High-frequency dielectric properties of Mg-Al-Si,Ca-Al-Si and Y-Al-Si oxynitride glasses

Recently developed coaxial line techniques [1] have been used to determine, at room temperature, the values of the real () and imaginary (') parts of the dielectric constants for some Mg-Al-Si, Ca-Al-Si and Y-Al-Si oxynitride glasses over the frequency range 500 MHz to 5 GHz. The frequency dependencies of and ' are consistent with the universal law of dielectric response in that (-_t8)^(n–1) and '^(n–1) for all glass compositions; the high experimental value of the exponent (n=1.0±0.1) suggests the limiting form of lattice loss [2] situation. In this frequency range, as previously reported [3] at longer wavelengths, the addition of nitrogen increases the dielectric constant, (); in both the oxide and oxynitride glasses is also influenced by the cation, being increased with cation type in the order magnesium, yttrium, calcium as at lower frequencies.     

Thermal conductivity of hydrocarbons in the naphthene group under high pressures

The thermal conductivity of hydrocarbons in the naphthene group has been experimentally determined. An equation is now proposed for calculating the thermal conductivity over the given temperature and pressure ranges.Notation thermal conductivity - ₂₀ and ₃₀ values of the thermal conductivity at 20 and 30°C, respectively - t₀,P₀ thermal conductivity at t₀, p₀ - _t p thermal conductivity at temperature t and under pressure P - change in thermal conductivity - P pressure - P_melt melting pressure - P₀ atmospheric pressure - t₀ 20°C temperature - T, t temperature - T_cr critical temperature - temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity - ₂₀ temperature coefficient of density - density - ₂₀ density at 20°C - _cr critical density - M molar mass - =T/T_cr referred temperature - v specific volume - v₀ specific volume at 20°C - v change in specific volume - _{3 0} a coefficient - B (t) a function of the temperature - S a quadratic functional - W_i, weight of the i-th experimental point - _i error of the i-th experimental value of thermal conductivity - B _{y, =0.6} value of B (t) at T = 0.6T_cr - B = B (t)/B_{, =0.6} referred value of coefficient B (t) Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 491–499, September, 1981.     

The Interplay of Electronic and Nuclear Magnetism in PtFe x at Milli-, Micro-, and Nanokelvin Temperatures

We have measured ac susceptibility, nuclear magnetic resonance, and nuclear heat capacity of two PtFe _x samples with concentrations of magnetic impurities x = 11 ppm and 41 ppm at magnetic fields (0 ± 0.05) mTB248 mT. The susceptibility data have been measured at temperatures of 0.3 KT100 mK, no hint for nuclear magnetic ordering could be detected to a temperature of 0.3 K. The nuclear heat capacity data taken at 1.4 KT10 mK show enhanced values which scale with x at low polarization. This effect is described by a model assuming an internal magnetic field caused by the impurities. No indication for nuclear magnetic ordering could be detected to 1.4 K. The nuclear magnetic resonance experiments have been performed on these samples at 0.8 KT0.5 mK and 2.5 mTB22.8 mT as well as on three other samples with x = 5, 10, 31 ppm in a different setup at 40 KT0.5 mK and at 5.4 mTB200 mT. Spin-lattice and effective spin-spin relaxation times ₁and ₂ ^* of ¹⁹⁵ Pt strongly depend on x and on the external magnetic field. No temperature dependence of ₁and ₂ ^* could be detected and the NMR data, too, give no hint for nuclear magnetic ordering to 0.8 K.     

