The Antibacterial Activity of Ta-doped ZnO Nanoparticles

A novel photocatalyst of Ta-doped ZnO nanoparticles was prepared by a modified Pechini-type method. The antimicrobial study of Ta-doped ZnO nanoparticles on several bacteria of Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were performed using a standard microbial method. The Ta-doping concentration effect on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of various bacteria under dark ambient has been evaluated. The photocatalytical inactivation of Ta-doped ZnO nanoparticles under visible light irradiation was examined. The MIC results indicate that the incorporation of Ta⁵⁺ ions into ZnO significantly improve the bacteriostasis effect of ZnO nanoparticles on E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis in the absence of light. Compared to MIC results without light irradiation, Ta-doped ZnO and pure ZnO nanoparticles show much stronger bactericidal efficacy on P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and S. aureus under visible light illumination. The possible antimicrobial mechanisms in Ta-doped ZnO systems under visible light and dark conditions were also proposed. Ta-doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit more effective bactericidal efficacy than pure ZnO in dark ambient, which can be attributed to the synergistic effect of enhanced surface bioactivity and increased electrostatic force due to the incorporation of Ta⁵⁺ ions into ZnO. Based on the antibacterial tests, 5 % Ta-doped ZnO is a more effective antimicrobial agent than pure ZnO.     

Potential for fungal dyes as colorants in oil and acrylic paints

Potential applications for colorants derived from the spalting fungi Chlorociboria aeruginascens, Chlorociboria aeruginosa, Scytalidium cuboideum, and Scytalidium ganodermophthorum are of growing interest across a variety of fields, from wood and textile dyes, to solar cells. Previous research found that these dyes could be carried in natural oils, specifically raw linseed oil, instead of organic solvents, thereby eliminating the toxicity issues surrounding such carriers. In this work, dyes from the aforementioned fungi were extracted, carried in raw linseed oil, and mixed with a range of oil and acrylic paints to determine if the oil carrier was appropriate for delivering the dyes into a paint matrix. The oil-based dyes did not mix evenly with the acrylic paints; however, the acrylic paints maintained the color of the dyes. In contrast, the oil-based paints mixed well with the dyes, but the dyes decolorized (completely lost color) due to the presence of refined linseed oil in the paint base. Artists’ paints do not appear to be compatible with fungal dyes when carried in oil; however, there are still many potential applications for the oil-based dyes, such as wood and textile dyeing.     

Fungal Competitors Affect Production of Antimicrobial Lipopeptides in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> Strain B9–5

Bacillus subtilis has shown success in antagonizing plant pathogens where strains of the bacterium produce antimicrobial cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) in response to microbial competitors in their ecological niche. To gain insight into the inhibitory role of these CLPs, B. subtilis strain B9–5 was co-cultured with three pathogenic fungi. Inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination was assessed and CLPs produced by B. subtilis B9–5 were quantified over the entire period of microbial interaction. B. subtilis B9–5 significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of Fusarium sambucinum and Verticillium dahliae, but not Rhizopus stolonifer. LC-MS analysis revealed that B. subtilis differentially produced fengycin and surfactin homologs depending on the competitor. CLP quantification suggested that the presence of Verticillium dahliae, a fungus highly sensitive to the compounds, caused an increase followed by a decrease in CLP production by the bacterium. In co-cultures with Fusarium sambucinum, a moderately sensitive fungus, CLP production increased more gradually, possibly because of its slower rate of spore germination. With co-cultures of the tolerant fungus Rhizopus stolonifer, B. subtilis produced high amounts of CLPs (per bacterial cell) for the duration of the interaction. Variations in CLP production could be explained, in part, by the pathogens’ overall sensitivities to the bacterial lipopeptides and/or the relative growth rates between the plant pathogen and B. subtilis. CLP production varied substantially temporally depending on the targeted fungus, which provides valuable insight concerning the effectiveness of B. subtilis B9–5 protecting its ecological niche against the ingress of these pathogens.     

