可替代柴油的轻烃混合燃气燃烧技术

针对我国工业锅炉燃用柴油现状，提出了在燃油锅炉中以一种轻烃燃气技术替代柴油燃料的可行性，详细介绍了轻烃燃料的来源，替代技术的安全性、经济性、发展前景，从而缓解工业经济持续发展对国际石油市场的依赖度。     

燃烧方式对生物质理论燃烧温度的影响

采用与生物质燃料特性相近的褐煤为过量空气系数的定性指标,确定了生物质采用固定床、流化床、悬浮燃烧和气化燃烧4种燃烧方式的过量空气系数,依据锅炉机组热力计算标准方法,研究了热值、过量空气系数和燃烧方式对理论燃烧温度的影响。研究结果表明:理论燃烧温度与燃料的低位发热量正相关;理论燃烧温度随过量空气系数的增大而降低;采用流化床、悬浮燃烧和气化燃烧3种燃烧方式,生物质燃料均能够获得较高的理论燃烧温度,其中,采用气化燃烧方式的理论燃烧温度最高。文章的分析结果为生物质燃烧方式的选取及生物质锅炉的设计提供了理论依据。     

车用轻烃油和油公核磁共振传递剂

介绍了轻烃的特征 ,及它作为汽车燃料与其它各种车用替代燃料如天然气、乙醇汽油等进行了比较。说明它具有一系列优点 ,是一种有发展前景的车用替代燃料。同时还介绍了一种新型的燃油添加剂———油公核磁共振传递剂与它的特征、机理以及在轻烃汽车和其它车辆中的应用效果 ,特别是节能、环保效果     

燃料重整制氢及其应用方式的比较

燃料重整制氢是一种通过催化剂使得燃料经过化学反应产生氢气的制氢方法,所制取的氢气可以作为质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的原料,也可以直接参与发动机燃烧。本文主要介绍了几种不同燃料重整制氢机理,以及氢气在车用发动机上的应用方式。分析表明,发动机掺氢燃烧可以加速火焰燃烧,缩短燃烧期,改善发动机的性能。同时,还可以起到减少尾气排放的作用。因此,发动机掺氢燃烧是燃料重整的最有效应用方法。     

火花点火对乙醇燃料SI/HCCI燃烧模式转换平稳性的影响

在一台经过改进的单缸机上分别实现了乙醇燃料均质压燃和火花点燃两种燃烧方式,获得了乙醇燃料两种燃烧方式各自的工作区域,并在不同工况实现了两种燃烧模式相互转换．为了改善SI／HCCI燃烧模式转换时的平顺性,考察了边界条件工况下火花点火对燃烧模式转换的影响．研究结果表明,在HCCI燃烧临界温度附近,引入火花点火能明显改善乙醇HCCI的燃烧稳定性,降低了燃烧循环变动．在SI／HCCI燃烧模式转换过程中,引入火花点火相当于向缸内混合气添加部分额外能量,以点燃混合气,进而改善了HCCI和SI相互转换时的平稳性．     

轻烃燃料集中供气技术

轻烃气体做民用燃料，进行集中供气，是为农村提供优质燃料的有效途径之一。本文扼要介绍了轻烃制气原理，重点描述了一种新型制气工艺，它能保证用气高山香供气充足和低温时的气化率。简单分析辽这种集中供气的经济效益。     

车有轻烃油和油公核磁共振传递剂

介绍了轻烃的特征，及它作为汽车燃料与其它各种车用替代燃料如天然气、乙醇汽油等进行了比较。说明它具有一系列优点，是一各有发展前景的车用替代燃料。同时不介绍了一种新型的燃油添加剂－油公核磁共振传递与它的特征、机理以及在轻烃汽车和其它车辆中的应用效果，特别是节能、环保效果。     

