Analysis of a three-coil contactless power transfer system for high-power applications

Recently, contactless power transfer (CPT) has become very popular in various fields of applications such as electronic appliances, medical implant devices, electrical vehicles, etc. When air gap distance between the transmitting and receiving coils of a CPT system increases, coupling coefficient between the coils decreases. In a large-air-gap CPT system, by incorporating an additional coil between the transmitting and receiving coils, coupling coefficient can be enhanced. Consequently, efficiency of a large-air-gap CPT system is improved. In this study, a three-coil system has been compared with a two-coil system using basic circuit models. Thereafter, the basic circuit models of two-coil and three-coil systems have been studied to confirm energy efficiency differences between the two systems for high-power applications. Using simplified circuit models, conditions for higher energy efficiency of a three-coil system than a two-coil system have been derived and it has been established that power transfer efficiency of a three-coil system has improved significantly in comparison with a traditional two-coil system. To confirm the theory, a two-coil and a three-coil systems with an air gap distance of 18 cm and a lateral misalignment of 3.5 cm have been verified using Ansys simulation tool for an output power of 2 kW.     

A tunable waveguide to cavity coupler for high power accelerator cavities

The end iris ridge waveguide couplers are used to couple power to accelerator cavities through a reduced size coupling port. However, higher electric and magnetic fields due to reduced size lead to strict requirements on dimensional tolerances during coupler fabrication process. It is shown by detailed parametric analysis that even small dimensional changes during manufacturing or operation can lead to undesired shift in design frequency and deterioration of return loss. Hence, transmitted power testing of two couplers connected back to back without an intermediate cavity cannot be carried out. Here, we propose cylindrical static tuners on impedance matching section to relax the dimensional tolerance requirements. It is also shown that an iris coupled coupler-cavity system is more tolerant towards coupler dimensional changes than a stand-alone coupler. However, same tuners can find use for tuning the coupling coefficient of coupler-cavity system. The proposed tuning scheme is expected to reduce the coupler manufacturing costs and provide an useful alternative for coupling coefficient tuning over iris machining.     

Bessel-function analysis of the optimized star coupler for uniform power splitting

An optimized N x N planar optic star coupler that utilizes directional coupling of arrayed waveguides for uniform power splitting is analyzed on the basis of special properties of the involved Bessel-function series. The analysis has provided a remarkably simple, novel basic design formula for such a device with much needed physical insights into the unique diffraction properties. For the analysis of diffraction from the end of directionally coupled arrayed waveguides, many useful formulas around the Bessel functions, such as the addition theorem and the Kepler-Bessel series, have been given in new forms.     

基于STM32的频率和功率可调非接触供电超声电源设计

为解决接触式供电中漏电、磨损、电能传输不良以及超声电源在加工中谐振频率漂移、跟踪速度慢、输出功率不稳定等问题,文章以STM32单片机作为主控系统,设计了一种频率和功率可调的非接触供电超声电源。根据采样反馈电路采集的电压电流相位差和有效值信号,采用锁相环和模糊比例积分(Proportional Integral, PI)控制相结合的方法对频率进行跟踪,并用传统 PI 控制法控制输出功率。在 Matlab 软件中搭建电源仿真模型,利用附加电阻、附加电感和附加电容模拟加工过程中负载参数的突变,对有频率调节和功率控制子系统以及没有子系统的电源模型分别进行仿真。仿真结果表明,电源输出功率稳定在 248 W。当负载参数发生改变时,电源的谐振频率发生漂移,经过频率自动跟踪子系统的调节后,电源在 0.01 s 后重新回到谐振状态。此控制算法实现了频率快速跟踪和功率控制。     

Split power hydro-mechanical transmission with power circulation

This paper presents a novel hydrodynamic-mechanical split power transmission (US patent application No. 15695671, and PL patent application No. P.422664) with an exceptionally large torque ratio and torque ratio growth rate, and a potentially wide range of (continuous and naturally automatic) torque ratio variation. The transmission features a strong positive feedback between rotors of the impeller and turbine, and makes a systematic use of power circulation (which is present in all transmissions using a hydrodynamic torque converter). The transmission is particularly suitable for vehicles and working machines operating in a start–stop mode and those subjected to heavy, fast-changing external loads, like city buses, wheel and track loaders, dozers, farm tractors, and small earth-moving machines, and most of all for emergency, military, and sports vehicles, where good acceleration is of the highest priority.     