Breakup of an anomolously viscous liquid film in a centrifugal force field

An equation is obtained for the breakup radius with consideration of tipping moments and Laplacian pressure forces acting on the liquid ridge at the critical point.Notation K, n rhenological constants - density - surface tension - r current cup radius - R maximum cup radius - r_c critical radius for film breakup - ¯r=¯r=r/R dimensionless current radius - ¯r_c=r_c/R dimensionless critical radius - ₀, _c actual and critical film thicknesses - current thickness - R_r ridge radius - h₀ ridge height - h current ridge height - ₀ limiting wetting angle - current angle of tangent to ridge surface - angle between axis of rotation and tangent to cup surface - angular velocity of rotation - q volume liquid flow rate - v₁ and v meridional and tangential velocities - =4vv _lm/r,=4v_m/r dimensionless velocities - M moments of surface and centrifugal forces - M_v moment from velocity head - p_r pressure within ridge - P_vm pressure from velocity head - p_m, p_pm pressures from centrifugal force components tangent and normal to cup surface - deviation range of breakup radius from calculated value - ¯r_max, ¯r_min limiting deviations of breakup radius - _c angle of tangent to curve _c/°₀=f(¯r) at critical point - t random oscillation of ratio _c/_c Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 51–56, July, 1980.     

Distribution of α-AlFeSi and β-AlFeSi particles in surface layer of AA6063 alloy billets after heat treatment

We developed the EPMA mapping method of small -AlFeSi(Al_8.3Fe₂Si) and -AlFeSi(Al_8.9Fe₂Si₂) particles in the billets of Al-Mg-Si alloys such as AA6063 alloys. To discriminate between -AlFeSi and -AlFeSi particles we used the relative X-ray intensities of Fe/Si ratio, the I _Fe/I _Si ratio, instead of the Fe/Si mass ratio. To obtain the I _Fe/I _Si ratio, we used a Monte Carlo method. In this study, using this method the mapping of -AlFeSi and -AlFeSi particles in the surface layer of AA6063 billets after the heat treatment (for 2 h at 580°C) was done. Namely, the distribution of -AlFeSi and -AlFeSi particles of zones from the billet surface to a depth of 800 m was measured. Results showed the zone from the surface to a depth of 200 m was occupied mainly by -AlFeSi particles and the zone from a depth of 200 m toward the center was occupied mainly by -AlFeSi particles. From these results, it was found that if we remove zones from the surface to a depth of 200 m, we can remove the majority of the -AlFeSi particles, and thus improve the quality of anodizing performance of Al-Mg-Si alloys extrusions.     

Thermoelastic stresses in ribbons and tubes grown from the melt by the Stepanov method

Ribbons and tubes grown from the melt by the Stepanov technique have a wide range of technical applications. Sapphire ribbons are used as substrates in microelectronics and sapphire tubes are used as gas-discharge balloons in laser engineering, fine chemical technology and high-vacuum equipment. Practice has shown that misorientation angles of small-angle boundaries in sapphire crystals should not exceed several degrees because an increase in the misorientation angles between blocks drastically lowers the strength and worsens the dielectric properties of these crystals. One of the main mechanisms of formation of the block structure of melt-grown crystals, including shaped sapphire crystals, is dislocation polygonization that begins when the dislocation density exceeds a certain critical value. In turn, dislocations are formed under deformations due to thermal stresses. Calculations of thermal fields in crystals and the corresponding thermoelastic stress fields can be used as an input to improve and optimize the growth process. The dependence of thermoelastic stresses in ribbons and tubes on the technological parameters has been calculated.Nomenclature ₁ Thermal diffusivity of the melt - ₂ Thermal diffusivity of the crystal - k ₁ Thermal conductivity of the melt - k ₂ Thermal conductivity of the crystal - V ₁ Velocity vector of the melt - V ₂ Velocity vector of the growing crystal - V ₀ Crystal pulling rate - H _f Latent heat of fusion - ₁ Density of the melt - ₂ Density of the crystal - in Interface normal vector - Crystal-melt interface normal vector - t Interface tangential vector - s Sided crystal-melt tangential vector - T _m Melting temperature - T _e Ambient temperature - T ₁ ⁰ Temperature at the bottom of the meniscus - T ₂ ⁰ Crystal temperature at the top of the meniscus - Normal vector at lateral surfaces of the crystal and meniscus - Stefan-Boltzmann constant - ₁ Emissivity of the meniscus lateral surface - ₂ Emissivity of the crystal lateral surface - g Acceleration due to gravity - _LG Melt-gas surface tension - a Die half dimension - ₀ Angle of growth - _t Thermal expansion coefficient - h ₁ Heat transfer coefficient of the melt - h ₂ Heat transfer coefficient of the crystal - C s Heat capacity - E Young's modulus - Poisson's coefficient - Melt kinematic viscosity - P Pressure in the melt     