燃料掺混方式对天然气柔和燃烧器燃烧性能的影响研究

燃气轮机在更高参数下的低污染排放限制和宽工况范围稳定运行的需求,对燃烧室燃烧提出了新的要求。柔和燃烧作为一种新型燃烧技术,具有燃烧稳定和污染物排放低的优势。高速射流引射掺混是实现柔和燃烧所需条件的一种可行方式。本文主要研究不同燃料掺混方式对柔和燃烧器污染物排放和稳定工作范围的影响。在前期工作基础上设计了可实现燃料不同掺混方式的天然气柔和燃烧器。在常压条件下,通过实验研究了不同当量比、不同燃料/空气掺混方式下天然气柔和燃烧器的污染物排放,并研究了不同掺混方式对燃烧贫燃极限的影响,通过OH~*自发荧光、OH平面激光诱导荧光测量和数值模拟对反应区和流场结构进行了观察和分析。实验结果表明,在相同当量比下,全预混模式下的NO_x排放最低,全预混模式下稳定燃烧的贫熄火当量比为0.57;扩散模式下NO_x排放相对高,但贫熄火当量比可低至0.15,燃烧稳定范围更宽;混合模式下污染物排放水平介于预混和扩散模式之间;非预混模式下较好的贫燃火焰稳定性得益于燃烧室头部扩散燃料周围形成的低速稳定反应区。     

高效反烧式生物质成型燃料锅炉的设计与研究

对生物质成型燃料的燃烧特性进行了分析.根据生物质成型燃料的燃烧特性创新设计出一种具有特殊结构,特殊燃烧方式的新型生物质成型燃料锅炉.该锅炉采用了双炉排反烧的结构,可使锅炉工作连续平稳,燃烧更稳定,热效率更高.同时,烟气中的气体及固体的不完全燃烧损失小,氮氧化物、二氧化硫及烟尘含量远低于国家锅炉的污染物排放标准要求.     

液体燃料MILD燃烧的研究进展和发展趋势

MILD燃烧是一种节能的新型燃烧方式,经济价值巨大。液体燃料由于其自身特点,实现MILD燃烧具有一定难度。介绍了国际上液体燃料MILD燃烧的发展状况,分析了燃料种类、混合方式、Damkhole数、燃空当量比等重要因素的影响作用。     

轻烃内氧部分氧化替代外燃蒸汽转化制取合成气的先进技术

我国轻烃资源丰富,是制氨、尿素与甲醇的主要原料。我国现年产合成氨和甲醇近3000×104t,耗用轻烃(折CH4计)近300×108m3/a,大都采用外燃蒸汽转化,其中包括用干燃料的轻烃约100×108m3/a,并燃烧排放出CO2达2000×104t/a。采用我国成功开发的纯氧自热转化替代外燃蒸汽转化,用2m3O2可替代出燃料1m3CH4,免除产生CO2排放2kg/m3CH4,同时将节省下来的轻烃燃料作原料用可增产30%。与外燃蒸汽转化相比,新工艺原料消耗可降低20%～30%,甲醇合成能力可提高20%～100%,减排CO220%～80%,而且新工艺的转化炉体积小、造价低、省去了耐高温贵镍合金材料、使用寿命长。我国近3000×104t/a轻烃制氨、甲醇生产厂,如果应用此新工艺替代传统外燃蒸汽转化工艺,每年可节省轻烃燃料约100×108m3,可用于增产氨、甲醇125×104t/a,减排CO22000×104t/a。我国若在四川苍溪,采用纯氧自然转化、无CO2排放的等压合成甲醇转化制乙烯工艺,建设2×50×104t/a乙、丙烯基地,仅耗用天然气20×108m3/a。     

Influence of nozzle design parameters on exhaust gas characteristics in practical-scale flameless hydrogen combustion

Considering the trend toward decarbonization, hydrogen is expected to be used as a fuel in industrial furnace burners. One of the challenges in using hydrogen as a fuel is the increase in thermal-NOx emission compared to hydrocarbon fuel owing to its high flame temperature. This study experimentally evaluated the combustion characteristics of flameless combustion, which is a low-NO_x combustion technology, with hydrogen as a fuel in a practical-scale experimental furnace as well as the effect of nozzle design parameters on the combustion characteristics. Through comparative tests with city gas by considering parameters, such as the fuel gas velocity, combustion air velocity, and air nozzle pitch, the low-NO_x effect of flameless combustion was confirmed in hydrogen combustion with appropriate nozzle design parameters. The optimal nozzle design parameters to achieve this effect differ from those for city gas, and the design guidelines are summarized.     

