骨生物炭（BC）作载体,制备出生物炭-零价铁（Fe-BC）去除Cr(Ⅵ),并与铜改性的生物炭-零价铁（Fe-Cu-BC）和BC对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能进行了对比。通过扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）、N₂吸脱附等温线和傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）对材料表面形貌及结构性质进行分析,同时考察了溶液pH、接触时间等条件对吸附剂吸附容量的影响,通过吸附动力学和吸附等温线分析了吸附特性。结果表明,在pH=2的条件下去除Cr(Ⅵ)效果较好;吸附平衡遵从Langmuir吸附等温式;吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程。Fe-BC材料吸附水体污染物后可用磁分离技术加以回收。Fe-Cu-BC缩短了对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附平衡时间。制备出的吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的理论最大吸附量顺序为 Fe-BC>Fe-Cu-BC>BC;同时, Fe-BC吸附量为153.60mg/g,对比于先前报道的nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附容量85mg/g左右,有了很大的提升,说明BC作载体成功解决了nZVI易团聚的缺点,拓展了实际应用。     

Montmorillonite-perlite-iron ceramic membranes for the adsorption/removal of As(III) and other constituents from surface water

In this study, ceramic membranes made of montmorillonite, perlite and iron were used to remove As(III) from water. Membranes prepared with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt% of iron content were used to filtrate As(III) synthetic water and surface water solutions. As(III) adsorption capacity and removal efficiency, and other parameters such as cations and anions content, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity were used to evaluate the membranes' performance. Results show that the As(III) adsorption/removal capacity of membranes was improved by the addition of iron. Adsorption capacity of 7.5 μg As(III)/g and removal efficiency of 97% can be achieved in membranes with 1.0 wt% of iron filings content for surface water; however, a greater amount of iron in the membrane structure limits the adsorption capacity of As(III). Besides the capacity of ceramic membranes to adsorb/remove As(III), membranes were also effective to remove other ions, turbidity, and electrical conductivity from the surface water. The addition of iron to the ceramic membranes enhanced their capacity to remove such surface water constituents. These results are important from the practical viewpoint showing the potential of ceramic membranes for the removal of metalloids and other water constituents. Langmuir isotherm model best described the adsorption process in ceramic membranes, suggesting that adsorption of As(III) happened on a monolayered surface of the ceramic membrane.     

Nickel and cobalt sorption on anaerobic granular sludges: kinetic and equilibrium studies

The kinetics and equilibria of sorption of the divalent metal ions cobalt and nickel onto anaerobic granular sludge are described. Single component and binary equimolar systems were studied at different pH values (pH 6, 7 and 8). The kinetic modelling of metal sorption by anaerobic granular sludge has been carried out using Lagergren equations. On fitting the experimental kinetic data both in first‐ and pseudo‐second‐order equations, the regression analysis of a pseudo‐second‐order equation gave a higher r² value, indicating that both external mass transfer and intra‐particle diffusion are involved in the sorption process. The experimental isotherm data were analysed using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson equations. The Redlich isotherm, a combination of the Langmuir and Freundlich equations, was found to have the highest regression correlation coefficients at pH 7. At pH 8, the Langmuir mechanism dominated for cobalt and nickel adsorption. In contrast, at pH 6, the Freundlich equation gave a better correlation coefficient which suggests a more heterogeneous adsorption at that pH. The maximal adsorption capacity of the granular sludge, as determined by the Langmuir equation, for cobalt or nickel in single systems (8.92 mg g^?1 Co TSS; 9.41 mg g^?1 Ni TSS, pH 7) compared with binary systems (8.06 mg g^?1 Co TSS; 8.43 mg g^?1 Ni TSS, pH 7) showed no great difference in the accumulation of these metals onto granular sludge. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dispersion of FeOOH on Chitosan Matrix for Simultaneous Removal of As(III) and As(V) from Drinking Water

Bio-inorganic chitosan based spherical shaped beads were prepared by dispersing rod-shaped FeOOH nanoparticles into a chitosan matrix for the removal of pure As(III) and As(V) from aqueous media, such as drinking water. A homogeneous mixture of chitosan and ferric nitrate, ferric chloride was prepared respectively with or without oxalic acid. The mixture was added dropwise in to a NaOH bath, where iron salts reacted with NaOH to form FeOOH particles. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that rod shaped FeOOH particles were distributed homogenously in the chitosan matrix. Diffuse reflective UV-vis (DRUV) spectra revealed that hydrated iron oxide formed a complex with functional groups in chitosan. Adsorption of As(III) and As(V) on different iron salt based bead was found to be pH dependent. The bead prepared from iron nitrate showed better performance for arsenic removal from aqueous solution over the bead that was prepared using iron chloride salt. The bead prepared using chitosan and iron-FeOOH is known as a chitosan-iron oxyhydroxide (CFOH) bead. The CFOH beads were found to be more efficient in removing As(III) from the solution compared to As(V). The adsorption of As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solution on CFOH beads was studied under equilibrium conditions in the concentration range of 1 mg/L to 50 mg/L in the presence of 0.05 M NaNO₃ at pH 6.5 and 298 K temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity of the CFOH bead was found to be 5.4 mg/g for As(V) and 7.2 mg/g for As(III) using the Langmuir equation. The presence of sulphate, phosphate, and silicate in aqueous solution had no effects on adsorption of either As(III) or As(V) on CFOH beads but decreased significantly at pH> 8.     

