硫在铸铁高温各相中的分布

采用液淬法配合自射线照相研究了反球化元素硫在铸铁凝固过程各高温相中的分布。结果表明:灰铸铁中,硫在液相及片墨中的浓度较高,在奥氏体中最低,在D型石墨共晶团的周边有富集。在球铁中,球墨中硫的浓度相对较高,液相及奥氏体中则较低。粗片墨(A型)中硫的浓度比细片墨(D型)中的高,共晶奥氏体中硫的浓度高于先共晶枝晶奥氏体。 自射线照相中乳胶的感光代表放射性物质的原子百分浓度。     

MICRODISTRIBUTION OF NODULIZER IN VARIOUS PHASES OF CAST IRON

应用有机电解液低温电解及放射性测量方法,测定了普通铸铁及高纯Fe-C-Si合金中的合金化Ce量及石墨中的Ce量,石墨中的Ce量大都略高于或相近于基体中的Ce量,在Ce含量相同的情况下,铸铁中的合金化Ce量比钢中多。 涂层法自射线照相结果表明:Ce在片状石墨中呈均匀分布,而在球状石墨中的分布却是多样的。开花状石墨中的Ce多于片状石墨及球状石墨中的Ce.球状石墨周围的铁素体及珠光体是贫Ce.远离球状石墨的珠光体及莱氏体是富Ce.初生奥氏体枝晶转变形成的珠光体和蜂窝状莱氏体都含有较少的Ce,而板状渗碳体型莱氏体含Ce较多.Ce明显富集于共晶时最后凝固的区域。球状石墨的形成主要取决于原铁水中的反球化剂(硫)含量,它的影响比球化剂的残留量或合金化量的作用更大。     

高性能全激冷铸铁凸轮轴的生产和应用

采用树脂砂壳型铸造和四川钒钛生铁生产了一种全激冷Cr-Ni-Cu系铸铁凸轮轴,其显微组织由初生奥氏体枝晶和D型石墨 奥氏体共晶体组成,奥氏体随后转变成珠光体;珠光体含量大于95%,渗碳体含量为3%～6%;凸轮激冷层为莱氏体,硬度为50～58HRC,激冷层深度为5～10mm。金相分析发现,钛促进了D型石墨的形成,使凸轮轴非激冷部位的强度达到246～260MPa,硬度为226～260HB;目前,这种凸轮轴已经得到广泛应用。     

过共晶球铁凝固过程中奥氏体的生长方式与形貌特征

采用着色腐蚀技术显示出过共晶球铁中的高温凝固组织，观察分析过共晶球铁凝固过程中奥氏体的生长方式与形持征。结果表明：在非平衡凝固条件下，过共晶球铁凝固时通常会析出初生枝晶和晕圈枝晶，其形成条件主要与冷却速率和熔体的过冷有关。随铸件模数Mc增大，枝晶数量减少，二次臂间距显著增大，形态趋于不发达，由初生枝晶向晕圈枝晶过渡。当Mc≤0.3cm时，二次臂间距的实测值与理论预测值基本吻合。初生石墨球周围往往形成环状封闭奥氏体壳；共晶前期石墨球周围形成封闭或不封闭的框架奥氏体壳；共晶后期石墨球往往被周边生长着的共晶奥氏体所包覆，最终成为共晶奥氏体的一部分。     

高强度D型石墨铸铁的研究进展

综述了灰铸铁中产生D型石墨的原因，D型石墨对灰铸铁性能的影响以及D型石墨灰铸铁的应用。国内外的研究表明：深过冷，在灰铸铁中加入提高过冷度的合金元素（钛，铝，锑，碲，稀土元素等）或者二者的结合都会促进生成D型石墨；D型石墨灰铸铁具有较高的强度，较好的抗氧化性，抗生长性，抗热疲劳性和耐磨性；D型石墨灰铸铁已经广泛用于生产玻璃模具，压缩机缸体，压缩机曲轴等铸件。笔者还介绍了采用钒钛生铁生产的D型石墨合金铸铁凸轮轴的性能特点及其应用情况。     

过共晶球墨铸铁中石墨球周围奥氏体壳的形成机制

有用着色腐蚀技术，可清晰地显示出过共晶球墨铸铁中的高温凝固组织，观察分析了石墨球周围奥氏体壳（奥氏体壳是奥氏体枝晶的一部分）的形成机制。结果表明，初生枝晶和晕圈枝晶交替生长，促成石墨球周围奥氏体壳的形成；奥氏体以石墨生长面（0001）为衬底形核、生长，在初生石墨球周围形成环状封闭奥氏体壳；共晶前期石墨球在枝晶臂间或框架中形核、生长、尔后为枝晶高次臂所包围，形成封闭或不封闭的框架奥氏体壳。共晶后期石墨球不形成奥氏体壳。     