Conspecific and Heterogeneric Lacewings Respond to (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Z</Emphasis>)-4-Tridecene Identified from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysopa formosa</Emphasis> (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Green lacewings (Chrysopidae) are predators of soft-bodied pest insects and are among the most important biological control agents in crop protection. Chrysopa spp. are of special importance since, unlike most green lacewing species, adults are also predatory. The current study was undertaken in search of Chrysopa formosa compounds with semiochemical activity. Using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG), head and thorax extracts of C. formosa elicited EAG responses to a compound subsequently identified by coupled GC/mass spectrometry, microchemistry, chemical synthesis and GC peak enhancement as (Z)-4-tridecene. In field experiments, this compound decreased attraction of adult C. formosa to (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol and that of Chrysoperla carnea species-complex to a ternary floral lure, with the inhibitory effect found to be dose-dependent. Our results suggest that (Z)-4-tridecene may serve as a general warning signal among multiple green lacewing species. Perspectives for potential practical applications are discussed.     

Enhanced D-ribose production by genetic modification and medium optimization in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> 168

D-ribose, a five-carbon sugar with diverse applications, is mainly produced by transketolase(tkt)-deficient Bacillus subtilis (B. Subtilis). We constructed B.subtilis SFR-3A by replacing the corresponding sites of B. subtilis 168 with the mutation site of tkt in the “wild” D-ribose high-producing strain B. subtilis SFR-4, resulting in 5.29 g/L of D-ribose. In the meantime, B.subtilis SFR-159 was constructed by completely removing the tkt gene of B. subtilis 168 with a higher production of 6.21 g/L. Through medium optimization, batch fermentation of SFR-3A and SFR-159 gave the best result of 27.56 g/L and 29.89 g/L, which corresponds to productivity of 0.51 g/L/h and 0.41 g/L/h, respectively. In this work, SFR-3A showed more latent capacity over SFR-159 as to productivity and had greater potential to serve as a platform for D-ribose production.     

Qualitative and Quantitative Differences in Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatile Blends from Tomato Plants Infested by Either <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tuta absoluta</Emphasis> or <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis>

Plants release a variety of volatile organic compounds that play multiple roles in the interactions with other plants and animals. Natural enemies of plant-feeding insects use these volatiles as cues to find their prey or host. Here, we report differences between the volatile blends of tomato plants infested with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci or the tomato borer Tuta absoluta. We compared the volatile emission of: (1) clean tomato plants; (2) tomato plants infested with T. absoluta larvae; and (3) tomato plants infested with B. tabaci adults, nymphs, and eggs. A total of 80 volatiles were recorded of which 10 occurred consistently only in the headspace of T. absoluta-infested plants. Many of the compounds detected in the headspace of the two herbivory treatments were emitted at different rates. Plants damaged by T. absoluta emitted at least 10 times higher levels of many compounds compared to plants damaged by B. tabaci and intact plants. The multivariate separation of T. absoluta-infested plants from those infested with B. tabaci was due largely to the chorismate-derived compounds as well as volatile metabolites of C₁₈-fatty acids and branched chain amino acids that had higher emission rates from T. absoluta-infested plants, whereas the cyclic sesquiterpenes α- and β-copaene, valencene, and aristolochene were emitted at significantly higher levels from B. tabaci-infested plants. Our findings imply that feeding by T. absoluta and B. tabaci induced emission of volatile blends that differ quantitatively and qualitatively, providing a chemical basis for the recently documented behavioral discrimination by two generalist predatory mirid species, natural enemies of T. absoluta and B. tabaci employed in biological control.     

Modifying the Alkylglucosinolate Profile in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis> Alters the Tritrophic Interaction with the Herbivore <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brevicoryne brassicae</Emphasis> and Parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diaeretiella rapae</Emphasis>

