Al-5.4Zn-2.6Mg-1.4Cu合金板材的低周疲劳行为

进行Al-5.4Zn-2.6Mg-1.4Cu合金板材的室温低周疲劳实验,对比研究了轴向平行于轧制方向(RD方向)和垂直于轧制方向(TD方向)试样的低周疲劳行为。结果表明：对于0.4%~0.8%的外加总应变幅,RD和TD方向合金试样的循环应力响应行为均呈现出循环稳定;对于相同的外加总应变幅,TD方向合金的循环应力幅值高于RD方向,而RD方向合金的疲劳寿命高于TD方向。对于RD和TD方向,Al-5.4Zn-2.6Mg-1.4Cu合金的塑性应变幅、弹性应变幅与载荷反向周次均呈线性关系。在低周疲劳加载条件下,裂纹在疲劳试样的自由表面以穿晶方式萌生和扩展。     

3D打印成形Ti-6Al-4V合金的组织和力学性能分析北大核心CSCD

采用3D打印方法制得Ti-6Al-4V合金形成梯度组织,通过实验测试方法对其组织以及拉伸力学性能进行测试分析。研究结果表明:各区域形成了不同尺寸与分布形态的β晶粒。试样形成了清晰的层带间界线,相邻层带间界线距离约2.5 mm。各个高度处都形成了片层组织,不同部位的α片层具有明显不同的尺寸。在各个高度处的试样拉伸测试得到的屈服强度基本一致,而拉伸强度由底部的842 MPa增大至顶部的895 MPa,同时断裂伸长率上升。合金顶端形成了较多位错,中间部位的位错密度发生了显著减小,到底部区域时位错已经很少。45°方向试样达到了最高的屈服/拉伸强度,强度最低的是Z方向试样;X和Y方向试样具备较高断裂延伸率,之后是45°方向试样,最小的是Z方向试样。     

高温多向异步轧制对LZ91镁锂合金组织和力学性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用异步轧制、多向异步轧制、高温异步轧制、高温多向异步轧制四种不同的方式轧制双相镁锂合金板材。通过光学显微镜、MTS E43拉伸试验机和X射线衍射仪观察不同工艺轧制后合金的显微组织、力学性能以及织构特征,综合分析温度和轧制方向条件耦合对镁锂合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:四种轧制工艺可以使α-Mg相沿轧制方向伸长,同时沿着轧制方向法向细化。高温多向异步轧制后α相厚度最低为2.6μm。多向异步轧制后材料的屈服强度、抗拉强度、伸长率分别为149,167 MPa,14.5%,其综合力学性能最优。多向轧制使双峰织构沿ND方向45°偏转,高温轧制使双峰织构由基极向RD方向偏转的角度降低。轧制后样品R-cube织构组分最强,高温多向异步轧制使β-Li相轧制织构转变成为{001}〈100〉织构,有利于{011}〈111〉滑移系发生多滑移。     

轧制方式对ZK60镁合金组织与性能的影响

目的 通过显微组织表征和拉伸性能测试等方法,研究轧制温度、多道次累积压下率及轧制路径对ZK60镁合金组织演变和力学性能的影响。方法 通过在不同温度（300、340、380、420℃）与同一多道次累积压下率下进行轧制实验,明确了后续轧制实验的轧制温度。随后在同一温度、单个道次压下率为10%、不同累积压下率下进行多道次单向轧制及交叉轧制实验,并对轧制后试样的力学性能及微观组织进行分析。结果 当轧制温度为380℃、累积压下率为40.1%时,材料动态再结晶程度最大,平均晶粒尺寸减小为15.48μm,合金抗拉强度和断后伸长率最大,分别为301.46 MPa和20.56%。与多道次单向轧制相比,交叉轧制后合金板材基面织构强度明显降低,极密度值降低为9。材料RD方向的抗拉强度提高了6.35%,断后伸长率没有明显变化,TD方向的抗拉强度略微下降,但断后伸长率提高了71.47%,TD方向由脆性断裂转为韧性断裂。结论 随着温度与累积压下率的上升,ZK60镁合金的动态再结晶程度提高,晶粒得到细化,材料力学性能得到提升。在相同温度与累积压下率下,经交叉轧制后,材料基面织构显著削弱,材料的各向异性得到改善。     