Effect of crystalline phase, orientation and temperature on the dielectric properties of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)

The effect of crystalline phase, uniaxial drawing and temperature on the real () and imaginary () parts of the relative complex permittivity of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was studied in the frequency range between 10² and 10⁶ Hz. Samples containing predominantly and phases, or a mixture of these, were obtained by crystallization from a DMF solution at different temperatures. phase samples were also obtained from melt crystallization and from commercial films supplied by Bemberg Folien. Different molecular orientations were obtained by uniaxial drawing of and phase samples. The results showed that the crystalline phase exerts strong influence on the values of and , indicating that the _a relaxation process, associated with the glass transition of PVDF, is not exclsively related to the amorphous region of the polymer. An interphase region, which maintains the conformational characteristics of the crystalline regions, should influence the process decisively. The molecular orientation increased the values of for both PVDF phases and modified its dependence with temperature over the whole frequency range studied. The influence of the crystallization and molecular orientation conditions on the dc electric conductivity (_dc) were also verified. The value of _dc was slightly higher for samples crystallized from solution at the lowest temperature and decreased with draw ratio.     

The influence of ageing on the stability of β-γ/γ′ derived microstructures in Ni-Al-Cr-(Co) alloys

Multiphase Ni-Al-(Fe)-(Cr)-(Co)-based intermetallics with (B2)- (A1)/(L1₂), - or - microstructures can exhibit significant room-temperature tensile ductility. In the case of Ni-Al-Cr-based alloys, microstructural development is complicated by the precipitation of -Cr, which can supplant the -phase during ageing of three-phase -/ microstructures. An investigation of the stability, during ageing, of cast Ni-Al-Cr-(Co) alloys with microstructures derived from -/ is reported. In the as-cast condition, the materials investigated consisted of a dendritic matrix containing L1₀ type martensite and interdendritic /. Extensive intra- and interdendritic -Cr precipitation was also observed. The stability during ageing of the interdendritic / microstructure is also considered and transformation of the L1₀ martensite is examined.     

Mössbauer studies of α″-Fe16N2 and α′-Fe8N films

Conversion-electron Mössbauer spectra of epitaxial -Fe₁₆N₂ and -Fe₈N films have been studied and their differences are discussed in detail. The Mössbauer spectrum of -Fe₁₆N₂ can be decomposed into three subspectra, which correspond to the 4d, 8h and 4c sites. The Mössbauer spectrum of -Fe₈N can be fitted using four spectra based on a nitrogen-atom-random-distribution model. The average hyperfine field is larger (3%) for -Fe₁₆N₂ than for -Fe₈N, which is approximately consistent with a 4.1% enhancement of the magnetic moments for -Fe₁₆N₂. The iron moments tend to locate in the film plane for -Fe₁₆N₂ and to arrange perpendicularly to the film plane for -Fe₈N.     

The plastic behaviour of 〈100〉 and 〈111〉 textured polycrystalline metals during simultaneous torsion and extension

On the basis of computer-calculated yield functions, the work hardening of 100 textured Cu-0.64 at % Co-0.48 at % Si and 111 textured polycrystalline copper wires were studied by simultaneous torsion and extension and by pure extension. Representing the work hardening by resolved shear stress-resolved shear strain curves, the rate of hardening is significantly lower for torsion than for pure extension. This behaviour is explained by the operation of different slip systems activated in the two modes of deformation. In the 100 textured Cu-Co-Si wires, heterogeneous plastic deformation was observed beyond about 80% shear strain.     