Arabidopsis thaliana was used as an experimental model plant to investigate a tritrophic interaction between the plant, a specialist aphid herbivore, Brevicoryne brassicae, and its natural enemy, the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae. The A. thaliana ecotype Col-5 was transformed with a functional 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase (BniGSL-ALK) that converts 3-methylsulfinylpropylglucosinolate and 4-methylsulfinylbutylglucosinolate to 2-propenylglucosinolate and 3-butenylglucosinolate, respectively. This transformation results in a change in the glucosinolate hydrolysis profile where 3-butenylisothiocyanate, 2-propenylisothiocyanate and 5-vinyloxazolidine-2-thione are produced in contrast to the wild-type plant where 4-methylsulfinylbutylisothiocyanate is the main product. Performance of B. brassicae was affected negatively by transforming Col-5 with BniGSL-ALK in terms of mean relative growth rates. In a series of behavioral bioassays, naïve D. rapae females were able to discriminate between B. brassicae infested and uninfested Col-5 plants transformed with BniGSL-ALK, with parasitoids showing a preference for B. brassicae infested plants. By contrast, naïve D. rapae females were unable to discriminate between aphid infested and uninfested Col-5 plants. Subsequent air entrainments of B. brassicae infested Col-5 plants transformed with BniGSL-ALK further confirmed the presence of 3-butenylisothiocyanate in the headspace. By contrast, no glucosinolate hydrolysis products were recorded from similarly infested Col-5 plants.     

Attraction of Three Mirid Predators to Tomato Infested by Both the Tomato Leaf Mining Moth <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tuta absoluta</Emphasis> and the Whitefly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis>

Plants emit volatile compounds in response to insect herbivory, which may play multiple roles as defensive compounds and mediators of interactions with other plants, microorganisms and animals. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) may act as indirect plant defenses by attracting natural enemies of the attacking herbivore. We report here the first evidence of the attraction of three Neotropical mirid predators (Macrolophus basicornis, Engytatus varians and Campyloneuropsis infumatus) toward plants emitting volatiles induced upon feeding by two tomato pests, the leaf miner Tuta absoluta and the phloem feeder Bemisia tabaci, in olfactometer bioassays. Subsequently, we compared the composition of volatile blends emitted by insect-infested tomato plants by collecting headspace samples and analyzing them with GC-FID and GC-MS. Egg deposition by T. absoluta did not make tomato plants more attractive to the mirid predators than uninfested tomato plants. Macrolophus basicornis is attracted to tomato plants infested with either T. absoluta larvae or by a mixture of B. tabaci eggs, nymphs and adults. Engytatus varians and C. infumatus responded to volatile blends released by tomato plants infested with T. absoluta larvae over uninfested plants. Also, multiple herbivory by T. absoluta and B. tabaci did not increase the attraction of the mirids compared to infestation with T. absoluta alone. Terpenoids represented the most important class of compounds in the volatile blends and there were significant differences between the volatile blends emitted by tomato plants in response to attack by T. absoluta, B. tabaci, or by both insects. We, therefore, conclude that all three mirids use tomato plant volatiles to find T. absoluta larvae. Multiple herbivory did neither increase, nor decrease attraction of C. infumatus, E. varians and M. basicornis. By breeding for higher rates of emission of selected terpenes, increased attractiveness of tomato plants to natural enemies may improve the effectiveness of biological control.     

The Role of the Glucosinolate-Myrosinase System in Mediating Greater Resistance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barbarea verna</Emphasis> than <Emphasis Type="Italic">B. vulgaris</Emphasis> to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mamestra brassicae</Emphasis> Larvae