Eutectic solidification mode of spheroidal graphite cast iron and graphitization

The shrinkage and chilling tendency of spheroidal graphite (abbreviated SG) cast iron is much greater than that of the flake graphite cast iron in spite of its higher amount of C and Si contents. Why? The main reason should be the difference in their graphitization during the eutectic solidification. In this paper, we discuss the difference in the solidification mechanism of both cast irons for solving these problems using unidirectional solidification and the cooling curves of the spheroidal graphite cast iron. The eutectic solidification rate of the SG cast iron is controlled by the diffusion of carbon through the austenite shell, and the final thickness is 1.4 times the radius of the SG, therefore, the reduction of the SG size, namely, the increase in the number, is the main solution of these problems.     

Control of graphite formation in solidification of white cast iron

Abstract

Graphite formation should be strictly suppressed for the most abrasion resistant white cast irons, since austenite (γ)+graphite eutectic structure shows lower hardness and selectively wears thus deteriorates the abrasion resistance even though the austenite transform to hard phase such as martensite. On the other hand, a small amount of fine graphite is desired to distribute in rolls for hot steel mills to suppress the scoring. However, strong carbide formers such as Cr, V, Nb have been increasingly added to rolls, in order to crystallise more harder carbides. As γ+carbide eutectic grows, the residual liquid among eutectic cells becomes poor in carbide formers and rich in elements which promote graphite formation. Therefore an appropriate alloy design is essential for the hot steel milling rolls. In this study, the graphite formation mechanisms are discussed for chromium cast iron, high speed steel type cast iron and Ni hard type cast iron.     

铁神一号净化剂对铸态球铁金相组织和力学性能的影响

采用中频感应电炉熔炼球墨铸铁,水玻璃砂造型,浇注Y型试块及热分析试样,研究了铁神一号净化剂对球墨铸铁组织和力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,加入净化剂可以获得理想的球化效果,使石墨球数增加,石墨球直径减小,改善石墨球分布状态,力学性能有所提高;可以降低磷含量,钒钛含量有所增加。净化剂对球墨铸铁的共晶过冷度和白口倾向影响不大。     

金属型球铁磨球非平衡凝固特性的研究

探索了金属型球铁磨球非平衡结晶过程，并就磨球的非平衡凝固特性进行了较深入的分析研究。过共晶球铁凝固时出现非平衡奥氏体；亚共晶球铁出现晕圈铁素体和非平衡渗碳体相；在柱状晶与等轴晶过渡区中存在着偏聚物。为改善球铁磨球的显微组织及性能，球铁成分应控制在共晶或稍过共晶处。     

含钨量对铸态290Cr26MoW耐磨铸铁组织和硬度的影响

铸态合金耐磨铸铁适用于大型或复杂结构耐磨件。通过金相组织观察、X射线衍射相结构分析、图像分析仪定量金相测试和力学性能检测,研究了含钨量对铸态290Cr26MoW耐磨铸铁组织、结构和硬度的影响规律。结果表明,在含0～2.79%W的范围内,随着含W量的增加,铸态290Cr26MoW耐磨白口铸铁的初生基体数量减少,共晶团数量增加,共晶碳化物数量增加;铸态290Cr26MoW耐磨白口铸铁的碳化物结构类型没有改变,M7C3型碳化物为共晶碳化物;铸态290Cr26MoW耐磨白口铸铁基体的奥氏体比例增加,马氏体减少。马氏体多位于共晶团,即共晶碳化物周围。铸态290Cr26MoW耐磨白口铸铁的硬度由共晶碳化物数量和硬度以及基体中奥氏体和马氏体数量比共同决定。     

Crystallization of interdendritic graphite in cast iron

Conclusions Interdendritic graphite in cast iron forms upon non-equilibrium solidification of the graphite-austenite eutectic under conditions of limited diffusional mobility of carbon brought about either by supercooling of the melt, or additions of elements which retard the diffusion of carbon. Solidification of the liquid of eutectic composition begins with the formation of austenite, which grows in the form of branched dendrites.The solidification of finely differentiated eutectic begins when the carbon content of the melt reaches a value high enough for the growth of strongly branched graphite crystals.Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 5, pp. 2–5, May, 1992.     

