不同路径对电子束熔丝沉积304不锈钢组织与性能的影响

目的 采用电子束熔丝沉积方法进行打印,以获取具有高抗拉强度与高伸长率的304不锈钢。方法 以304不锈钢丝材为材料,当加速电压为60kV、聚焦电流为430m A、束流强度为22m A、成形速度为250 mm/min、送丝速度为1 400 mm/min时,在成形路径为“弓字形”和“交替弓字形”条件下打印不锈钢样品,在样品x、y、z 3个方向上截取试样,采用金相、扫描电镜、透射电镜及拉伸试验等分析手段,对试样的微观组织和力学性能进行研究。结果 在“弓字形”成形路径下,产品x方向试样的显微组织主要以等轴晶为主,而y方向试样的显微组织以相互平行的柱状晶为主;在“交替弓字形”成形路径下,产品微观组织主要是相互垂直的柱状晶,在z方向试样中出现了位错胞结构。在“交替弓字形”成形路径下,z方向试样具有最优的综合力学性能,其致密度为98.60%,抗拉强度为（1 344±14）MPa,屈服强度为（701±7）MPa,断后伸长率为（25±0.4）%。结论 在EBF打印304不锈钢样品中,选用“交替弓字形”成形路径能使不锈钢具有更高的致密度,可以提升抗拉强度和屈服强度。     

共注射成型耐热钢/软磁不锈钢功能材料的研究

采用共注射成型和共烧结工艺,制备了耐热钢/软磁不锈钢功能复合材料。利用热膨胀仪对不同粉末装载量的12CrMoV耐热钢、KM-31软磁不锈钢进行烧结收缩和收缩速率测试;利用电子万能试验机、扫描电镜、金相显微镜分别对耐热钢/软磁不锈钢共烧结界面进行抗拉强度、拉伸断口、孔隙分布、金相组织进行测试,结果表明,通过调整粉末装载量,可以有效降低耐热钢与软磁不锈钢之间的烧结收缩率之间的差异,提高2种材料的共烧结匹配度,从而提高共烧结界面结合强度;67%(体积分数)耐热钢/57%(体积分数)软磁不锈钢共烧结试样抗拉强度最高,可以达到309.7MPa;12CrMoV耐热钢/软磁不锈钢共烧结界面相容性良好,界面过渡组织为珠光体和奥氏体混合相。     

添加松香和淀粉对铁基合金粉末激光成形试样组织和力学性能的影响

利用5 kW横流CO_2激光器在基材上分别成形未包覆和包覆松香、淀粉双层微膜的铁基合金粉末试样,并通过试验研究它们的元素含量、显微组织和力学性能。研究表明,松香、淀粉双层微膜在激光熔池中气化燃烧形成暂态还原性保护气氛,使成形粉末的氧化烧损减少。双层微膜包覆粉末试样中Cr、 Ni、Si含量比未包覆粉末试样平均增加0.12%,C、B含量比未包覆粉末试样平均增加0.015%。相较于未包覆粉末试样,双层微膜包覆粉末试样气孔、夹渣等缺陷较少,成形试样的质量更好。松香、淀粉双层微膜包覆粉末试样的平均洛氏硬度、平均抗拉强度分别为56.12HRC、1 847 MPa,比未包覆粉末试样提高了4.7%、16.2%。     

激光选区熔化成形含钛6061铝合金的显微组织与力学性能EI北大核心

激光选区熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)成形6061铝合金易形成粗大的柱状晶和热裂纹。采用低能球磨组装修饰法制备TiH_(2)/AA6061铝基复合粉末,采用激光选区熔化技术制备含钛6061铝合金试样,分析不同TiH_(2)添加量对试样显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:添加1%TiH_(2)(质量分数,下同)即可使合金熔池边界形成连续的等轴晶区,平均晶粒尺寸从59.8μm减小到2.53μm,粗大的柱状晶粒和裂纹被抑制,添加1.5%TiH_(2)时,SLM试样的粗大柱状晶组织绝大部分消失。显微组织转变归因于Ti元素增强成分过冷以及原位反应形成L12-Al_(3)Ti形核质点,该质点与铝基体形成共格界面,具有较强的异质形核作用,显著促进Al基体柱状晶向等轴晶转变及晶粒细化。经激光选区熔化成形后,添加1%TiH_(2)的试样抗拉强度为274 MPa,屈服强度为238 MPa,断后伸长率为18%。     