We investigated the influences of two structurally similar glucosinolates, phenethylglucosinolate (gluconasturtiin, NAS) and its (S)-2-hydroxyl derivative glucobarbarin (BAR), as well as their hydrolysis products on larvae of the generalist Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Previous results suggested a higher defensive activity of BAR than NAS based on resistance toward M. brassicae larvae of natural plant genotypes of Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. (Brassicaceae) dominated by BAR. In the present study, the hypothesis of a higher defensive activity of BAR than NAS was tested by comparing two Barbarea species similarly dominated either by BAR or by NAS and by testing effects of isolated BAR and NAS on larval survival and feeding preferences. Larvae reared on leaf disks of B. verna (Mill.) Asch. had a lower survival than those reared on B. vulgaris P- and G-chemotypes. Leaves of B. verna were dominated by NAS, whereas B. vulgaris chemotypes were dominated by BAR or its epimer. In addition, B. verna leaves showed a threefold higher activity of the glucosinolate-activating myrosinase enzymes. The main product of NAS from breakdown by endogenous enzymes including myrosinases (“autolysis”) in B. verna leaves was phenethyl isothiocyanate, while the main products of BAR in autolyzed B. vulgaris leaves were a cyclized isothiocyanate product, namely an oxazolidine-2-thione, and a downstream metabolite, an oxazolidin-2-one. The glucosinolates BAR and NAS were isolated and offered to larvae on disks of cabbage. Both glucosinolates exerted similar negative effects on larval survival but effects of NAS tended to be more detrimental. Low concentrations of BAR, but not of NAS, stimulated larval feeding, whereas high BAR concentrations acted deterrent. NAS only tended to be deterrent at the highest concentration, but the difference was not significant. Recoveries of NAS and BAR on cabbage leaf disks were similar, and when hydrolyzed by mechanical leaf damage, the same isothiocyanate-type products as in Barbarea plants were formed with further conversion of BAR to cyclic products, (R)-5-phenyloxazolidine-2-thione [(R)-barbarin] and (R)-5-phenyloxazolidin-2-one [(R)-resedine]. We conclude that a previously proposed generally higher defensive activity of BAR than NAS to M. brassicae larvae could not be confirmed. Indeed, the higher resistance of NAS-containing B. verna plants may be due to a combined effect of rather high concentrations of NAS and a relatively high myrosinase activity or other plant traits not investigated yet.     

Effect of the Molecular Structure on the Adsorption Properties of Cationic Surfactants at the Air–Water Interface

The surface activity and thermodynamic properties of adsorption at the air–water interface of two series of cationic surfactants based on isourea: the O-dodecyl-N,N′-diisopropylisourea hydrochloride, hydrobromide, and hydroiodide and the O-tridecafluorooctyl-N,N′-diisopropylisourea hydrochloride and hydrobromide were studied. The effect of structural parameters as the nature of the halide counter ion and the nature of the non-polar chain on the surface activity and thermodynamic properties of adsorption were investigated. The surface parameters, the maximum surface excess concentration (Γ _max), the minimum area per molecule (A _min) at the aqueous solution-air interface, effectiveness of surface tension reduction (π_CMC), and efficiency of surface tension reduction (pC ₂₀) were estimated. The standard Gibbs free energy of adsorption, (ΔG°_ads) change has been calculated at different temperatures.     

Hysteresis in the temperature dependence of the intensity of light scattering by boron oxide melt in the 300–450°C temperature range

It has been found that the temperature dependence of the intensity of the polarized V _v and depolarized H _v components of light scattering by a boron oxide melt in the range of 300–450°C is characterized by the existence of hysteresis: the specific feature of the change in the polarized V _v component is the formation of a minimum, while the specific feature in the behavior of the depolarized H _v component is associated with the appearance of a maximum in the sample heating mode; the cooling mode is accompanied by a monotonic change in the intensity of the light-scattering components. It has been found also that in the process of a low-temperature stabilization of the melt at 300°C, the polarized V _v component after reaching its minimum values increases up to the initial level, while the depolarized H _v component after passing its maximum decreases to the values smaller than the initial one. The characteristic time of the change in the intensity of the V _v component at 300°C is determined; its value was found to be ~100 min. It has been shown that an insignificant change in the melt synthesis conditions affects the detected features of the intensity change in the range of 300–450°C.     

A novel 1,8-naphthalimide green fluorescent dye and its corresponding intrinsically fluorescent polyurethane latexes

A novel green fluorescent dye, 4-hexylamino-N-(2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethylethyl)-1,8-naphthalimide (AHHNA), was designed and synthesized, and then used as a chain extender to prepare a series of intrinsically green fluorescent polyurethane (PU) latexes. The chemical structure of AHHNA and the properties of the fluorescent PU latexes and their films were characterized. It was found that the UV–Vis and the fluorescent spectra of the PUs remained fairly consistent with AHHNA, and the fluorescence emitting capacity of 1,8-naphthalimide group was enhanced by covalently bonding AHHNA onto the PU chain. The amount of AHHNA used in the latex preparation had no obvious effect on the latex colloid properties including particle size, poly index, and zeta potential. Results showed that the color difference (ΔE) and the extraction rate (R _e) of the intrinsically fluorescent PU latex film were 5.72% and 3.1%, respectively, while the ΔE and R _e of the extrinsically fluorescent PU latex film were 8.31% and 84.7%, respectively, indicating that the light fastness and the solvent fastness of the intrinsically fluorescent PU latex film were much better than those of the extrinsically fluorescent PU latex film.     