Improving chill control in iron powder treated slightly hypereutectic grey cast irons

Recent studies revealed that in eutectic to slightly hypereutectic grey irons (CE = 4.3%-4.5%) the presence of austenite dendrites provides an opportunity to improve the cast iron properties, as a high number of eutectic cells are "reinforced" by austenite dendrites. An iron powder addition proved to be important by promoting dendritic austenite in hypereutectic irons, but was accompanied by adverse effect on the characteristics of potential nuclei for graphite. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the solidification pattern of these irons. Chill wedges with different cooling moduli (CM = 0.11 - 0.43 cm) were poured in resin bonded sand and metal moulds.Relative clear / mottled / total chill measurement criteria were applied. Iron powder additions led to a higher chill tendency, while single inoculation showed the strongest graphitizing effect. The various double treatments show an intermediate position, but the inoculant added after iron powder appears to be the most effective in reducing base iron chill tendency, for all cooling moduli and chill evaluation parameters. This performance reflects the improved properties of (Mn,X)S polygonal compounds as nucleation sites for graphite, especially in resin bonded sand mould castings. Both austenite and graphite nucleation benefit from a double addition of iron powder + inoculant,with positive effect on the final structure and chill tendency.     

硫对消失模铸造灰铸铁组织和性能的影响

在消失模铸造条件下,通过向铁液中加入硫铁增硫的方法改变铸铁的含硫量,研究了含硫量的变化(0.0270%～0.143%)对灰铸铁微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:当含硫量小于0.121%时,薄壁灰铸铁中过冷石墨的数量随着硫量的增加而减少,当含硫量增至0.143%时,过冷石墨基本消除;在试验成分范围内,随着含硫量的增加,灰铸铁的抗拉强度及硬度先提高后降低,当硫含量在0.078%～0.121%范围时,灰铸铁的微观组织和力学性能最为理想.     

球墨铸铁激光熔融处理后的组织SCIEI

应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和扫描Auger探针对球墨铸铁经激光熔融处理后的组织进行了研究。结果指出,在熔池/基体交界区的石墨球周围存在双壳层组织,它们分别为马氏体+残余奥氏体层和伪共晶莱氏体层。提出了这种组织的形成机制。     

玻璃模具用低铬D型石墨灰铸铁的研究

对低铬D型石墨灰铸铁的成分、组织和性能进行了研究。试验结果表明：选择适宜的基本元素（3．4％C、2．2％Si、0．5％Mn、＜0．15％S、＜0．12％P）,控制Cr和Cu的含量分别为0．75％和0．7％,用湿砂型和下型安放大块冷铁的铸造工艺控制冷却速度,经热处理后,可获得具有良好石墨形态的D型石墨灰铸铁,其抗氧和热疲劳性能分别是普通灰铸铁的4．1倍和4．2倍,适于制作玻璃模具。     

Numerical simulation of microstructure evolution on near eutectic spheroidal graphite cast iron

A multiphase cellular automaton model was developed to simulate microstructure evolution of near eutectic spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI) during its solidification process, and both dendritic austenite and spheroidal graphite growth models were adopted. To deduce the mesh anisotropy of cellular automaton method, the composition averaging and geometrical parameter were introduced to simulate the spheroidal graphite growth. Solute balance method and decentered square algorithms were employed to simulate austenite dendrites growth with different crystallographic orientations. The simulated results indicate that the graphite nodule grows in a spherical morphology when the surrounding environment of a single graphite nodule is same. However, for two adjacent graphite nodules, the environment is different. The higher the carbon concentration, the faster the growth of graphite. By comparison with experimental results, it is found that the microstructure evolution of near eutectic spheroidal graphite cast iron during solidification process can be reproduced quantitatively by numerical simulation with this model.     

w（Si）、w（C）量及冷却速度对铸态球铁组织的影响

用热分析法研究了w（Si）、w（C）量和冷却速度对球铁中石墨和基体组织的影响。结果表明：适量增加孕育剂加入量能缩短球铁凝固过程中共晶平台的宽度,有限减少或避免石墨的畸变;在孕育剂加入量为1.38%时,能够得到66.8%的铁素体含量且球化效果良好的球墨铸铁;在w（C）量为3.94%、w（Si）量为2.23%时,由于CE达4.9%,导致与石墨漂浮相关的开花状石墨和枝晶石墨产生。     

离心铸造复合辊套用高铬铸铁的组织及性能研究

根据复合辊套的生产和使用要求,研究了3种成分的高铬铸铁通过金属型铸造后的组织和性能。结果表明,金属型铸造的Cr20高铬铸铁其铸态组织由枝晶奥氏体、共晶奥氏体和共晶碳化物组成;具有较好的韧性,并且有一定的耐蚀性和良好的耐磨性;铸态硬度达到HRC55左右。Cr20高铬铸铁能满足轧辊的生产和湿摩擦条件下的使用要求。     

D型石墨奥氏体基体铸铁抗氧化性能的研究

对D型石墨奥氏体基体铸铁的化学成分进行了试验设计,研究了高温不同温度下它的抗氧化性能,探讨了抗氧化机理.结果表明,D型石墨奥氏体基体铸铁具有较好的抗氧化性能,可为该合金用于玻璃模具提供生产依据.