激光选区熔化成形工艺对304L不锈钢冲击韧性的影响

目的 了解激光选区熔化(SLM)成形工艺参数对304L不锈钢冲击韧性的影响,从而得到304L不锈钢的最佳成形工艺参数。方法 对激光功率300~340 W,激光扫描速度800~1 500 mm.s^?1条件下的激光选区熔化成形304L不锈钢开展冲击试验,通过表面硬度、微观组织及断口形貌观察对冲击韧性的影响规律进行分析。结果 SLM成形304L不锈钢微观组织为跨越熔池生长形成的不规则柱状晶粒,成形工艺参数对试样表面硬度影响不显著;随着激光功率的增大和激光扫描速度的降低,304L不锈钢断面致密程度提高,孔洞类缺陷尺寸减少且数量减少,冲击韧性增大,冲击功最大值为141.9 J。结论 基于冲击试验结果,在激光体能量密度为100~140 J/mm³的条件下,304L冲击韧性稳定在138 J左右,为SLM成形304L材料的最佳成形参数区间。     

Stellite-6对激光熔覆MoSi_2涂层裂纹敏感性的影响

为了降低激光熔覆MoSi_2涂层的裂纹敏感性,在MoSi_2粉末中加入不同含量的Stellite-6粉末对304不锈钢进行激光熔覆。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪等研究了Stellite-6加入量以及工艺参数对涂层裂纹敏感性的影响。结果表明:通过在纯MoSi_2粉中添加Stellite-6合金粉,可以增加涂层韧性相,改善涂层组织,降低涂层裂纹敏感性;当Stellite-6添加量为20%(质量分数)时,可以得到结合良好、无裂纹的涂层;在不影响涂层性能的前提下,较大的稀释率也能有效降低涂层裂纹敏感性。     

FDM型3D打印316L不锈钢试样和La对析出物形貌和分布的影响

使用微米级316L不锈钢粉末和蜡基粘结剂制备热融性喂料，用FDM型金属3D打印方法和工艺3D打印成形目标模型生胚，经过脱脂和烧结成形为最终金属试样。对制备出的金属试样进行性能表征和测试，验证了此种成形方式的可行性，针对试样中析出物的形貌不规则和晶界上的夹杂物，研究了稀土La对析出物的影响。根据生胚脱脂后形成的微孔结构，提出一种液相添加稀土La的方法。结果表明:用FDM型3D打印能制备316L不锈钢试样，用液相添加法可向生胚中添加微量稀土La，质量比为0.3%的LaCl₃能显著改善烧结后试样中析出物的微观形貌和分布。     

He有希望能提高粉末冶金部件的特性

美国爱达荷(Idaho)国立技术研究所着眼于粉末冶金部件的显微组织所具有的特异性能,一直在研究粉末的三种结合成形法——爆炸结合法、热挤压法和均衡处理法。现在,304系不锈钢最受注目。粉末结合合金的特性取决于显微组织。粉末合金的特点是:无金属锭铸造法情况下易发生的晶粒长大现象,高温特性优异,抗拉强度、蠕变特性等机械性能显著得到改善。该研究所发现,304系粉末中含有多量的 He,其含量约达预料值的10000倍。该研究所认为,He 与显微组织内结晶中的空穴和易于逸出的原子有很强的亲和力,空穴可     

