基于CFRP层合板钻削轴向力时变曲线的钻头几何形状分析

为探索能够实现碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）层合板低损制孔的钻头几何形状,采用4种不同几何形状的钻头,对T800级CFRP层合板进行钻孔实验研究,分析了钻头几何形状对钻削轴向力的影响,探讨了钻削轴向力与分层损伤之间的关系。结果表明:轴向力归零速度与出口分层因子有较好的正相关性,可采用钻削轴向力归零速度来表征钻头几何形状对CFRP层合板钻孔的适用性能。同时,实验发现切削区域具有多阶段几何特征的钻头,在钻出工件底部时轴向力是分阶段缓慢归零,出口分层因子较小。      

硬质合金台阶钻结构参数及钻削工艺参数对CFRP开孔性能的影响

基于VMC850B立式加工中心和UltraPAC超声C-扫描仪,搭建了碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)钻削试验平台,探讨了台阶钻结构参数及钻削工艺参数对CFRP钻削过程中的钻削轴向力和分层因子的影响。结果表明,钻削工艺参数对第一段钻削轴向力影响较大,台阶钻结构参数对第二段钻削轴向力的影响较大;分层因子的大小与第一段钻削轴向力和第二段钻削轴向力有关,当第一段和第二段直径比d/D0.5时,分层因子主要与第一段钻削轴向力有关;减小分层的优水平组合为第一段直径2.8mm,第二段锋角95°,主轴转速7000r/min,进给速度2.5mm/s。     

Experimental thrust forces and delamination analysis of GFRP laminates using candlestick drills

Drilling is usually performed using twist drills while assembling the composite components. However, it is necessary to adopt appropriate tool as the risk of delamination damage is high. Many researchers have performed experimental and theoretical study concerning drilling-induced delamination damage in composites utilizing special drills. The article performed drilling experiments of glass fiber reinforced plastic laminates utilizing candlestick drills. Ten candlestick drills with different drill tip geometries were compared in thrust forces and push down delamination. The results revealed the drilling behavior of the outer cutting edges and the outer drill tips for candlestick drill, and also indicated that the push down delamination depended on exit thrust force instead of maximum thrust force. What is more, thrust forces and push down delamination were significantly reduced when holes were produced using reasonable candlestick drill tip geometry. Finally, the analysis was useful for selecting appropriate candlestick drill tip geometry and conducting candlestick drill tip geometry optimization.     

Experimental investigation and optimization of machining parameters in drilling of fly ash-filled carbon fiber reinforced composites

Particle-filled polymer composites have become attractive because of their wide applications and low cost. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is well known as a difficult-to-cut material, which has very strong physical and mechanical characteristics. Machining of carbon fiber reinforced composites is essential to have functional upshots, out of which drilling is the key operation needed for fabrication. In this paper Taguchi L₂₇ experimental design is coupled with grey relational analysis (GRA) to optimize the multiple performance characteristics in the drilling of fly ash-filled carbon fiber reinforced composites. Experiments were conducted on a vertical machining center, and Taguchi L₂₇ experimental design was chosen for the experiments. The drilling parameters, namely spindle speed, feed rate, drill diameter and wt% of fly ash, have been optimized based on the multiple performance characteristics including thrust force, surface roughness, and delamination. The GRA with multiple performance characteristics indicates that the wt% of fly ash and drill diameter are the most significant factors that affect the performance. Experimental results have shown that the performance in the drilling process can be improved effectively by using this approach.     

Study of drilling of composite material and aluminium stack

Drilling of CFRP/Al or CFRP/Ti, or Al/CFRP/Ti is a challenge to manufacturing engineers. Drilling of CFRP is manageable but the minute drill hits the Al or Ti, those hot and continuous chips destroy the hole. Few studies are carried out in this aspect; CFRP/Al is not reported till date. It is important to select right process parameters when drilling multimaterial stack since each material in the stack requires a different set of machining parameters. Hence, Drilling trials have been carried out in carbon-fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP)/aluminium (Grade 2024) stack without coolant, with plain carbide (K20) drills of various diameters to choose optimum process parameters. The parametric influences on thrust force, torque as well as surface finish were experimentally evaluated. The experimental results show that the quality of holes can be improved by proper selection of cutting parameters. This is substantiated by monitoring thrust force, torque, surface finish, circularity and hole diameter. For the CFRP, the circularity is found to be around 6 μm at low feed rates, when the feed is increased the circularity increases to 25 μm. The wear tests carried out show that, during first 30 holes, thrust force in CFRP undergoes a more important increase (90%) than thrust force of aluminium (6%).     