Olfactory Cues,Visual Cues,and Semiochemical Diversity Interact During Host Location by Invasive Forest Beetles

Plant-feeding insects use visual and olfactory cues (shape, color, plant volatiles) for host location, but the relative importance of different cues and interactions with non-host-plant volatiles in ecosystems of varying plant biodiversity is unclear for most species. We studied invasive bark beetles and wood borers associated with pine trees to characterize interactions among color, host and non-host volatiles, by employing traps that mimic tree trunks. Cross-vane flight intercept traps (black, green, red, white, yellow, clear) and black funnel traps were used with and without attractants (α-pinene + ethanol), repellents (non-host green leaf volatiles, ‘GLV’), and attractant/repellent combinations in four pine forests in New Zealand. We trapped 274,594 Hylurgus ligniperda, 7842 Hylastes ater, and 16,301 Arhopalus ferus. Trap color, attractant, and color × attractant effects were highly significant. Overall, black and red traps had the highest catches, irrespective of the presence of attractants. Alpha-pinene plus ethanol increased trap catch of H. ligniperda 200-fold but only 6-fold for H. ater and 2-fold for A. ferus. Green leaf volatiles had a substantial repellent effect on trap catch of H. ligniperda but less on H. ater and A. ferus. Attack by H. ligniperda was halved when logs were treated with GLV, and a similar effect was observed when logs were placed among broadleaved understory shrubs emitting GLV. Overall, H. ligniperda was most strongly affected by the olfactory cues used, whereas H. ater and A. ferus were more strongly affected by visual cues. Collectively, the results support the semiochemical diversity hypothesis, indicating that non-host plant volatiles from diverse plant communities or artificial dispensers can contribute to resistance against herbivores by partly disrupting host location.     

Seasonal Changes Affect Root Prunasin Concentration in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus serotina</Emphasis> and Override Species Interactions between <Emphasis Type="Italic">P. serotina</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus petraea</Emphasis>

The allocation of resources to chemical defense can decrease plant growth and photosynthesis. Prunasin is a cyanogenic glycoside known for its role in defense against herbivores and other plants. In the present study, fluctuations of prunasin concentrations in roots of Prunus serotina seedlings were hypothesized to be: (1) dependent on light, air temperature, and humidity; (2) affected by competition between Prunus serotina and Quercus petraea seedlings, with mulching with Prunus serotina leaves; (3) connected with optimal allocation of resources. For the first time, we determined prunasin concentration in roots on several occasions during the vegetative season. The results indicate that seasonal changes have more pronounced effects on prunasin concentration than light regime and interspecific competition. Prunus serotina invested more nitrogen in the synthesis of prunasin under highly restricted light conditions than in higher light environments. In full sun, prunasin in roots of Prunus serotina growing in a monoculture was correlated with growth and photosynthesis, whereas these relationships were not found when interspecific competition with mulching was a factor. The study demonstrates that prunasin concentration in Prunus serotina roots is the result of species-specific adaptation, light and temperature conditions, ontogenetic shift, and, to a lesser extent, interspecific plant-plant interactions.     