时效热处理对选区激光熔化成形18Ni300摩擦磨损性能的影响

目的 通过研究选区激光熔化（SLM）成形18Ni300时效热处理前后摩擦磨损性能及磨损机制,为SLM技术在模具中易磨损部位的应用提供理论支撑。方法 采用扫描电镜对热处理前后试样进行微观组织观察,采用X射线衍射仪对原始粉末和试样进行物相分析,并测试试样时效热处理前后的硬度、密度和抗拉强度,采用球盘摩擦磨损试验机测试在不同载荷下时效热处理前后试样的摩擦磨损行为,采用3D轮廓仪和扫描电镜对磨损后试样和磨球表面进行观察,并对磨损区域进行能谱分析。结果 时效热处理后试样“鱼鳞状”熔道组织弱化,主要为板条状马氏体组织。原始粉末及成形后试样的物相主要为马氏体,原始粉末和时效热处理后试样中含有少量残余奥氏体。时效热处理后试样硬度由37.6HRC升高到54.4HRC,密度变化不大,抗拉强度由1 107 MPa升高到2 031 MPa,伸长率由14.4%降低至4.5%。随着摩擦磨损试验载荷的增大,时效热处理后试样摩擦因数降低,体积磨损率增大,但均低于热处理前试样。结论 当载荷为10 N时,磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损;当载荷为15 N时,磨损机制过渡到氧化磨损和黏着磨损;当载荷为20 N时,主要为黏着磨损。     

纳米晶304不锈钢板材的深度轧制技术及其力学与腐蚀性能研究进展

介绍了采用深度轧制技术制备的纳米晶304不锈钢板材的力学与腐蚀性能。与普通304不锈钢相比,纳米晶304不锈钢的屈服和抗拉强度同时提高,且延伸率30%以上,拉伸性能提高。相同变幅度条件下,纳米晶304不锈钢应变疲劳的疲劳寿命和疲劳强度同时提高,抗应变疲劳性能提高。在650℃下、Na Cl-Na2SO4混合熔盐和不同浓度盐酸溶液中,纳米晶304不锈钢局部腐蚀阻力提高、腐蚀速度减少并形成致密氧化膜,耐腐蚀性能提高。从纳米晶和普通304不锈钢的价电子结构以及氧化膜电子结构的角度,分析了纳米晶304不锈钢耐腐蚀性能提高的本征因素。     

样品取向对轧制钢板拉伸性能的影响

分别对不同厚度、不同取向(α=0°,45°,90°)的SPCC冷轧钢板、SPHC热轧钢板、SUS304冷轧不锈钢板和SUS304热轧不锈钢板进行了拉伸试验,研究了取向因素对轧制钢板拉伸性能的影响,并分别探讨了钢板厚度、轧制状态和钢板材料等因素引起的拉伸性能各向异性程度的差异。结果表明:样品取向对轧制钢板的拉伸性能有明显影响,轧制方向的抗拉强度和断后伸长率较高,而屈服强度的变化规律则较为复杂;钢板厚度、轧制状态、钢板材料等因素对轧制钢板拉伸性能的各向异性都有不同程度的影响。     

Effects of Al-Ni powder addition on dissimilar friction stir welding between AA7075-T6 and 304 L

Friction stir welding between AA7075-T6 aluminum alloy and 304 L stainless steel sheet metal was performed with the addition of Al−Ni powder between the joining interfaces to increase the joining performance. The welding tool was rotated at 200 min⁻¹ to 800 min⁻¹ with the constant traverse speed of 25 mm/min. The resulting joint interfaces were analyzed using a field emission-scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis. The tensile strength was greater for the Al−Ni powder added specimens at the lower tool rotational speeds. The tensile strength of 360 MPa was obtained for the ‘with-powder’ specimen as compared to 220 MPa for the ‘without-powder’ specimen at the 200 min⁻¹ tool speed. Electron microscope images of the stir zone showed a significant mixing of the Al−Ni powder with the base materials, increased contact at the interface, which resulted in increased joining strength at the lower tool rotational speeds. However, based on the images, intermetallic compound that may contribute to the joining strength in the vicinity of the interfacial region was not detected.     