Machinability analysis in drilling woven GFR/epoxy composites: Part I – Effect of machining parameters

The present paper deals with the effect of machining parameters (feed, speed and drill diameter) on the thrust force and machinability of woven glass fiber-reinforced epoxy (GFRE) composites. The selected machinability parameters were delamination size, surface roughness, and bearing strength. The results show that, delamination-free in drilling GFRE composites was not observed, in the range of the investigated cutting parameters. Surface roughness instrument can be used as an indication for the position of the internal delamination damage in drilling GFRE composites. The high values of correlation coefficients between thrust force and the machinability parameters confirm the importance of reducing the thrust force to improve the load carrying capacity of composite structure assembled by rivets or bolted joints.     

双顶角钻头钻削CFRP复合材料的刀具磨损机制

为了研究碳纤维增强树脂基(CFRP)复合材料切削中刀具在不同部位的磨损机制和规律,以典型的硬质合金双顶角钻头作为研究对象,主要研究对出口分层影响较大的横刃和对最终制孔成型影响较大的第二主切削刃的磨损机制及规律。通过减小磨损测量间隔,并引入切削刃钝圆半径以及后刀面磨损带宽度,表征了横刃和第二主切削刃在加工中的衰变过程。基于显微刃口观测和钝圆半径变化,揭示横刃易崩刃和第二主切削刃磨损后又受到重新刃磨的磨损机制,获得了此类型钻头不同部位的磨损规律。同时,基于上述的磨损表征,研究不同切削部位磨损量对钻削轴向力和力矩的影响,横刃轴向力与横刃钝圆半径变化相关性较小,而钻削最大力矩与第二主切削刃后刀面磨损变化规律相一致。     

CFRP管面钻削缺陷形成机制

碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)传动轴因性能优越广泛应用于汽车、航空航天、船舶、冷却塔风机等轻量化领域,但其钻削过程中容易出现毛刺、分层等缺陷。为了揭示CFRP管面钻削缺陷形成机制,选择双锋角钻头和三尖二刃钻对CFRP管面钻孔,利用分步钻削盲孔和通孔的方法,分析了损伤部位的受力情况,揭示了入口撕裂、出口毛刺和分层产生原因。根据实验结果,发现双锋角钻头钻孔时入口撕裂损伤较大,损伤位置在钻头与管面接触最低点,且主要是那部分水平缠绕CFRP管的纤维,原因是水平缠绕的纤维屈曲变形最大,对切削力更加敏感。双锋角钻头和三尖二刃钻的横刃对孔最终出口分层没有影响,主切削刃的切削行为决定孔最终出口分层。相同钻头钻孔时,轴向力不是唯一影响分层因子的因素,还需考虑切削热。相比双锋角钻头,三尖二刃钻因锋利的外缘尖角能有效划断纤维,使出口分层较小。     

Selection of drilling conditions for glass fibre reinforced plastics

An experimental investigation has been carried out into the drilling of glass fibre reinforced plastics using HSS twist drills. A test series was conducted using a wide range of cutting conditions and drill geometry, namely cutting speed, feed rate, point angle and helix angle. Decisions relating to the ‘optimum’ drilling conditions were based on the geometrical accuracy and appearance of the produced holes. Drill wear was measured during the test trials and used as a further constraint in ‘optimum’ cutting conditions selection. Speed, feed rate and drill point angle were found statistically to be the most significant parameters influencing hole quality. Drill wear can be successfully correlated to the level of the thrust force. A simple nomogram is included to predict drill wear level from the thrust level or the amount of material removed.     

A comparison between wet and cryogenic drilling of CFRP/Ti stacks

This paper compares conventional and cryogenic cooling in the deep hole drilling of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)/Ti stacks. Various parameters are taken into account to find if the use of cryogenic coolant is justified by the improvement of the final results. Both the thrust and the torque were acquired continuously during the machining operations and compared both in average and distribution. The use of a cryogenic coolant brings a reduction in thrust force and torque without any sensible drawback. Overall the results prove that cryogenic drilling is a suitable technology for CFRP/Ti stack drill.     

