基于磁相互作用探索P掺杂对Fe-Si-Nb-Cu-B合金带材组织结构和软磁性能的影响

类金属元素是改善Fe基非晶纳米晶合金非晶形成能力和软磁性能的重要添加剂。用单辊甩带法制备了Fe_73.5Si_13.5Nb₃Cu₁B_9-xP_x(x=0, 3%, 6%, 9%)(原子分数)合金带材,从各元素间磁相互作用出发探索了P替换B对合金组织结构和软磁性能的影响。实验结果表明,P添加可有效提高合金的初晶相晶化温度以及合金的非晶形成能力;但是二次晶化相的析出温度降低,弱化了其热稳定性。当P含量为3%(原子分数)时,合金有较宽的退火温度窗口,且可有效细化初晶相晶粒尺寸,并在525℃退火后表现出最佳软磁性能,此时合金晶粒尺寸为9 nm,矫顽力为0.21 A/m,同时有效磁导率高于x=0合金。但是由于P的添加,残余非晶相中Fe的磁矩降低,导致合金的饱和磁感应强度降低。     

FeCoZrNbB合金的晶化过程及磁性能

采用单辊快淬法制备Fe_81-xCo_xZr₇Nb₂B₁₀(x = 2, 4, 6) 系非晶合金,并对该系非晶合金进行热处理。利用X射线衍射和振动样品磁强计研究FeCoZrNbB 合金系的晶化过程和磁性能。结果表明,Fe_81-xCo_xZr₇Nb₂B₁₀(x = 2, 4, 6) 系合金在快淬速率为30 m/s时完全形成非晶。Fe₇₉Co₂Zr₇Nb₂B₁₀合金的晶化过程为非晶→非晶+α-Fe→α-Fe + Fe₃Zr + Fe₂Nb_0.4Zr_0.6;Fe₇₇Co₄Zr₇Nb₂B₁₀与Fe₇₅Co₆Zr₇Nb₂B₁₀合金的晶化过程相同为非晶→非晶+α-Fe→ α-Fe + Fe₃Zr →α-Fe + Fe₃Zr + Fe₂Nb_0.4Zr_0.6。Co 含量的增加抑制了退火后α-Fe晶相的形核,并促使Fe 3Zr化合物更易析出。Fe_81-xCo_xZr₇Nb₂B₁₀(x = 2, 4, 6) 合金的比饱和磁化强度( M_s) 和矫顽力 ( H_c) 随退火温度的变化趋势相同。530℃ 之前退火,随退火温度的升高M s增加并不明显 ; 530℃之后退火,M_s迅速上升。530℃ 退火,H_c达到最小值;高于530℃ 退火,H_c随退火温度的升高而增加。      

退火温度对Fe35Ni30Cr20Al10Nb5高熵合金的组织结构和性能的影响

系统地研究了退火处理温度对低熔点高熵合金Fe₃₅Ni₃₀Cr₂₀Al₁₀Nb₅(摩尔比)的组织结构和性能的影响。结果表明：随着退火温度的提高,铸态Fe₃₅Ni₃₀Cr₂₀Al₁₀Nb₅合金中富Fe-Cr元素的fcc相的体积分数逐渐减少,Laves相和B2-NiAl相的体积分数逐渐增大。准静态压缩实验结果表明,铸态样品的压缩塑性变形能力良好。随着退火处理温度的提高合金的屈服强度先提高后降低,在700℃退火的样品其屈服强度最高(为1247.7 MPa),但是塑性变形量比铸态有所降低。压缩屈服强度随退火处理温度降低,可归因于基体fcc相在高温下的分解。电化学测试结果表明,这种合金的耐腐蚀能力随退火处理温度的提高而单调提高,在900℃退火的样品其腐蚀电位为-72.02 mV。     

激光熔覆NbMoTaWV难熔高熵合金涂层的高温氧化行为

难熔高熵合金涂层是近年来高熵合金领域的研究热点,有望成为未来重要的高温结构和功能材料。本工作采用激光熔覆技术制备了NbMoTaWV难熔高熵合金涂层,研究了其在800℃下的高温氧化行为,重点分析了不同氧化时间(10、20、30、50、100 h)的NbMoTaWV难熔高熵合金涂层组织结构演变、显微硬度变化及界面元素扩散行为。实验结果表明：NbMoTaWV难熔高熵合金涂层主要由Fe₇Ta₃型HCP固溶体相、(Fe, Ni)基体相及未熔高熵合金粉末相组成,而经不同时间氧化处理后,涂层表面生成了以Fe₂O₃和Fe₃O₄为主的氧化物相。800℃高温氧化处理后,NbMoTaWV高熵合金涂层内部组织结构变化不大,仅部分氧元素扩散进入到涂层内部。高温氧化导致NbMoTaWV难熔高熵合金涂层的显微硬度有所提升,但随着氧化时间的延长,NbMoTaWV难熔高熵合金涂层的显微硬度呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,且当氧化时间为20 h时,其显微硬度达到最大,这与高温扩散所导致的固溶强化有...     