304不锈钢箔材在不同应变速率下的拉伸性能研究

304不锈钢是一种常用的奥氏体不锈钢.在拉伸应变过程中,应变速率的变化会诱发马氏体转变量和转变速率,以及内部组织滑移线、位错、层错、形变孪晶密度的转变量和转变速率的不同,从而表现出不同的应变硬化行为.本文针对0.1 mm厚度304奥氏体不锈钢箔材,从断后伸长率,断面收缩率,屈服强度,抗拉强度及硬化指数5个方面,研究了室温条件下不同应变速率对其拉伸性能的影响.实验结果表明：马氏体转变理论同样适用于304奥氏体不锈钢箔材, 且0.1 mm厚度304不锈钢存在“越薄越脆,越小越强”的尺寸效应现象;同时,0.1 mm厚度304奥氏体不锈钢箔材拉伸力学性能随应变速率的变化主要表现在以下几方面：断后延伸率和断面收缩率均随着应变速率的增加而降低;低应变速率时,随着应变速率的增加屈服强度增大,而抗拉强度随应变速率的提高呈现减弱的相反规律;高应变速率下,304奥氏体不锈钢的强度主要由材料本身性能决定,应变速率的改变对强度的影响较小;准静态低应变速率下,硬化指数随应变速率增大而升高,较高应变速率下,硬化指数与应变速率变化无关.     

Characteristics of Laser-Fabricated Metal Structures

Laser-aided direct fabrication technology is developed to produce three-dimensional metal alloy structures directly from the constituent elements. The shapes of the structures are designed using Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools and are fabricated as real parts by fusing powders with a laser beam. In this study, alloy structures of simple plate like geometry were produced by mixing stainless steel (SS 316) powder with either copper or aluminum powder. The thickness of the component is related to the process parameters through an energy balance equation, which is verified against experimental data. Material properties such as hardness, strength and conductivity are analyzed and optical micrographs are presented to exhibit the microstructure of the alloy. The results show improved hardness at certain locations in the alloy, higher thermal conductivity of stainless steel. However, the structures broke due to brittle failure under tensile loads.     

The characterisation of PM 304 stainless steel sintered in the presence of a copper based additive

Samples of 304 stainless steel powders alloyed with a range of copper-based additive (2-8 wt.%) have been compacted and sintered at two different temperatures (1250 and 1350 °C) in an Argon atmosphere. The effect of copper-based ternary alloy on the microstructure and hardness values of a sintered stainless steel has been investigated. It was found that the quantity of copper-based additive as well as the sintering cycle has a profound impact on the microstructure and hardness values of sintered stainless steel. The residual porosity in the sintered specimens was substantially reduced in samples compacted from powder mixtures containing 2-8 wt.% of additives. The microstructural characterisation of PM 304 stainless steel alloyed with different amounts of copper addition shows that copper is homogenously diffused into the base stainless steel. The microhardness values of samples increase with an increase in the amount of additive due to the elimination of porosity.     

Ni60A+20WC于水刀喷嘴耐磨层的应用工艺

采用高频感应熔覆技术以提高高压水刀喷嘴的耐磨性能,本实验选用304不锈钢板作为基体材料,Ni60A+20%WC合金粉末作为熔覆层材料;分别采用高频感应加热设备、电火花成型机和小孔机对试件进行加热、熔覆并加工到规定尺寸.采用扫描电子显微镜观察试件的微观组织,发现涂层和基体之间产生了扩散层;采用X射线衍射仪分析涂层相结构,涂层中存在的强化相有WC、Fe_3Ni_2、W2C、Cr_3C_2、Cr_2Ni_3等;摩擦学性能测试实验表明涂层材料大大提高了水刀喷嘴的耐磨性;显微硬度实验表明WC极大地提高了涂层的硬度,其平均值约为1 000 HV0.1,基体约为190 HV0.1.在水刀喷嘴内孔成功制备了WC增强Ni基熔覆层,该熔覆层光滑平整,表面无明显缺陷,与基体实现冶金结合,性能优异.     