The effect of Si,Zr, Al and Mo on the structure and strength of Ti martensite

The structure and strength of martensite in near titanium alloys have been studied in the composition range (wt %) up to 10% Zr, 6%, Al, 1/2% Mo, 2.4% Si. [0001], 1/3 11¯20 dislocations, 1/3 10¯10 stacking faults and approximately {10¯11} twin related martensite plates are found to be common features of the martensite. Martensite midribs consist either of finely transformed material between martensite plates, or regions of low dislocation density within martensite plates.The martensite morphology is related to the alloy composition, changing from massive to plate-like with increasing solute content. The strength of the martensite is controlled largely by solid solution strengthening.     

Higher approximations for supersonic flow past slowly oscillating bodies of revolution

Summary Supersonic flow past slowly oscillating pointed bodies of revolution is studied. Starting from the complete nonlinear potential equation an elementary linearized solution is discussed and it is shown how this solution together with the method of matched asymptotic expansions can be used to derive an elementary second-order slender body theory. This approach is further demonstrated for the oscillating cone and its range of validity is evaluated by comparison with other theoretical methods.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird die Überschallströmung um langsam schwingende spitze Rotationskörper untersucht. Ausgehend von der vollständigen nichtlinearen Potentialgleichung wird zuerst eine elementare linearisierte Lösung besprochen und gezeigt, wie diese Lösung im Verein mit der Method of matched asymptotic expansions zur Herleitung einer elementaren Schlankkörpertheorie zweiter Ordnung verwendet werden kann. Die Theorie wird am Beispiel des schwingenden Kegels näher erläutert und mit anderen Methoden verglichen.

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Symbols a Velocity of sound - c _N Normal force coefficient - Damping coefficient - F _(x) Dipole distribution - k Reduced frequency - M Mach number - R (x) Meridian profile - t Time - x, r, Cylindrical coordinates - - Ratio of specific heats - Amplitude of oscillation - Thickness ratio - Perturbation potential - Zero angle of attack potential - æ - Velocity potential - Out-of-phase potential - - In-phase potential - - Source coordinate With 4 Figures     

A transmission electron microscopic study of the Bethany iron meteorite

The Bethany iron meteorite which is a part of the Gibeon shower is a fine octahedrite with zoned plessite fields of various sizes. The optically irresolvable microstructural details inside the plessitic fields have been studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the crystallographic relationships between the primary kamacite () and the parent taenite (), and between the and particles in the coarse plessite, have been examined using electron diffraction. In the case of primary kamacite the orientation-relationship with was close to the Nishiyama-Wasserman relationship, whereas, for the plessitic , the orientation-relationship with was close to Kurdjumov-Sachs. It was also found that the (111) and (110) planes were not strictly parallel. Additionally, measurements of the composition profile through the zoned plessite have been made using STEM microanalysis technique, and related to microstructure.     

Inertia of measurements with “auxiliary-wall” type heat meters

The article examines the problem of thermal inertia on the basis of an auxiliary-wall type heat meter, it demonstrates the boundaries of applicability of the approximate relationship for calculating non-steady-state heat fluxes.Notation q() non-steady-state heat flux through the heat meter - _i,a _i thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and thickness of the heat meter, respectively - ₂,a ₂ thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, respectively, of the base of the heat meter - t() temperature gradient over the thickness of the heat meter - index of thermal inertia - time - s parameter of Laplace transform - t₁ (x, ) temperature of the heat meter at point x - t₂(x, ) temperature of the base - t_c ambient temperature - Y_q(s) transfer function from the heat flux q() to the temperature gradient t() Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 298–305, August, 1980.     