轧制AZ31镁合金板材(4mm)动态压缩性能与失效行为

为了研究轧制AZ31镁合金板材(4mm)在高应变速率下的动态力学性能和失效行为,采用分离式霍普金森压杆装置(SHPB)在室温下应变速率为500～2600s-1范围内对其进行了动态压缩实验,并利用金相显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SM)对冲击后的试样进行了显微分析.探讨了轧制AZ31镁合金板材沿轧制方向(RD)、横向(TD)和法向(ND)的动态压缩性能和失效行为.结果表明:轧制AZ31镁合金4mm板材动态压缩性能存在各向异性.沿RD和TD方向压缩的动态性能相同,沿ND方向压缩的动态断裂强度最大.AZ31镁合金4mm板材的动态压缩断裂机制为解理断裂.变形机制为沿RD和TD方向高速压缩时,{101-2}<112-0>拉伸孪晶参与变形;沿ND方向高速压缩时,{101-1}<112-0>压缩孪晶参与变形.     

一种新型980MPa高强钢在不同温度下的拉伸断裂试验

本文通过在不同温度下,对一种轧制而成的贝氏体高强钢在三个相互垂直的方向进行了拉伸实验,结合宏观力学性能参数及微观断口形貌的观察,分析了这种高强钢在不同温度下的拉伸断裂行为。结果表明:此种钢在三个方向上的宏观力学性能参数基本相同(在室温下屈服强度为950MPa,抗拉强度为1000MPa;-196℃下,屈服强度达到1260MPa,抗拉强度高达1400MPa)。但沿不同方向的拉伸断口差异却很大。沿轧制方向和宽度方向的试样,不同温度下断口形貌相似,在温度较低的试样中都出现了纵向裂纹,在-196℃均出现"Z"型断裂路径;但沿板厚方向的试样,在不同温度下其断口形态都为典型的拉伸断口。     

双向玻纤织物复合材料双轴拉伸载荷下的力学行为

为研究双向玻纤织物复合材料在复杂应力状态下的力学行为,设计双轴加载十字型试样,对其进行不同载荷比的双轴拉伸实验,对比分析了材料在双轴拉伸载荷下的拉伸模量、拉伸强度及失效模式。结果表明:双向玻纤织物复合材料单轴拉伸行为表现为后期非线性、脆性断裂,双轴拉伸载荷下非线性现象更为显著;双轴拉伸模量随载荷的增大而增加,双轴拉伸载荷对材料的拉伸模量具有一定的强化作用;材料的双轴拉伸强度存在双向弱化效应,等比例双轴拉伸时,双轴拉伸强度最低,仅为单轴强度的60.5%;试样破坏发生于中心实验区域,材料不同载荷比的破坏形式有所不同,分别主要表现为纤维断裂、基体失效和玻纤布分层。     

轧制温度对Al−4.5Cu−1.5Mg−0.5Zr合金显微组织及性能影响

目的 优化加工工艺,改善合金的组织,提高合金的力学性能。方法 采用金相(OM)观察、拉伸试验和X射线衍射,分析在大应变轧制下冷轧结合T6态处理后板材的成形性能,引入Williamson-Hall模型和Taylor函数,分析合金内部位错密度的变化规律及其对力学性能的影响。结果 随着前期轧制温度从350 ℃升高到400 ℃,合金晶粒得到明显细化,再结晶充分,晶粒尺寸细小,晶界处第二相粗大;冷轧后晶粒破碎严重,晶粒的碎化方向与轧制方向垂直;在350 ℃时,合金内部的位错密度为1.62×10¹⁵ m^?2,位错密度对强度的贡献值为219.5 MPa,其抗拉强度最大为602 MPa、屈服强度为512 MPa、伸长率为12.6%。结论 Al?4.5Cu?1.5Mg?0.5Zr合金的晶粒组织明显细化,其力学性能得到提升。     