Investigation of the mechanical properties of friction-welded joints between AISI 304L and AISI 4340 steel as a function rotational speed

In this study, standard AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel and AISI 4340 steel couple were welded by friction welding process using five different rotational speeds. The joining performances of AISI 304L/AISI 4340 friction-welded joints were studied and the influences of rotational speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints were also estimated. The microstructural properties of heat affected zone (HAZ) were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microhardness across the interface perpendicular to the interface was measured and the strength of the joints was determined with tensile tests. The experimental results indicate that the tensile strength of friction-welded 304L/4340 components were markedly affected by joining rotational speed selected.     

Fabrication and characteristics of porous AISI 304L stainless steels by ceramic powder additions

Abstract

Porous AISI 304L stainless steels were fabricated by a new powder metallurgy technique, based on the addition of oxide based ceramic powders. The mixture of AISI 304L stainless steel powders and oxide based ceramic powders was compacted using a hand press at a pressure of 294 or 490 MPa. The green compacts were sintered at 1150 or 1200°C for 3 h in Ar gas atmosphere. The addition of oxide based ceramic powders into AISI 304L stainless steel powders gave rise to porous AISI 304L stainless steels with fine pores. Also, the addition of the ceramic powders increased the hardness.     

304不锈钢局部干法水下激光填丝焊接工艺及焊缝性能研究

目的 采用自主研制的水下激光填丝焊接装备,在304奥氏体不锈钢板材表面进行U形坡口激光填丝焊接试验,为304不锈钢水下修复工作提供技术参考。方法 在功率为5 600 W、焊接速度为6 mm/s、送丝速度为205 cm/min、保护气体流量为15 L/min、排水气体流量为30 L/min的条件下进行焊接试验,并对空气和水下环境下的焊缝进行对比检测分析。通过光学显微镜分析2种环境下焊缝的显微组织;对2种焊缝进行拉伸、弯曲等力学性能测试;采用显微硬度计测试1 kg载荷下不同区域的显微硬度;使用VersaSTAT3F电化学工作站测定在3.5%（质量分数）的NaCl溶液中2种焊缝的开路电位和极化曲线。结果 2种环境下的焊缝均无明显裂纹、气孔等缺陷;显微组织主要由奥氏体和铁素体组成,但2种环境下焊缝的奥氏体晶粒大小和铁素体形状均略有差别,焊缝拉伸断口均为典型的韧性断裂形貌且抗拉强度符合304不锈钢标准。2种环境下焊缝的微观组织和晶粒大小不同,水下焊缝硬度高于空气的。通过分析2种环境下焊缝的开路电位和极化曲线,可知水下焊缝的耐腐蚀性略高。结论 所开发的局部干法水下激光填丝焊接工艺可以满足实际工程中...     

Weldability,microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-welded selective laser melted 304 stainless steel joints

Laser welding is a promising process for joining small components produced by selective laser melting (SLM) to fabricate the large-scale and complex-shaped parts. In the work, the morphology, microstructure, microhardness, tensile properties and corrosion resistance of the laser welded stress-relieved SLMed 304 stainless steel joints are investigated, as the different sections of stress-relieved SLMed 304 stainless steel are joined. Results show that the SLMed 304 stainless steel plates have a good laser weldability. The microstructure of laser-welded joints consists of the cellular dendrites in austenite matrix within columnar grains, exhibiting a coarser dendrite structure, lower microhardness (∼220 HV) and tensile properties (tensile strength of ∼750 MPa, and area reduction of ∼27.6%), but superior corrosion resistance to those of SLMed plates. The dendrite arm spacing of the joints varies from ∼3.7 μm in center zone, to ∼5.0 μm in fusion zone, to ∼2.5 μm in epitaxial zone. The SLMed anisotropy shows a negligible effect on the microstructure and performance of the laser-welded joints. The laser welding along the building directions of the SLMed base plates can induce a slightly finer dendritic structure and higher tensile properties.