Relationship between deposition and recrystallization textures of copper and chromium electrodeposits

The 100, 111 and 110 textures of copper electrodeposits obtained from copper sulfate baths changed to the 100, 100 and textures, respectively, after recrystallization. The textures of chromium electrodeposits obtained from the standard Sargent bath remained unchanged after recrystallization. The results are in agreement with the prediction of the strain energy release maximization model, in which the recrystallized grains orient themselves so that their minimum elastic modulus direction can be parallel to the absolute maximum internal stress direction due to dislocations in the non-recrystallized grains.     

Nonlinear asymptotic theory of hypersonic flow past a circular cone

Summary The hypersonic small-disturbance theory is reexamined in this study. A systematic and rigorous approach is proposed to obtain the nonlinear asymptotic equation from the Taylor-Maccoll equation for hypersonic flow past a circular cone. Using this approach, consideration is made of a general asymptotic expansion of the unified supersonic-hypersonic similarity parameter together with the stretched coordinate. Moreover, the successive approximate solutions of the nonlinear hypersonic smalldisturbance equation are solved by iteration. Both of these approximations provide a closed-form solution, which is suitable for the analysis of various related flow problems. Besides the velocity components, the shock location and other thermodynamic properties are presented. Comparisons are also made of the zeroth-order with first-order approximations for shock location and pressure coefficient on the cone surface, respectively. The latter (including the nonlinear effects) demonstrates better correlation with exact solution than the zeroth-order approximation. This approach offers further insight into the fundamental features of hypersonic small-disturbance theory.Notation a speed of sound - H unified supersonic-hypersonic similarity parameter, - K hypersonic similarity parameter, M - M freestream Mach number - P pressure - T temperature - S entropy - u, v radial, polar velocities - V freestream velocity - shock angle - cone angle - density - density ratio, /() - ratio of specific heats - polar angle - stretched polar angle, / - (), (), () gage functions     

Effect of antimony doping on magnetic properties of Ni-Zn ferrites

The influence of Sb⁵⁺ doping on magnetic initial permeability () and magnetic loss factor () in Ni-Zn ferrites over a frequency range from 10 kHz to 1 GHz at room temperature is studied. The Curie temperature (T _c), saturation magnetization (M _s), lattice constant (a) and mean grain diameter (D _m) of the pure and doped ferrites have also been evaluated. Domain wall relaxation has been observed in all the samples. Using the existing theories the magneto-crystalline anisotropy constant (K) and certain domain wall constants like wall damping parameters (), domain wall energy (_w), the wall mobility () and the wall mass (m _w) have been evaluated and the results are compared and discussed with the similar data available on other ferrimagnetic oxides.     

Radiation of internal waves during vertical motion of a body through a nonuniform liquid

Energy losses to radiation of internal waves during the vertical motion of a point dipole in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases are computed.Notation _o(z), p_o(z) density and pressure of the ground state - z vertical coordinate - v, p, perturbed velocity, pressure, and density - H(d 1n _o/dz)^–1 characteristic length scale for stratification - N=(gH^–1–g²c _o ^–2 )^1/2 Weisel-Brent frequency - g acceleration of gravity - c_o speed of sound - vertical component of the perturbed velocity - V vector operator - k wave vector - frequency - d vector surface element - W magnitude of the energy losses - (t), (r) (x)(y)(z) Dirac functions - v_o velocity of motion of the source of perturbations - d dipole moment of the doublet - _o,l length dimension parameters - _o intensity of the source Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 619–623, October, 1980.     

Lifetimes of Fast R+ Rotons due to Scattering by Thermal Phonons in Superfluid 4He

We have injected R ⁺ rotons into superfluid ⁴ He at low temperatures (0.05K     

Theoretical estimation of the effect of interfacial energy on the mechanical strength of spinodally decomposed alloys

New interfaces are produced on the slip plane when a crystal with continuous composition fluctuation arising from spinodal decomposition is deformed by slip. In this work, the energy of such interfaces is evaluated for both modulated and mottled structures, and their effects on slip behaviour are discussed. It is concluded that the contribution of this interfacial energy is large enough to account for the age-hardening concomitant with spinodal decomposition.