含孔CFRP正交层合板的双轴拉伸力学行为

采用加载臂开槽的中心开孔等厚度十字形试样,实验研究了正交对称铺层碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（CFRP）层合板在双轴拉伸载荷作用下的力学行为,分析了3种双轴加载比对其拉伸强度和破坏行为的影响。研究表明:纤维被切断的铺层部分在拉伸作用下容易与其相邻铺层脱粘,导致层合板承载力下降;等双轴加载时,在孔边的被切断纤维与连续纤维间基体在横向拉伸和纵向剪切组合作用下首先开裂;非等双轴加载时,在垂直于快速拉伸方向的铺层中沿孔边应力集中处先出现基体裂纹;随着加载比的增大,快速拉伸方向的细观结构损伤随载荷的增大发展更快,刚度下降更快,破坏时主裂纹的扩展方向更趋于垂直于快速拉伸方向;强度包络线的分析表明快速拉伸方向的拉伸强度随加载比的增大呈缓慢增大的趋势。      

激光熔化沉积铝合金显微组织及力学性能

目的 提高激光熔化沉积铝合金的成形质量。方法 以颗粒度45~105 μm的AlSi10Mg粉末为材料,4045铝合金为基板,利用激光熔化沉积设备在充氩舱内进行铝合金成形试验。测试试样的硬度和拉伸性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜进行显微组织形貌分析。结果 在沉积方向上,试样显微组织呈现周期性条带状纹路,搭接区域呈现出比较明显的弧形特征;含有大量的细密树枝晶。该合金相成分主要包括:Al相、共晶Si相及少量的Mg2Si强化相。沿扫描方向,试样平均硬度值约为130HV;沿沉积方向,试样平均硬度值约为100HV;沉积态试样的屈服强度约为185.75 MPa,伸长率约为15.21%;沉积态试样拉伸性能明显优于压铸试样;该铝合金的失效形式为韧性断裂。结论 AlSi10Mg在激光熔化沉积时具有良好的成形能力,沉积态的组织强度高于铸态组织强度。     

A different approach for considering the effect of non-proportional loading path on the forming limit diagram of AA5083

In this paper, the effects of strain path change on the forming limit diagram (FLD) of AA5083 sheet were investigated. The aim is to predict the forming limit curve (FLC) with non-proportional loading path by ductile fracture criteria. For this purpose, some square blanks were pre-strained by uniaxial tension in rolling direction (RD) and transverse direction (TD), and some others were pre-strained by biaxial stretching over a hemispherical punch. Then, the FLD test specimens were prepared by trimming the pre-strained blanks with the longitudinal axis in the RD and TD directions. The out-of-plane formability test was used for obtaining the FLD. The commercial finite element software ABAQUSE 6.9 was used for simulation in accordance with the experimental procedure. For trimming in the simulation environment, a program was written in MATLAB 7.6 that could determine the elements and introduce their properties to the new simulation model. Ductile fracture criteria were used for predicting the failure, and the Hill’79 criterion was used for applying the anisotropic coefficients. The results show that pre-straining in biaxial tension generally reduces the FLC and shifts it to the right-hand side of the FLD, whereas pre-straining in uniaxial tension raises the FLC and shifts it to the left-hand side. The numerical results were compared with the experimental findings, and relatively good agreement was achieved.     

Low‐cycle fatigue behavior of rolled WE43‐T5 magnesium alloy

This paper describes the main results from an investigation into the strength and low‐cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of a rolled plate of WE43 Mg alloy in its T5 condition at room temperature. The alloy was found to exhibit small tension/compression yield asymmetry and small anisotropy being stronger in transverse direction (TD) than in rolling direction (RD) along with some anisotropy in strain hardening. The LCF tests were conducted under strain‐controlled conditions with the strain amplitudes ranging from 0.6% to 1.4% without the mean strain component. While the stress amplitudes during the LCF were higher for tests along TD than RD, the LCF life was similar for both directions. As revealed by electron microscopy, the fractured surfaces under tension consisted mainly of microvoid coalescence with some transgranular facets, while those fractured in LCF showed a combination of intergranular fracture and transgranular facets with minor content of microvoid coalescence.     