考虑刀具磨损影响的CFRP复合材料钻削轴向力预测

在碳纤维增强树脂(CFRP)复合材料钻削过程中,随着刀具磨损量的累积,轴向力会逐渐增加,轴向力过大会导致CFRP复合材料一系列的加工缺陷。为实现在CFRP复合材料钻削过程中随刀具磨损量的累积轴向力变化的有限元分析及预测,建立了CFRP复合材料钻削仿真模型,通过对ABAQUS仿真软件二次开发,利用Python语言开发子程序,将考虑磨损量累积的轴向力预测模型导入仿真软件,运用ABAQUS软件对CFRP复合材料钻削中轴向力进行研究,实现了随着刀具磨损量累积轴向力变化的预测功能。随后通过CFRP复合材料钻削试验,分析了轴向力随钻削孔数的变化规律,以验证轴向力的预测结果。结果表明:3D钻削有限元模型能够良好地预测实际加工过程中刀具未磨损时轴向力的大小,其误差为9.10%;在考虑磨损量累积后,轴向力预测模型能够较准确地预测实际加工过程轴向力的大小,其最大误差不超过10%。      

Drilling tool geometry evaluation for reinforced composite laminates

In this work, a comparative study on different drill point geometries and feed rate for composite laminates drilling is presented. For this goal, thrust force monitoring during drilling, hole wall roughness measurement and delamination extension assessment after drilling is accomplished. Delamination is evaluated using enhanced radiography combined with a dedicated computational platform that integrates algorithms of image processing and analysis. An experimental procedure was planned and consequences were evaluated. Results show that a cautious combination of the factors involved, like drill tip geometry or feed rate, can promote the reduction of delamination damage.     

Dynamic response of multidirectional composites in hygrothermal environments

Drilling is an essential operation in the assembly of the structural frames of automobiles and aircrafts. The life of the joint can be critically affected by the quality of the drilled holes. The main objective of the present paper is to investigate the influence of some parameters on the thrust force, torque and surface roughness in drilling processes of fiber-reinforced composite materials. These parameters include cutting speed, feed, drill size and fiber volume fraction. The quasi-isotropic composite materials were manufactured from randomly oriented glass fiber-reinforced epoxy, with various values of fiber volume fractions (V_f), using hand-lay-up technique. Two components drill dynamometer has been designed and manufactured to measure the thrust and torque during the drilling process. The dynamometer was connected with a data acquisition, which installed in a PC computer. This set-up enable to monitor and record the thrust force and torque with the aid of a computer program that designed using Lab View utilities.

The results indicate that the start point of torque cycle is delayed by few seconds (depending on the value of feed) than the thrust force. This time is consumed to penetrate the specimen by chiseling edge. After the thrust force reached its maximum value it is gradually decreased during the full engagement of the drill and goes to zero when both the chisel edge and the cutting lips have exit of the laminate. In contrast the torque was gradually increased up to the end of the cycle and sudden jump to a value about 10 times the peak value. Cutting speed has insignificant effect on the thrust force and surface roughness of epoxy resin. For glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites (GFREC) with V_f=9.8–23.7% the thrust force and torque were decreased with increasing cutting speed. On contrast increasing feed, drill size and fiber volume fractions lead to increase the thrust force and torque. The drilled holes of GFREC with lower V_f ratio at lower feed have greater roughness than that drilled at higher feed. Specimens with high V_f ratio have a contrary behavior. Drill diameter combined with feed has a significant effect on surface roughness.     

Residual tensile strength monitoring of drilled composite materials by acoustic emission

Drilling results in damage such as delamination and matrix cracking around the hole and might ultimately causes degradation in the residual tensile strength of the drilled components. The damage induced during the drilling of composites can be detrimental to the mechanical behavior of the composite products. In this work, the effects of machining parameters (feed rate and cutting speed) and drill point angle on thrust force, the adjusted delamination factor and residual tensile strength are investigated. The Taguchi technique for the design of experiments was employed to analyze the thrust force, adjusted delamination factor and residual tensile strength of woven glass/resin epoxy. The results show that feed rate and drill point angle are the most important parameters. During tensile testing of drilled laminates, acoustic emission (AE) events were recorded. By feature extraction of AE time domain parameters, the suitable parameter for detecting the characteristics of thrust force and tensile force were determined. The AE mean power (MP) and cumulative count correlated well with thrust force and tensile force, respectively.     

Trepanning on unidirectional composites: delamination studies

Drilling of fibre reinforced plastics with conventional tools often results in defects like delamination, debonding, fibre pull-out, etc. Thrust is a major factor responsible for delamination and it mainly depends on tool geometry and feed rate. Trepanning tools, which were used in this study, were found to give reduced thrust while making holes on thin laminated composites. In this work the peculiarities of trepanning over drilling of unidirectional composites has been emphasised. The models for prediction of critical thrust and critical feed rate at the onset of delamination during trepanning of unidirectional composites based on fracture mechanics and plate theory also have been presented. Mathematical models correlating thrust and torque with tool diameter and feed rate have been developed through statistically designed experiments and effect of various parameters on them have been discussed. The critical feed rate is a function of strain energy release rate, elastic properties, sub-laminate thickness and diameter of the tool. It is observed that sub-laminate thickness is the most decisive parameter from the viewpoint of critical feed rates.     