Magnetic field shielding concepts for power transmission lines

High current carrying cables used in power transmission lines create strong magnetic fields in their vicinity. For ac lines at 50-60 Hz, the magnetic field is quasi-static and hence uncoupled from the electric field. Shielding of such low frequency magnetic fields is a challenge. In this paper, finite element modeling is used to study the effect of various shield geometries and shield materials around a current carrying wire. Two-dimensional analysis is sufficient for this problem because the cables are very long compared to the wire diameters. Shielding effectiveness, defined as the difference in the magnetic field intensity with and without the shield, is presented. It is concluded that a partial shield is the optimal design for shielding the region below the cable. To achieve this, the shield gap must be oriented above the high current wire     

Cryogenic engineering for the Brookhaven power transmission project

This article reviews the Brookhaven project to develop a feasible method of transmitting power underground using a superconducting cable, force-cooled by supercritical hellium. The project started in 1972 and so far good progress has been made on the development of the cryogenic equipment.     

Maximal network reliability for a stochastic power transmission network

Many studies regarded a power transmission network as a binary-state network and constructed it with several arcs and vertices to evaluate network reliability. In practice, the power transmission network should be stochastic because each arc (transmission line) combined with several physical lines is multistate. Network reliability is the probability that the network can transmit d units of electric power from a power plant (source) to a high voltage substation at a specific area (sink). This study focuses on searching for the optimal transmission line assignment to the power transmission network such that network reliability is maximized. A genetic algorithm based method integrating the minimal paths and the Recursive Sum of Disjoint Products is developed to solve this assignment problem. A real power transmission network is adopted to demonstrate the computational efficiency of the proposed method while comparing with the random solution generation approach.     

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer design for high power transmission

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs) were developed to meet the demands of the ultrasonic industry. To achieve maximum efficiency, the conventional operation of the cMUT requires a bias voltage close to the collapse voltage. Total acoustic output pressure is limited by the efficiency of the cMUT and the maximum-allowed pulse voltage on the membrane. In this paper, we propose the collapse-snapback operation of the cMUT: the membrane is collapsed onto the substrate in the collapsing cycle, and released in the snapback cycle. The collapse-snapback operation overcomes the above-mentioned limitations of the conventional operation. The collapse-snapback operation utilizes a larger range of membrane deflection profiles (both collapsed and released profiles) and generates higher acoustic output pressures. The static finite element calculations were performed to design cMUTs with specific collapse and snapback voltages by changing the electrode parameters (radius (re), position (de), and thickness (te)). These designs were refined for optimum average displacement per cycle. An electrode radius greater than 60% of the membrane radius significantly improved the displacement per volt. Moderately thick membranes (te approximately 0.2 microm) were preferred, as thicker membranes reduced the displacement per volt. Under proper bias conditions, the collapse-snapback operation, designed for high-power transmission, allowed the application of pulse voltages larger than the difference of collapse and snapback voltages. Dynamic finite element calculations of an infinite cMUT array on the substrate loaded with acoustic fluid medium were performed to determine the dynamic response of the cMUT. Commercially available FEM packages ANSYS and LS-DYNA were used for static and dynamic calculations, respectively. The cMUTs were fabricated for optimal performance in the collapse-snapback operation. The transmit experiments were performed on a 2-D cMUT array using a calibrated hydrophone. Taking into account the attenuation and diffraction losses, the pressure on the cMUT surface was extracted. The cMUT generated 0.47 MPa (6 kPa/V) and 1.04 MPa (11 kPa/V) in the conventional and collapse-snapback operations, respectively. Therefore, collapse-snapback operation of the cMUTs was superior for high-power transmission.     