Effect of initial texture on fatigue properties of extruded ZK60 magnesium alloy

The effect of initial texture on cyclic deformation behavior of extruded ZK60 magnesium (Mg) alloy was experimentally investigated under strain‐controlled loading with the strain amplitudes at 4%, 1%, and 0.35%. The testing specimens were taken from extrusion direction (ED), transverse direction (TD), and a material precompressed to 9.4% along the ED (ED_?9.4%). At a high strain amplitude of 4%, the cyclic deformation modes of ED and ED_?9.4% specimens are similar, and they experience twinning exhaustion → slip and detwinning exhaustion → slip during each loading cycle. At a medium strain amplitude of 1%, twinning‐detwinning is involved in the cyclic deformation, but different deformation mechanisms were observed in the 3 different specimens. Partial twinning‐complete detwinning mode dominates the cyclic deformation in the ED specimen, while partial detwinning‐retwinning mode occurs in the ED_?9.4% specimen. For the TD specimen, both basal slip and tension twinning occur during cyclic deformation. At a low strain amplitude of 0.35%, dislocation slips dominate the deformation for the ED specimen with a few observable tension twins. For the ED_?9.4% specimen, initially twined texture increases the ductility of the material and enhances fatigue life as compared with the other 2 specimens.     

拉-压及拉-扭载荷下6063合金的疲劳行为

对6063锻造铝合金进行了不同应力幅值下拉-压及拉-扭复合疲劳试验,并用透射电子显微镜观察了疲劳失效试样的位错结构。结果表明:在循环加载过程中,循环硬化占据主要地位,循环硬化的速率和程度对应力幅值和加载路径有依赖性;相同应力幅值下,试样在拉-扭复合加载下失效比拉-压失效形成更为复杂的位错结构,且位错密度更高;位错之间及位错与析出相的交互作用是材料发生循环硬化的主要原因,循环硬化程度越高,疲劳寿命越短。     

Analysis of anisotropy mechanism in the mechanical property of titanium alloy tube formed through hot flow forming

Anisotropy of mechanical property is an important feature influencing the service performance of tita-nium(Ti)alloy tube component.In this work,it is found that the hot flow formed Ti alloy tube exhibits higher yield strength along circumferential direction(CD),and larger elongation along rolling direction(RD),presenting significant anisotropy.Subsequently,the quantitative characteristics and underlying mechanism of the property anisotropy were revealed by analyzing the slip,damage and fracture behav-ior under the combined effects of the spun{0002}basal texture and fibrous microstructure for different loading directions.The results showed that the prismatic slip in primary α grain is the dominant defor-mation mechanism for both loading directions at the yielding stage.The prismatic slip is harder under CD loading,which makes CD loading present higher yield strength than RD loading.Additionally,the yield anisotropy can be quantified through the inverse ratio of the averaged Schmid Factor of the activated prismatic slip under different loading directions.As for the plasticity anisotropy,the harder and slower slip development under CD loading causes that the CD loading presents larger external force and normal stress on slip plane,thus leading to more significant cleavage fracture than RD loading.Moreover,the micro-crack path under RD loading is more tortuous than CD loading because the fibrous microstructure is elongated along RD,which may suppress the macro fracture under RD loading.These results suggest that weakening the texture and fibrous morphology of microstructure is critical to reduce the differences in slip,damage and fracture behavior along different directions,alleviate the property anisotropy and optimize the service performance of Ti alloy tube formed by hot flow forming.     

Biaxial cyclic deformation of an epoxy resin: Experiments and constitutive modeling

Biaxial (proportional and non-proportional) cyclic tests were conducted on thin-walled tubular specimens to investigate deformation behavior of an epoxy resin, Epon 826/Epi-Cure Curing Agent 9551. The focus was placed on the biaxial stress-strain response and their dependency on the load control mode, stress or strain range and loading path. Experimental results indicated that under strain-controlled equi-biaxial (proportional) cyclic loading, mean stress relaxation occurred in both axial and hoop directions, whereas under stress-controlled equi-biaxial cyclic loading, ratcheting strains accumulated in both principal directions. Under strain- or stress-controlled non-proportional cyclic loading, anisotropy in stress-strain responses was induced in both axial and hoop directions, and the axial and hoop hysteresis loops rotated in opposite directions. This was particularly evident at high stress or strain levels. The experimental results were further used to evaluate the predictive capabilities of a nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model. Qualitative and quantitative comparison with the test data indicated a good agreement in predicting the complex stress-strain response under biaxial cyclic loading with various loading paths, applied stress or strain ranges and loading control modes.     