Effect of nitrogen to niobium atomic ratio on superconducting transition temperature of δ-NbN<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> powders

Powders of cubic niobium nitride δ-NbN _x with a particle size of below 20 μm were prepared by reactive diffusion at T = 1455?1475°C under nitrogen pressures of P ₁(N₂) = 0.1?3 MPa and P ₂(N₂) = 25 MPa. For these powders, the values of the stoichiometric coefficient x, lattice parameter a, and the superconducting transition temperature Tc were measured and the a(x), T _c(x) and T _c(a) functions were analyzed. The T _c values were found to linearly grow with increasing a (decreasing structure imperfection). A maximum value of T _c (15.8 K) corresponded to a maximum value of a (4.3934 Å). Maximain the a(x) and T _c(x) curves were found to correspond to a slightly substoichiometric nitride with x = 0.98. Having synthesized cubic niobium nitrides with 0.892 < x < 1.062, we managed to measure the dependences of a and T _c on x all over the almost entire homogeneity range for δ-NbN _x . Our a(x) and T _c(a) functions were found to reasonably agree with those previously reported for SHS-produced δ-NbN _x powders.     

Properties of the solid thermolysis products of brown coal impregnated with an alkali

The mechanism of formation of a porous active carbon framework is considered, and the properties of the solid thermolysis products of brown coal (Aleksandriisk deposit, Ukraine) with potassium hydroxide are studied. The yields of the solid thermolysis products (Y _STP, %) and potassium humates, the rate of the interaction of the solid thermolysis products with KOH at 700–900°C, the specific surface areas (S _BET, m²/g), the adsorption capacities for methylene blue (A _MB, mg/g) and iodine (A _I, mg/g), and the specific activities of surface areas A _MB ^′ = A _MB/S _BET and A _I ^′ = A _I/S _BET (mg/m²) are determined under variation of the KOH/coal ratio (R _KOH < 18 mol/kg) and temperature (110–900°C).     

Dolichodial: A New Aphid Sex Pheromone Component?

The sex pheromones of many aphid species from the subfamily Aphididae comprise a mixture of the iridoids (cyclopentanoids) (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol and (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone. In this paper, we investigate whether other chemicals, in addition to nepetalactol and nepetalactone, are released from Dysaphis plantaginea (rosy apple aphid) oviparae as part of their sex pheromone. Four compounds present in an air entrainment sample collected from D. plantaginea oviparae feeding on apple (Malus silvestris c.v. Braburn) elicited electrophysiological responses from male D. plantaginea. Active peaks were tentatively identified by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry, with identification confirmed by peak enhancement with authentic compounds on GC columns of different polarities. The electroantennography-active chemicals were (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol, (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone, (1S,2R,3S)-dolichodial, and phenylacetonitrile. (1S,2R,3S)-Dolichodial elicited a behavioral response from male D. plantaginea and naïve-mated female parasitoids, Aphidius ervi. This is the first report of electrophysiological and behavioral responses from any aphid morph to (1S,2R,3S)-dolichodial. Whether or not (1S,2R,3S)-dolichodial is a third component of the aphid sex pheromone is discussed.     

Interaction of Visual and Chemical CUES in Promoting Attraction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrilus planipennis</Emphasis>

Female emerald ash borers, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), emit a macrocyclic lactone, (Z)-3-dodecen-12-olide, that increases field trap captures on large-panel prism traps when co-emitted with the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenol. We assessed attraction to these compounds by using visual decoy-baited branch traps, which attract males by mimicking a living female resting upon a leaf. Pairs of branch traps, with and without visual decoy beetles, were placed on green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, trees, which were assigned different odor treatments: 1) no odor, 2) (Z)-3-hexenol alone, and 3) (Z)-3-hexenol-plus-lactone. Male captures were positively affected by the presence of decoys and the emission of either (Z)-3-hexenol or (Z)-3-hexenol plus lactone. The decoy-baited traps with the combination of (Z)-3-hexenol plus lactone caught more males than any other treatment. Greater male captures were associated with continuing captures later in the season, suggesting that decoy and odor attractants remain attractive throughout the flight period. Female captures were not affected by the visual decoys, but odors did influence captures, with the (Z)-3-hexenol plus lactone treatment catching the greatest number of females. The rare female trap captures were negatively correlated with the more common male captures on the odorless and (Z)-3-hexenol-baited traps, but were not correlated with male captures when the lactone was added. Thus, in the absence of the lactone, the visual signal of other conspecifics can inhibit female attraction. However, the pheromone attracts both sexes independently of the visual signal on the trap.