偏远油田液态轻烃作为民用燃料可行性分析

液态轻烃中的C5、C6组分主要来自油田和炼油化工生产企业,是一种类似于液化气的“绿色能源”,具有安全可靠、经济环保的特点.尤其是近年成功开发的轻烃混空燃气技术,使轻烃具有了特定的市场需求和市场竞争优势,符合国家对能源发展的战略要求.目前,国家住房和城乡建设部已将C5、C6轻烃为原料制成的轻烃燃气确定为“第四代城市燃气”,并要求积极开发和利用轻烃燃气技术,有效利用稳定的轻烃资源,尤其是偏远地区零散的轻烃资源,一方面能有效改善周边城镇居民的生活条件,另一方面能有效提高偏远、低产油田油气资源利用效率.轻烃作为替代燃料,可在一定程度上解决我国石油资源短缺问题,缓解石油供需矛盾,促进能源结构优化,加强资源综合利用.从技术、资源和经济性等方面,分析了地处偏远的西部油田的轻烃就地、就近作为民用燃料加以利用的可行性和优势.     

FAI缸内直喷二冲程汽油机低负荷燃烧特性的研究

初步试验研究了应用FAI喷射技术的缸内直喷二冲程汽油机低负荷工况下的燃烧特性。结果表明：FAI缸内直喷技术可以消除扫气短路造成的严重的HC排放和燃油浪费;对高残余废气率造成的低负荷燃烧不稳定现象,可通过采用进气旁通阀配合合适的喷油量和喷油相位控制来改善,此时发动机扭矩可通过喷油量和喷油相位控制而得到调节,但要将发动机扭矩控制到怠速工况,则需要更高的混合气浓度分层燃烧控制及燃烧系统的进一步改善。     

采用离子电流分析法实现发动机爆震信号的正确检测

本描述了了种直接利用火花塞电极作为传感器检测发动机爆震的方法。作在章中详细分析及讨论了离子电流的产生机理及影响其测量的因素，并利用这一方法在发动机做了大量的试验研究，获得了宝贵的第一手资料。为了获得正确的信号检测，作在火花塞电极上加一定的直汉电压、使其能灵敏的感受燃气密度的变化。     

An experimental study on high temperature and low oxygen air combustion

ho~cuon,Recently, much attenhon has been paid to uhliZinghidly Preheated air up to l,(XX)"C through waste gas inindustrial furnaces, in which about 15% of totalnational energy in KOrea were consumed, because ofhigh efficiency of energy savings. Moreover, one ofthree major issues in the fiscal 1996," UnderstandingEnhancement of ugh TemP~ Air COmbushon" hasbeen stUdied as successive subject in the Japanesenational Project tO reduce CO, for Protechon of earth.IntrDduction of high regenera…     

The enigmatic mechanism of the flame ionization detector: Its overlooked implications for fossil fuel combustion modeling