Orientation dependencies of mechanical response, microstructure and texture evolution in hot compression of AZ31 magnesium alloy processed by equal channel angular extrusion

The anisotropic mechanical behavior during hot compression of an AZ31 Mg alloy processed by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) was evaluated and then discussed in correlation with the concurrent microstructure and texture evolution. The results revealed apparent orientation-dependencies in the mechanical responses, microstructure, and texture development in uniaxial compression along two perpendicular directions. Compression along the transverse direction (TD) led to a higher hardening rate, higher peak stress, and earlier softening than those obtained in compression along the extrusion direction (ED). This can be attributed to the differences in the initial textures prior to compression along the two directions, which led to a more significant contribution of tensile twinning at the early stage of straining and consequently more extensive dynamic recrystallization in loading along TD than along ED. These results suggest that the deformation behavior in compressive loading of the ECAE-processed Mg alloy is highly anisotropic, which needs to be taken into account in their applications.     

Biaxial tension fatigue response of concrete

Concrete structures such as rigid airport pavements are subjected to repeated high-amplitude loads resulting from passing aircraft. The resulting stress-state in concrete is a biaxial combination of compression and tension. It is of interest to understand the response of plain concrete to such loading conditions, which will enable development of realistic material models for implementation in mechanistic pavement design procedures.The objective of this work is to characterize the quasi-static and low-cycle fatigue response of concrete subjected to biaxial stresses in the biaxial tension region, where the principal tensile stress is larger than or equal in magnitude when compared with the principal compressive stress. An experimental investigation of material behavior in the biaxial tension region is conducted. The experimental setup consists of the following test configurations: (a) notched concrete beams tested in three-point bend configuration, and (b) hollow concrete cylinders subjected to torsion.Failure of concrete in the biaxial tension region is shown to be a local phenomenon under quasi-static and fatigue loading, wherein the specimen fails owing to a single crack. The crack propagation is studied using the equivalent elastic crack concept. It is observed that the crack growth rate in constant amplitude fatigue loading exhibits a two-phase process: a deceleration phase followed by an acceleration stage. The crack growth in the acceleration stage is shown to follow Paris law. The model parameters obtained from uniaxial fatigue tests are shown to be sufficient for predicting the considered biaxial fatigue response.     

Evolution of mechanical properties for a dual-phase steel subjected to different loading paths

The evolution of the mechanical properties of a dual-phase (DP590) steel sheet after being prestrained by uniaxial tension, plane strain and equal biaxial stretching was investigated. Specimens were first loaded using the three prestraining modes. Then, from the prestrained specimens, a few sub-sized samples were machined along the rolling direction and the transverse direction for further uniaxial tension testing. Six loading paths were provided. Equal biaxial stretching was performed using a cruciform specimen. The evolution of work hardening performance, elastic modulus, yield stress and tensile stress under the six loading paths were discussed in detail. The results indicate that loading paths can affect the latent work hardening performances, strain hardenability, yield stress and tensile stress evolution as well as the elastic modulus decrease during plastic deformation. The uniaxial tension–uniaxial tension path results in a cross-softening phenomenon, the largest yield stress enhancement and a mild maximum tensile stress increase. The equal biaxial stretching-uniaxial tension path leads to a cross-hardening phenomenon, the least yield stress enhancement and the largest tensile strength increase maximum tensile strength. The elastic modulus of DP590 steel not only changes with the accumulated plastic strain but also varies with the loading paths. The largest decrease of the elastic modulus equal biaxial stretching–uniaxial tension can reach 12.7% beyond 8% equivalent strain, which is 5.2% greater than that in the monotonic uniaxial tension path.