基于图像传输的巡线机器人远程控制

基于无线局域网络的图像传输,从提高图像传输的实时性和连贯性着手,完成了巡线机器人远程控制方案的设计和实验。图像传输采用并行的处理方式,大大提高了传输的速度;分析了影响图像传输质量的因素,提出了增强图像传输品质和连贯性的方法,实现了在监控端根据图像方便地对机器人实施控制的设计,并通过实验验证了图像传输的实时性和远程控制方案的有效性。     

Methodology for identifying near-optimal interdiction strategies for a power transmission system

Previous methods for assessing the vulnerability of complex systems to intentional attacks or interdiction have either not been adequate to deal with systems in which flow readjusts dynamically (such as electricity transmission systems), or have been complex and computationally difficult. We propose a relatively simple, inexpensive, and practical method (“Max Line”) for identifying promising interdiction strategies in such systems. The method is based on a greedy algorithm in which, at each iteration, the transmission line with the highest load is interdicted. We apply this method to sample electrical transmission systems from the Reliability Test System developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and compare our method and results with those of other proposed approaches for vulnerability assessment. We also study the effectiveness of protecting those transmission lines identified as promising candidates for interdiction. These comparisons shed light on the relative merits of the various vulnerability assessment methods, as well as providing insights that can help to guide the allocation of scarce resources for defensive investment.     

A resonance method of measuring the reflection and transmission coefficients of a directional coupler

A method of determining the complex reflection and transmission coefficients is considered, based on measurements of the resonance characteristics of a short-circuited waveguide, excited through an inductive iris. The parameters of the coupler in the R2-54/3 type panoramic VSWR measuring instrument are measured. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 3, pp. 60–64, March, 2007.     

Transient behaviour of helium-cooled current leads for superconducting power transmission

Based upon time dependent differential equations, numerical calculations are presented which allow, first, the determination of burn-out condictions for a helium cooled current lead. Secondly, the response of the lead to an overload current may be examined, both during the overload and during subsequent time when the normal current again persists. Representing the temperature dependent resistivity and thermal conductivity of the copper conductor as a function of its purity (residual resistivity ratio), the results are parameterized by dimensionless mass flow rate, current and residual resistivity ratio. Defining the burn-out temperature as 500 K and an operating current as 85% of the burn-out current, it is shown that although all residual resistivity ratios between five and 100 are suitable, there is a limit on the mass flow rate number which can be utilized. This results from secondary temperature surges occurring after the overload, the conditions for which are rather complicated. It is concluded in particular that, within the permissible range of mass flow rates, no damage should result from a 10X current overload for periods up to 0.2 seconds.     

AC losses in a composite tubular superconductor for power transmission

AC losses have been measured as a function of current and temperature in a 63.5 mm diameter niobium/copper composite tube, forming the inner conductor of a co-axial superconducting transmission line. The conductor has a 2.6 mm thick substrate of high-conductivity copper with a 50 μm thick niobium surface layer bonded by co-extrusion and cold-drawing. Closed-cycle refrigeration allowed losses to be measured as a continuous function of temperature between 4.4 and 8.0 K for surface current densities between 23 and 89 A mm^?1. Losses were less than 0.1 W m^?2 at 5 K for surface current densities less than 50 A mm^?1, and obeyed approximately the empirical relation: loss ∝ h⁷ where h is the ratio of surface current density to H_c2 for the superconductor.     

New Noncontacting Inductive Analog Proximity and Inductive Linear Displacement Sensors for Industrial Automation

Noncontacting inductive sensors are applicable on a large scale for position detection or travel measurement in industrial applications. Reasons for such broad acceptance in many sectors of industry are noncontact and wear-free sensing of the target (any metal object), reliability and robustness, resistance to fouling, water tightness and compact size. The present work is intended to be a systematic, complete, and consistent presentation of the technological innovations, recent implementations and current trends regarding the analog distance and travel sensing offered by noncontacting inductive sensors for industrial applications. It starts with the fundamentals of inductive sensing and presents the physical basics gained by modern analytic and simulation methods, as well as high-level integrated circuits for inductive sensors. The following sections deal with present-day inductive analog proximity sensors and with the distinctive technological innovation offered by the new inductive linear displacement sensors and with miniaturization results achieved through consistent integration.