具有近室温磁热效应的Fe71Mo9P13C7块体非晶态合金

通过Fluxing提纯处理和J-Quenching快速凝固技术相结合的方法成功制备出临界尺寸为1.3 mm的Fe₇₁Mo₉P₁₃C₇块体非晶态合金棒,并对其热力学性能、磁性能和磁热性能进行了研究。结果显示,Fe₇₁Mo₉P₁₃C₇块体非晶态合金的饱和磁化强度为0.55 T;在5 T外加磁场下的最大等温磁熵变值为2.57 J/（kg·K）,制冷能力为305.57 J kg。重要的是Fe₇₁Mo₉P₁₃C₇块体非晶态合金的居里温度为355 K,接近室温,因此有望成为室温磁制冷工质的候选材料。     

超强金属/高熵合金纳米叠层材料:利用相变的尺寸约束效应（英文）

本文通过磁控溅射制备了具有相同组元层厚度(h=5–150 nm)的Cu/Fe₅₀Mn₃₀Co₁₀Cr₁₀和Cu/Fe₅₀Mn₃₀Co₁₀Ni₁₀金属/高熵合金纳米多层膜,对比研究了强约束条件下非等原子比Fe₅₀Mn₃₀Co₁₀Cr₁₀和Fe₅₀Mn₃₀-Co₁₀Ni₁₀高熵合金的相稳定性及其对力学性能的影响.沉积过程中由于组元Cu层的约束与模板效应,组元Fe₅₀Mn₃₀Co₁₀Cr₁₀层在层厚小于25 nm时发生了尺寸驱动的HCP到FCC相变.与此同时,由于堆垛层错可以作为相变的形核质点, Cu/Fe₅₀Mn₃₀     

Ce掺杂对Fe81Ga15.5A13.5合金微观结构和磁性能的影响

以Fe₈₁Ga_15.5Al_3.5合金为基体向其中掺杂Ce元素，研究(Fe₈₁Ga_15.5Al_3.5)_100-xCe_x(x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0)合金微观结构和磁性能的变化。结果显示：Fe₈₁Ga_15.5Al_3.5合金的晶粒形状为柱状晶，加入Ce元素后，晶粒形状变为树枝晶。少量Ce元素加入时，(Fe₈₁Ga_15.5Al_3.5)_100-xCe_x合金的相结构仍以A2相为主；当x>0.8%时，合金的相结构由A2相和CeCa₂相组成。Ce元素的加入可以改变合金[100]晶向的取向性；合金的晶格常数随着Ce含量的增加而逐渐减小。在扫描电镜下，可以观察到Fe₈₁Ga     

纳米多孔Fe-Si-B-P的脱合金制备及其电化学性能

在0.05 mol/L H₂SO₄溶液中对773～833 K热处理后的Fe₇₆Si₉B₁₀P₅非晶合金进行脱合金处理，采用脱合金法制备出Fe-Si-B-P纳米多孔材料。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜等手段以及电化学工作站表征其表面形貌、微观结构和组成，研究其电化学性能。结果表明，热处理后的Fe₇₆Si₉B₁₀P₅非晶合金晶化为α-Fe、Fe₂B和Fe₃P相，在脱合金过程中α-Fe晶粒优先溶解形成纳米多孔结构，随着热处理温度从773 K提高到833 K材料中纳米多孔的孔径从150 nm增大到260 nm。同时，较大的比表面积提供更多的催化活性位点使纳米多孔Fe-Si-B-P具有比Fe₇₆Si₉B₁₀P₅非晶合金更优异的氧化还...     

Fe含量对FeSiBPCu合金非晶晶化行为与磁性能的影响

用熔体快淬法制备不同Fe含量的Fe Si BPCu非晶合金并进行快速退火处理,对其晶化行为和磁性能进行了深入研究。结果表明:随着Fe含量的增加,Fe Si BPCu合金的表观晶化激活能逐渐降低;Fe Si BPCu合金的整个晶化过程析出相一致,与Fe含量无关;Fex(Si B)96-xP3Cu1(x=80,83 and 85)合金退火后得到均匀的纳米晶组织,晶粒尺寸小于20 nm,但是退火态Fe78Si6B12P3Cu1和Fe75Si8B13P3Cu1的晶粒大小很不均匀,晶粒尺寸范围为5-50 nm;退火态Fe85Si3B8P3Cu1合金表现出优异的软磁性能:矫顽力为12 A·m-1,饱和磁极化强度为1.87 T,在最大磁感应强度为1.7 T时铁损仍低于1.0,远优于广泛使用的退火态Fe78Si9B13和无取向硅钢。     

MoNbTaTiW难熔高熵合金表面硅化物涂层的制备与抗氧化机理

解决难熔高熵合金在高温下的抗氧化问题是其应用于工程的前提,在难熔金属表面制备抗氧化涂层是提高其抗氧化性能的有效途径。采用料浆熔烧法在MoNbTaTiW难熔高熵合金表面制备复杂硅化物抗氧化涂层（Si-20Cr-20Fe）,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）和X射线衍射（XRD）等研究原始硅化物涂层及其在1 300℃氧化后的显微结构、物相和成分,探讨Si, Fe, Cr在涂层中的扩散规律和涂层的抗氧化机理。结果显示：熔烧后的原始硅化物涂层由金属与硅反应生成的二硅化物、5/3硅化物和三元硅化物Cr₄Nb₂Si₅组成,硅化物涂层与基体之间形成了良好的扩散反应界面。1 300℃氧化后,Si, Fe, Cr 3种元素向基体扩散,扩散反应界面向基体方向移动,涂层厚度增加,扩散反应界面的结构与成分与原始复杂硅化物涂层的无显著差别。氧化后涂层表面形成了由CrNbO₄,SiO₂,WO₃和Fe₂SiO₄组成的无裂纹致密氧化物层,...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...