Removal of Bisphenol A Using Magnetically Responsive Spruce Chip Biochar

Bisphenol A was efficiently adsorbed on biochar magnetically modified with microwave-synthesized magnetic iron oxide particles. The adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 77.4 mg per gram of magnetic biochar at 282.15 K. Kinetics of sorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and thermodynamic studies described an exothermic and spontaneous adsorption process. The prepared material exhibited high adsorption of bisphenol A and a rapid magnetic response to an external magnetic field.     

污泥与生物质共热解制备生物质炭工艺优化及吸附性能

通过污泥与秸秆（玉米秸秆、水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、芝麻秸秆）慢速共热解的方法,在不同热解温度（300℃、400℃、500℃、600℃）、热解时间（0.5h、1h、1.5h、2h）及配比（污泥与生物质1∶0、1∶0.5、1∶1、1∶2）条件下制备4种生物质炭,即SCBC（污泥-玉米秸秆生物质炭）、SRBC（污泥-水稻秸秆生物质炭）、SWBC（污泥-小麦生物质炭）、SSBC（污泥-芝麻生物质炭）,研究了不同热解条件对生物质炭产率、pH、元素组成、表面特征、吸附性能的影响,并根据吸附性能筛选出各生物质炭的最优制备工艺。结果表明,热解温度为500℃、热解时间为2h、污泥与玉米秸秆、芝麻秸秆配比为1∶1时,污泥与水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆配比为1∶2时,制备的生物质炭吸附性能最优。最优制备工艺条件下,4种生物质炭吸附性能相比：SWBC > SRBC > SCBC > SSBC。     

Removal of phosphate by using copper‐loaded poly(N‐vinylimidazole) hydrogels as polymeric ligand exchanger

Polymeric ligand exchangers (PLE) are generally composed of a crosslinked hosting resin that can firmly hold a transition metal ion which can act as terminal functional groups. In this study, poly(N‐vinylimidazole) (PVIm) hydrogels were synthesized by free radical polymerization/crosslinking of N‐vinylimidazole in aqueous solution. Swelling behavior of PVIm hydrogels was investigated and the gel with minimum amount of crosslinking agent, hence showing maximum swelling was selected as the optimum gel system for further studies. To prepare the corresponding PLE for the removal of phosphate, PVIm hydrogels were loaded with Cu(II) ions. Copper loading capacity of PLE was determined to be 5 mmol of Cu(II)/g of dry gel. For removal of phosphate, adsorption experiments were performed in batch mode at different pH (3–9) and phosphate concentrations. It was found that phosphate adsorption capacity did not change significantly within this pH range. The effect of initial concentration of phosphate on the adsorption behavior of PLE was determined for 10 different phosphate concentrations (0.1–1000 mg/L) at pH 7. NaCl solution was used for regeneration of phosphate adsorbed Cu(II) loaded PVIm hydrogels with 100% regeneration efficiency. The new PLE showed high affinity for phosphate; the highest uptake was found to be 218 mg/g dry PLE from 1000 mg/L phosphate solution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Novel high performance magnetic activated carbon for phenol removal: equilibrium,kinetics and thermodynamics

A series of novel iron oxide based magnetic activated carbons (MAC) were fabricated through simple one-step method from Pomelo Peel using hydrochloric acid pickling water as chemical activation agent and iron oxide precursor. The characterizing results show that the MAC prepared through physiochemical activation at 973 K has a relative high surface area of 760 m²/g and can be fast separated from water under a moderate magnetic field. Batch adsorptions of phenol onto the MAC were investigated for its equilibrium, the kinetic modeling and thermodynamics. Equilibrium data were best described by Langmuir model, and the estimated maximum adsorption capacity of the MAC-973 was up to 1.1?×?10² mg/g at 298 K. Chemical reaction was found to be a rate-controlling parameter to this phenol-MAC batch adsorption system due to strong agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.     

Phosphate adsorption ability of granular gibbsite and cerium hydroxide

In the present study, the phosphate adsorption abilities of granular materials, gibbsite (GB) and cerium hydroxide (CE), granulated with ethyl cellulose and ethanol, were investigated. For suitable granular conditions using GB or CE, the percentage of binder and amount of solvent were 10% and 3.25 mL/5 g for GB and 7.5% and 2.50 mL/5 g for CE. The amount of phosphate adsorbed by granular GB or CE was similar to that adsorbed by powdered GB or CE. The adsorption isotherms of phosphate were also similar for the granular and powdered materials. The results of a column experiment showed that when GB was used, the suitable concentration of sodium hydroxide as the desorption solution was 2 mmol/L. In these experiments, the amount of phosphate adsorbed was 31.4 mg/g, the amount of phosphate desorbed was 25.3 mg/g, and the recovery percentage was 80.5%. In contrast, when CE was used, the suitable concentration of sodium hydroxide was 500 mmol/L; the amount of phosphate adsorbed was 77.7 mg/g, the amount of phosphate desorbed was 57.8 mg/g, and the recovery percentage was 74.4%. Results also indicate that granular GB and CE could be used at least five times in a column without loss of absorption or desorption abilities. Moreover, granulation of GB and CE is possible using ethyl cellulose and ethanol.     

活性污泥法处理含铜废水的研究

文章用排污口池底的絮状和颗粒状两种污泥处理高浓度含铜模拟废水。絮状污泥对文章考察的浓度范围(0.02～0.12mol/L)内的铜离子的吸附率均在54%以上,并且随金属浓度的变化不大;而颗粒状污泥处理浓度为0.02mol/L的Cu2+溶液时,吸附率最高可达53.1%,当Cu2+浓度增加为0.12mol/L时吸附率骤降至18.3%。可见污泥粒径越小,其比表面积越大,吸附能力也就越强。另外,对于高浓度的重金属铜污染来讲,絮状污泥的最大吸附量明显高于颗粒状污泥。