Influence of machining parameters and new nano-coated tool on drilling performance of CFRP/Aluminium sandwich

Drilling and fastening of hybrid materials in one-shot operation reduces cycle time of assembly of aerospace structures. One of the most common problems encountered in automatic drilling and riveting of multimaterial is that the continuous chips curl up on the body of the tool. Drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is manageable, but when the minute drill hits the aluminium (Al) or titanium (Ti), the hot and continuous chips produced during machining considerably damage the CFRP hole. This study aims to solve this problem by employing nano-coated drills on multimaterial made of CFRP and aluminium alloy. The influence of cutting parameters on the quality of the holes, chip formation and tool wear were also analyzed. Two types of tungsten carbide drills were used for the present study, one with nano-coating and the other, without nano coating. The experimental results indicated that the shape and the size of the chips are strongly influenced by feed rate. The thrust force generated during drilling of the composite plate with coated drills was 10–15% lesser when compared to that generated during drilling with uncoated drills; similarly, the thrust force in the aluminium alloy was 50% lesser with coated drills when compared to thrust force generated without coated drills. Thus, the use of nano-coated drills significantly reduced the surface roughness and thrust force when compared with uncoated tools.     

A review of mechanical drilling for composite laminates

Composite laminates (CFRP, GFRP, and fiber metal composite laminates) are attractive for many applications (such as aerospace and aircraft structural components) due to their superior properties. Usually, mechanical drilling operation is an important final machining process for components made of composite laminates. However, composite laminates are regarded as hard-to-machine materials, which results in low drilling efficiency and undesirable drilling-induced delamination. Therefore, it is desirable to improve the cost-effectiveness of currently-available drilling processes and to develop more advanced drilling processes for composite laminates. Such improvement and development will benefit from a comprehensive literature review on drilling of composite laminates. This review paper summarizes an up-to-date progress in mechanical drilling of composite laminates reported in the literature. It covers drilling operations (including conventional drilling, grinding drilling, vibration-assisted twist drilling, and high speed drilling), drill bit geometry and materials, drilling-induced delamination and its suppressing approaches, thrust force, and tool wear. It is intended to help readers to obtain a comprehensive view on mechanical drilling of composite laminates.     

Drilling analysis of coir-fibre-reinforced polyester composites

An investigation has been carried out to make use of coir, a natural fibre abundantly available in India. Coir-polyester composites were prepared and their mechanical and machinability characteristics were studied. The short coir-fibre-reinforced composites exhibited the tensile, flexural and impact strength of 16·1709 MPa, 29·2611 MPa and 46·1740 J/m, respectively. The regression equations were developed and optimized for studying drilling characteristics of coir-polyester composites using the Taguchi approach. A drill bit diameter of 6 mm, spindle speed of 600 rpm and feed rate of 0·3 mm/rev gave the minimum value of thrust force, torque and tool wear in drilling analysis.     

Investigation on cutting mechanism in small diameter drilling for GFRP (thrust force and surface roughness at drilled hole wall)

This study describes the relation between the cutting force and the surface roughness of a drilled hole wall in small-diameter drilling of GFRP for a printed wiring board. In order to investigate the characteristics of small diameter drilling for GFRP, the surface of the drilled hole wall is observed by SEM, and the surface roughness along the feed direction is measured at various edge position angles of the drilled hole. The cutting force during drilling is measured. Moreover, the thrust force is devided into two components (the static component and the dynamic component). It is shown that the dynamic components are related with the surface roughness of the drilled hole wall. In conclusion, it is found that the major cutting edge of the drill is more influential in the quality of the drilled hole wall than the chisel edge of the drill in small diameter drilling of PWB.     

Optimization of delamination factor in drilling GFR–polypropylene composites

Glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites often replace the conventional materials due to their special or unique mechanical properties. As the applications of these composites increase for a number of industries, drilling of these composites is inevitable for subsequent composite product manufacturing stage. In the drilling of composites, the thrust force is induced during the drilling operation; as a result, it causes damage. This damage is characterized by the delamination factor, which depends on the machining parameters such as speed of the spindle, feed rate, and drill diameter. The study on the delamination in the drilling of glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene is limited and has been carried out comprehensively. The effect of machining parameters on delamination in the drilling of glass fiber-strengthened polypropylene (GFR-PP) composites is studied through the Box–Bhenken design. Response surface method, along with the desirability analysis, is used for modeling and optimization of delamination factor in the drilling. The result proves that the models are effectively used to forecast the delamination in the drilling of GFR-PP composites. Also, the result indicates that the foremost issue that influences the delamination is the feed rate.