The flame ionization detector (FID) has been a commercial analyzer now for about 50 years. It still finds significant use as a sensitive quantitative monitor of organic compounds in gas chromatography and for monitoring mixtures of hydrocarbons. Its carbon counting ability to integrate, for example, total unburned hydrocarbon emissions from a source, now is accepted without question. This is especially noteworthy as the fundamental chemistry on which the instrument is based has always been uncertain. Although now largely overlooked, its mechanism has significant implications and suggests that there is an underlying simplicity to hydrocarbon combustion. As a result, in the light of recent discoveries concerning the very rapid formation of a pool of hydrocarbon radicals in hydrocarbon combustion, a re-examination of the chemi-ionization mechanisms in hydrocarbon flames has been undertaken. Many of the previous speculations have been scrutinized and it is confirmed that the primary chemi-ionizing reaction of CH(X²Π) with O atoms is most likely the sole source in combustion including the FID. The oft suggested roles of electronically excited states of CH now are ruled out but with some slight uncertainty remaining on the still unknown importance of the metastable CH(a⁴Σ⁻) state in flames. The reason for the “equal per carbon” response of the FID with any hydrocarbon finally has been resolved. From isotopically labeled studies and measurements of the concentrations of CH and C₂ it is seen, under the same conditions, that different hydrocarbons do produce approximately the same levels of CH on a unit carbon basis. This results from the very rapid destruction and reformulation kinetics in the reaction zone of flames, and formation of a hydrocarbon radical pool that constitutes the unburned carbon. These radicals then are gradually eroded by the continuing oxidation or by soot precursor growth. As a result, the nature of the carbon in a hydrocarbon fuel is mainly irrelevant, only its quantity. The one well-documented exception has always been C₂H₂ but the data now show this so-called anomalous behavior to be no more than a reflection of its uniquely slower combustion nature in the reaction zone. It is not apparent in substituted acetylene fuels. Close to the reaction zone its kinetics produce a larger profile of unburned carbon that is evidenced by enhanced levels observed for CH and C₂. The nature of the specific responses of the FID to other organic structural categories also is a reflection of their primary combustion breakdown and a measure of the initial pool of unburned carbon. Exactly similar responses are seen in both the FID and in soot formation tendencies. The connection though is indirect in that both processes relate to and result from the same pool of non-oxidized carbon, rather than any implied inceptive role. As a result, the observed sensitivities previously recorded with the FID now can be a useful aid in validating the primary dominant steps in combustion mechanisms and the example of dimethyl ether combustion is used as an illustration. At present, this rich analytical database could be particularly useful in modeling the more complex partially oxygenated fuels that now are being extensively studied.     

利用冷焰现象实现轻油的预蒸发燃烧

介绍一种燃烧液体燃料的新技术－预蒸发燃烧技术,通过分离液体燃料的蒸发过程和燃烧过程,实现液体燃料的“气体化”燃烧。重点介绍了利用液体燃料着火前存在的冷焰燃烧现象实现燃料预蒸发的技术原理。与传统的燃烧技术相比,轻油的预蒸发燃烧具有高效率、低噪音、低有害污染物,特别是NOx排放和易调节等优点。     

Potentials of NOX emission reduction methods in SI hydrogen engines: Simulation study

The ever increasing cost of hydrocarbon fuels and more stringent emission standards may resolve challenges in producing hydrogen and using it as an alternative fuel in industries. Internal combustion engines are well-established technology and hydrogen fuel in such engines is considered as an attractive choice in exploiting clean, efficient and renewable hydrogen energy.     

天然气纯氧自热转化制甲醇节气增产减排CO2工艺的实践

内蒙古苏里格甲醇厂一套天然气制甲醇合成气的装置原采用一段外热蒸汽转化工艺．甲醇生产能力为18×10^4t／a。与外加热蒸汽转化工艺相比,轻烃自热转化大约用1m^3 O2可替代0．5m^3 CH4,采用天然气纯氧自热转化制甲醇合成气的两段转化工艺（增设二段炉）进行改造,可增加甲醇生产能力15×10^4t/a,配套改造投产后甲醇生产能力可达到33×10^4t／a,改造后生产甲醇的天然气消耗量由1100m^3／t（标准）下降为960m^3／t（标准）。所用自热转化工艺采用多气流转化炉与低温混合喷射外燃式烧嘴配套的创新技术,该技术的成功应用,达到了节气12．7％、增产83．3％的目的。采用该新工艺生产甲醇合成气可节省原料天然气20％～30％,减排CO2 70％～95％。